The synthesis and characterization of a series of chiral indium complexes bearing a tridentate NNO ligand are reported. The ligand 2-[[[(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]amino]methyl]- 4,6-bis(tert-butyl) phenol (H₂NNO) was synthesized via a previously published procedure and bound to indium by both a protonolysis and salt metathesis route. A dimethylated indium complex (NNO)InMe₂ (1) was isolated by reaction of InMe₃ with H₂NNO. A one-pot saltmetathesis route was used to produce a unique mixed-bridge dinuclear indium complex [(NNO)InCl] ₂(μ-OEt)(μ-Cl) (3) from a mixture of indium trichloride, potassium ethoxide and the monopotassiated salt of the ligand, KH(NNO). Direct reaction of KH(NNO) and indium trichloride resulted in the formation of (NNO)InCl₂ (4) which was carried forward to 3 by reaction with sodium ethoxide. The complex 3 is active for the ROP of β-butyrolactone ε-caprolactone and lactide and is the first reported indium-based catalyst for lactide or β-butyrolactone ROP. Kinetic studies of 3 for ROP of LA revealed that catalyst was well-behaved, and that the rate was first order with regard to lactide and catalyst. The enthalpy and entropy of activation for the ROP were experimentally determined. Polymer produced by ROP by 3 has narrow molecular weight distribution and a good correlation is seen between the observed moleular weight and monomer loading. A mechanism was proposed for 3 acting as a catalyst for the ROP of lactide; however further experiments are required to confirm this mechanism. Polymer samples isolated from the ROP of rac-lactide by rac-3 show isotactic enrichment. It is postulated that the chiral catalyst 3 is exerting stereocontrol via an enantiomorphic site control mechanism.

High-resolution one-dimensional 1H, 19F, 31P and 13C MAS NMR experiments were used in a morphological study of solvent-cast and heat-treated poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (PBFP). Deconvolution analyses performed on all Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra are presented. These results suggest the presence of broad and narrow overlapping components at ambient temperature, which were assigned to the crystalline, amorphous and the mesophase regions within the polymer, respectively. The number of signals in the spectra was independently verified using 1H, 19F and 13C Discrimination Induced by Variable Amplitude Minipulses (DIVAM) nutation experiments. Deconvolution analyses showed that heat-treatment increases the overall crystallinity of the solvent-cast PBFP. Further studies conducted on two preparations of the polymer showed significant differences in crystallinity due to variations in the reaction conditions. Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of PBFP obtained via living cationic polymerization at ambient temperature indicated that the polymer contains mostly amorphous and mesophase regions with only a small contribution from the crystalline domain. Variable-temperature 31P NMR experiments suggested that the thermotropic transition occurs in a temperature range of 80ºC to 90ºC, where the crystalline signal disappears and a new signal due to a liquid crystalline phase emerges. Spin-lock 31P experiments provided rates of the transverse relaxation in the rotating frame for each signal, showing that the crystalline and the amorphous regions within the polymer are characterized by significantly different mobilities at ambient temperatures, while the v comparable degree of motion occurs between the amorphous and mesophase environments at temperatures above 90ºC. The process of thermal ring-opening polymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene was monitored using one-dimensional 31P MAS NMR at different stages of the reaction. The ratio between cyclic species and the high molecular weight poly(dichlorophosphazene) was seen to change over time. 31P NMR was seen to be a potentially valuable tool in monitoring rates of chain propagation, branching and cross-linking. Two-dimensional 31P homonuclear Radio-Frequency Driven Recoupling (RFDR) and Incredible Natural Abundance Double Quantum Transfer (INADEQUATE) MAS NMR experiments were first tested on the partially phenoxy-substituted hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, and subsequently applied in the study of a preparation of the partially trifluoroethoxy-substituted poly(dichlorophosphazene). Very high resolution was obtained in the direct dimension due to the presence of low molecular weight species. Preliminary spectral assignments of all of the observed signals were made on the basis of both known chemical shifts of the related species, and the through-space and through-bond phosphorous-phosphorous connectivities. / xiii, 188 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

Synthetic glycopeptides have attracted much interest in the biomedical field due to their structural similarities to the natural glycopeptides or glycoproteins. It is still difficult to synthesize glycopeptides with greater efficiency and ring opening polymerization remains an effective way to do so. Proteoglycans are a special class of glycoproteins with glycosaminoglycan chains. In this study, I tried to do controlled ring opening polymerization of Hyaluronic acid derivatives with smaller to higher molecular weight while avoiding side reactions. It is challenging to work with higher molecular weight molecules and do a click reaction in water effectively. Making nanopolymers with a desired size, studies of the characteristics, and how to build nanocarriers for drug delivery application was the focus of this work. Polymeric characteristics, e.g., modification and polymer formation were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance technique; Particle size was studied by dynamic light scattering and the loading of rhodamine B encapsulated into the polymer was measured by confocal imaging technique.

The synthesis and characterization of a series of chiral indium complexes bearing a tridentate NNO ligand are reported. The ligand 2-[[[(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]amino]methyl]- 4,6-bis(tert-butyl) phenol (H₂NNO) was synthesized via a previously published procedure and bound to indium by both a protonolysis and salt metathesis route. A dimethylated indium complex (NNO)InMe₂ (1) was isolated by reaction of InMe₃ with H₂NNO. A one-pot saltmetathesis route was used to produce a unique mixed-bridge dinuclear indium complex [(NNO)InCl] ₂(μ-OEt)(μ-Cl) (3) from a mixture of indium trichloride, potassium ethoxide and the monopotassiated salt of the ligand, KH(NNO). Direct reaction of KH(NNO) and indium trichloride resulted in the formation of (NNO)InCl₂ (4) which was carried forward to 3 by reaction with sodium ethoxide. The complex 3 is active for the ROP of β-butyrolactone ε-caprolactone and lactide and is the first reported indium-based catalyst for lactide or β-butyrolactone ROP. Kinetic studies of 3 for ROP of LA revealed that catalyst was well-behaved, and that the rate was first order with regard to lactide and catalyst. The enthalpy and entropy of activation for the ROP were experimentally determined. Polymer produced by ROP by 3 has narrow molecular weight distribution and a good correlation is seen between the observed moleular weight and monomer loading. A mechanism was proposed for 3 acting as a catalyst for the ROP of lactide; however further experiments are required to confirm this mechanism. Polymer samples isolated from the ROP of rac-lactide by rac-3 show isotactic enrichment. It is postulated that the chiral catalyst 3 is exerting stereocontrol via an enantiomorphic site control mechanism.

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre Arkema - Groupe de Recherches de Lacq (GRL) et le Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA) et porte sur la synthèse et l'étude de la nanostructuration de copolymères à blocs constitués d'au moins un bloc biodégradable en vue de préparer des masques de gravure par nano-lithographie. Le premier chapitre est dédié à la description des approches lithographiques développées afin de faire le point sur les principales avancées ainsi que sur les verroux technologiques à lever concernant la miniaturisation des composants électroniques via les approches top-down et bottom-up. Un intérêt particulier a été porté sur l'approche bottom-up reposant sur l'auto-assemblage dirigé de copolymères à blocs étant donné que des morphologies bien définies et de faibles dimensions sont accessibles. Les propriétés du PS-b-PMMA ainsi que celles de copolymères à blocs constitués d'un bloc biodégradable sont également discutées afin de souligner l'importance du développement de nouveaux copolymères à blocs. La deuxième partie de ce manuscrit porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de copolymères à blocs par polymérisation organocatalysée et contrôlée par ouverture de cycle (ROP) de lactones et de carbonates. Une étude de la nanostructuration de copolymères à blocs composés de poly(ε-caprolactone), de poly(β-butyrolactone) ou de poly(triméthylène carbonate) a été réalisée afin d'évaluer les morphologies ainsi que les espacements de domaines correspondants. La forte incompatibilité des blocs des copolymères synthétisés a permis l'observation de nanostructurations lamellaires et cylindriques ayant des espacements de domaines de l'ordre d'une dizaine de nanomètre. Nous avons également remarqué que la cristallisation du bloc de poly(ε-caprolactone) empêche la nanostructuration à grande échelle des copolymères correspondants. Dans une troisième partie, nous avons tout d'abord cherché à inhiber la cristallisation de la poly(ε-caprolactone) par copolymérisation aléatoire. Une évaluation de la réactivité du co-monomère, ainsi que du taux minimum requis pour rompre totalement la cristallinité du copolymère, en fonction de la structure du co-monomère employé a été effectuée. La synthèse de copolymères à blocs constitués d'un bloc de copolyester aléatoire amorphe ("PCLam.") a par la suite été réalisée pour évaluer l'impact de l'inhibition de la cristallinité sur la nanostructuration de ces nouveaux copolymères à blocs. Cette stratégie a permis la ségrégation de phase en nano-domaines de géométries bien définies. Des morphologies cylindriques présentant un espacement de domaines compris entre 15,3 et 19 nm ont été déterminées par analyses SAXS et par microscopie (AFM) dans le cas de films minces préparés à partir de "PCLam."-b-Krasol H-b-"PCLam.". / The present work is in the frame of a collaboration between Arkema - Groupe de Recherche de Lacq (GRL) and the Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA). This work consists in the preparation of block copolymers containing at least one biodegradable block in order to study their nanostructuration aiming at preparing etching mask by nanolithography. The first part of this work is dedicated to the description of lithographic processes in order to summarize the major advances and the technological bolts to unlock concerning the electronic component miniaturization by top-down and bottom-up approaches. Particular interest has been given to the bottom-up approach based on the direct self-assembly of block copolymer due to the fact that well defined morphologies are accessible at small scale. The properties of the PS-b-PMMA as well as those of block copolymers containing one biodegradable block are also discussed to underline the importance of the development of new block copolymers. The second part of this manuscript concerns the synthesis and characterization of block copolymers by organocatalyzed controlled ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactones and carbonates. A study of block copolymer nanostructuration has been performed for copolymers containing one block of poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(β-butyrolactone) or poly(trimethylene carbonate) in order to determine their morphologies and the corresponding domain-spacing. The high block incompatibility of the synthesized copolymers enables lammellar and cylindrical nanostructurations with domain-spacing in the order of ten nanometers. We also noticed that the crystallization of the poly(ε-caprolactone) block prevent the large-scale nanostructuration of the corresponding copolymers. In a third part, we got interested to inhibit poly(ε-caprolactone) crystallization by random copolymerization. Co-monomers reactivity and their minimal loading required to fully inhibit copolymer crystallinity have been determined to investigate the impact of co-monomer structure. Then, block copolymers containing one or two amorphous random copolyester block(s) have been synthesized to evaluate the impact of crystallinity inhibition on their nanostructuration ability. This strategy allowed the phase segregation in nano-domains of well defined geometries. Cylindrical morphologies presenting a domain spacing between 15.3 and 19 nm have been determined by SAXS analysis and microscopy (AFM) in the case of thin films prepared from "PCLam."-b-Krasol H-b-"PCLam.".

Orientador: Maria Isabel Felisberti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T19:50:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trinca_RafaelBergamo_M.pdf: 2663870 bytes, checksum: 36c96b7a317207cfd922f61029873b60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram sintetizados copolímeros bi (triblocos) e tricomponentes (penta blocos) constituídos de poli(etileno glicol) (PEG), l-lactídeo (3,6-Dimetil-1,4-dioxano-2,5-diona - LLA) e glicolídeo (1,4-dioxano-2,5-diona - GL). A síntese foi realizada pelo método de polimerização por abertura de anel (Ring-Opening Polymerization ¿ ROP) utilizando o 2-etilhexanoato de estanho e o PEG, como catalisador e iniciador, respectivamente. No que diz respeito às contribuições do projeto, foram estabelecidas as condições reacionais para a polimerização por abertura de anel em solução de tolueno, método até então não descrito na literatura. Além disso, o estudo de ação catalítica realizado mostrou que o provável mecanismo de ação do catalisador 2-etilhexanoato de estanho envolve etapas de coordenação/inserção, sendo que eventos de transferência de cadeia são minimizados. Dessa forma, apenas os grupos iniciadores previamente coordenados ao catalisador irão participar da reação, sendo necessário o uso de razões estequiométricas entre catalisador e iniciador para se garantir a manutenção das proporções entre monômeros e iniciadores utilizadas no meio reacional. O emprego das condições catalíticas estabelecidas garante elevada conversão dos monômeros e elevado rendimento reacional. Os copolímeros sintetizados foram caracterizados por técnicas de DSC, TGA, RMN, GPC e ensaios de degradação hidrolítica e intumescimento. A cristalização dos diferentes blocos dos copolímeros foi parcial ou totalmente suprimida por razões conformacionais e de impedimento estéreo, sendo dependente da composição, arquitetura e massa molar. Copolímeros ricos em PEG são hidrossolúveis e os demais são passiveis de intumescimento em água, demonstrando o caráter anfifílico. A degradação hidrolítica ocorre preferencialmente pela cisão de ligações unindo blocos hidrofóbicos e hidrofílicos / Abstract: Copolymers and terpolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), l-lactide (3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione - LLA) and glycolide (1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione - GL) were synthesized, producing a series of triblock and pentablock polymers with different architecture and composition. The synthesis was performed by the Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) method, using tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate and PEG as catalyst and initiator, respectively. Regarding to the project contributions, the reaction conditions for Ring-Opening Polymerization in toluene solution were established, method so far not described in the literature. Moreover, the study of catalytic action showed that the probable action mechanism of the catalyst tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate involves steps of coordination-insertion, and that chain transfer events are minimized. Thus, only the initiators previously coordinated to the catalyst will participate in the reaction, being necessary the use of stoichiometric ratios between catalyst and initiator to ensure the high reaction yield and a conversion of lactones to copolymers. The copolymers were characterized by DSC, TGA, NMR and GPC techniques and by swelling and hydrolytic degradation tests. The crystallization of different blocks of the copolymers were partially or totally suppressed for conformational and steric hindrance reasons, being dependent on the composition, architecture and molecular mass. PEG-rich copolymers are water soluble and others are capable of swelling in water, showing the amphiphilic character of the copolymers. The hydrolytic degradation occurs preferentially by scission of ester bonds linking hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Common biodegradable polyesters such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are used as drug delivery vehicles for tissue regenerative applications. However, they are typically bioinert, with drug loading limitations. Polymerizing the active agent or precursor into its respective biodegradable polymer would control drug loading via molar ratios of drug to initiator used for synthesis. Simvastatin was chosen due to its favorable anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and osteogenic properties. In addition, its lactone ring lends itself to ring-opening polymerization and, consequently, the synthesis of poly(simvastatin) with controlled simvastatin release. Simvastatin was first polymerized with a 5kDa methyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) initiator and catalyzed via stannous octoate to form poly(simvastatin)-block-poly(ethylene glycol). Molecular weights ranged from 9.5kDa, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.1 at 150 °C, to 75kDa with a PDI of 6.9 at 250 °C. First-order propagation rates were seen. Infrared spectroscopy showed carboxylic and methyl ether stretches unique to simvastatin and mPEG in the copolymer, respectively. Slow degradation was seen in neutral and alkaline conditions, with simvastatin, simvastatin-incorporated macromolecules, and mPEG identified as degradation products. Alternatively, triazabicyclodecene (TBD) was used to mediate simvastatin polymerization. A lower temperature of 150°C led to successful polymerization using 5kDa mPEG, compared to at least 200 °C via stannous octoate. TBD was also successful for reactions using 2 or 0.55kDa mPEG. The biodegradability of poly(simvastatin)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) via TBD improved, losing twice more mass in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4, than the copolymer synthesized via stannous octoate. Release rates of three different copolymers synthesized demonstrated tunable simvastatin release. To further modulate degradation, poly(simvastatin)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) was blended with 5, 2, or 0.55kDa mPEG-initiated PLA copolymers. The blends showed a compressive elastic modulus ranging from 26 to 44MPa, within the magnitude of trabecular bone (approximately 50MPa). Tunability in mass loss and release was also seen due to varied ratios of incorporated PLA copolymers. Lastly, copolymer degradation byproducts inhibited HMG-CoA reductase and showed possible enhancement of osteoblastic activity in vitro. A pilot study using a rodent calvarial onlay model showed tolerability of the polymers and potential for long-term evaluations of bioactivity. Poly(simvastatin) may be useful in regenerative applications.

The synthesis and characterization of a series of chiral indium complexes bearing a tridentate NNO ligand are reported. The ligand 2-[[[(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]amino]methyl]- 4,6-bis(tert-butyl) phenol (H₂NNO) was synthesized via a previously published procedure and bound to indium by both a protonolysis and salt metathesis route. A dimethylated indium complex (NNO)InMe₂ (1) was isolated by reaction of InMe₃ with H₂NNO. A one-pot saltmetathesis route was used to produce a unique mixed-bridge dinuclear indium complex [(NNO)InCl] ₂(μ-OEt)(μ-Cl) (3) from a mixture of indium trichloride, potassium ethoxide and the monopotassiated salt of the ligand, KH(NNO). Direct reaction of KH(NNO) and indium trichloride resulted in the formation of (NNO)InCl₂ (4) which was carried forward to 3 by reaction with sodium ethoxide. The complex 3 is active for the ROP of β-butyrolactone ε-caprolactone and lactide and is the first reported indium-based catalyst for lactide or β-butyrolactone ROP. Kinetic studies of 3 for ROP of LA revealed that catalyst was well-behaved, and that the rate was first order with regard to lactide and catalyst. The enthalpy and entropy of activation for the ROP were experimentally determined. Polymer produced by ROP by 3 has narrow molecular weight distribution and a good correlation is seen between the observed moleular weight and monomer loading. A mechanism was proposed for 3 acting as a catalyst for the ROP of lactide; however further experiments are required to confirm this mechanism. Polymer samples isolated from the ROP of rac-lactide by rac-3 show isotactic enrichment. It is postulated that the chiral catalyst 3 is exerting stereocontrol via an enantiomorphic site control mechanism. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

Usage of complexes in homogeneous catalysis for synthesis functional materials with defined properties is one of the most significant areas of research organometallic compounds of lanthanides in the last decade. One of the way became polymers with defined properties is for example ring opening polymerization. Aliphatic polyesters, which are biodegradable and biocompatible (useful for biomedicine), can be prepared by this method. Theoretical part of this work includes preparation of lanthanidocenes, their characterization and possibilities of their use for polymer synthesis. The aim of experimental part was performance and optimizing synthesis of series lanthanocen chlorides complex (Sm, Nd a Pr) and new monopentamethylcyklopentadienyl complexes. Introduced structural types were chosen for their possibility of polymerization activity or their activation by adding alkyl reagents. The complexes were spectral characterized by 1H NMR, and IR spectroscopy. Structure was defined by roentgen structural analysis. Catalytic activities for polymerization of ?-caprolacton in toluen (laboratory temperature) were performed for selected complexes. Polycaprolactone was characterized by gel permeation chromatography and NMR.

Syntéza polylaktidu (PLA) polymerací za otevření kruhu cyklického monomeru (ROP) může být uskutečněna různými způsoby. Literatura uvádí více než 100 katalytických systémů, jejichž pomocí lze polylaktid a jiné biodegradabilní alifatické polyestery získat. Například organokovové katalyzátory na bázi Sn, Zn, Al atd. se po splnění své polymerační funkce stávají kontaminanty a pro humánní implantáty je použití takového materiálu diskutabilní. V současné době jsou v centru výzkumné pozornosti nové N-heterocyklické karbenové katalyzátory. Tyto „metal-free“ katalytické struktury jsou schopné reprodukovatelně řídit syntézu polymerů předem definované molekulové hmotnosti s definovanými koncovými skupinami a nízkou polydisperzitou, která je charakteristická pro živý průběh polymerace. Nabízí se možnost syntézy blokových kopolymerů a různorodých makromolekulárních architektur. Předložená diplomová práce se zabývá studiem polymerace cyklického monomeru D,L-laktidu katalyzované N-heterocyklickým karbenem. Polymerace byly vedeny v přítomnosti benzylalkoholu jako iniciátoru v roztoku THF. Byl sledován vliv složení reakčního systému monomer – iniciátor – katalyzátor. Dále byly připraveny polymery opticky čistého L-laktidu s makroiniciátory PEG s Mn = 1000 a 2000 g/mol. Střední číselná molekulová hmotnost (Mn) a polydisperzita (PDI) byly stanoveny pomocí GPC. Definovatelnost koncových skupin vybraných polymerů byla prokázána pomocí 1H NMR.