Much of the existing research on violence against homeless women has concluded that homeless women are particularly vulnerable to violence and experience victimization at rates often exceeding the rates of housed women. Little research, however, has focused upon the specific risk factors that expose homeless women to physical assault, rape, and stalking. Utilizing a sample of 737 homeless women from the Florida cities of Orlando, Jacksonville, Tampa, and Miami, this study investigated the risk factors for experiencing adult personal victimization. The characteristics of homelessness, demographics, drug and alcohol use, subsistence activities, childhood victimization, mental health status, and criminal activities were examined as predictors of violence. The results indicate that over three-quarters of the sample had experienced violence, physical, sexual, or stalking, as adults. Consistent with prior research, childhood sexual abuse and time spent in jail or prison were significant predictors of violence. However, contrary to prior research, severe childhood physical abuse did not predict adult violence. Rather, the key childhood predictors of adult violence appear to center upon abuse that is primarily emotional in nature. Also contrary to prior research, the excessive use of alcohol or illicit drugs and engaging in risky subsistence activities did not predict violence. The results also imply that the women's experiences of violence may precipitate their episodes of homelessness, indicating that the violence is a cause of their homelessness. Violence against women continues to be a significant social problem particularly among especially vulnerable populations such as homeless women. Such violence deserves the attention of service providers such as healthcare workers, social services, and criminal justice systems.

No description available.

This thesis examines the relationship between stock market returns and systematic risk factors in twelve industrial countries. Using the APT framework, the thesis investigates the notion of international stock market integration versus segmentation in terms of pricing risk, international stock market efficiency in terms of eliminating arbitrage opportunities across domestic markets, and the validity of the international version of the APT according to a model that specifies purely domestic factors. Starting with ordinary least squares estimation the thesis investigates the responses of investors in their national stock markets to systematic shocks. By employing iterative non-linear multivariate seemingly unrelated regression estimation, this work avoids the statistical problems encountered in the second-pass test of the two-stage procedure. This study found that the international stock market was neither integrated nor efficient and that the IAPT was not supported by the results during the period investigated. It was demonstrated that partial and regional integration, regional efficiency, and regional IAPT validity cannot be ruled out. Moreover, the alternative model proved to be practically valid. / United Arab Emirates University

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death in females and the most lethal gynecologic cancer. Globally, an estimated 240,000 people are diagnosed with ovarian cancer each year, with 22,530 new cases in the United States in 2019. Parity, oral contraceptive use, and lactation are protective, while early menarche, late menopause, and nulliparity have opposite effects. The “incessant ovulation” theory has thus emerged, in which a higher number of ovulations may be a cause of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, the mechanisms of this theory are unknown; one possibility is that the chance of acquiring a cancer-initiating pathogenic variant increases with each ovulatory cycle because of a microenvironment that promotes DNA damage. In this dissertation, we aimed to leverage genetic epidemiologic data to test this potential mechanism by evaluating the presence of gene-environment interaction between DNA repair capacity (measured through the presence of pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes) and lifetime ovulatory years (LOY). In the first aim of this dissertation, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, to formally evaluate the strength of evidence and to generate summary point estimates for the association between LOY and EOC. We then executed two analytic aims to evaluate if the presence of pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes exacerbated the increase in ovarian cancer risk associated with LOY. In Aim 2, we evaluated interaction on the additive scale in the United Kingdom (UK) Biobank through use of a novel DNA repair capacity score developed in this dissertation, measured by quantifying the number of pathogenic variants present per individual from a list of 163 DNA repair genes, using whole exome sequencing (WES) data. In Aim 3, we evaluated the presence of interaction between pathogenic BRCA1/2 status and LOY in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), a cohort enriched for familial risk. In both empirical aims, we assessed the presence of interaction on the additive scale using the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) formula. We compared results across the two empirical aims. We found the relationship between lifetime ovulations and ovarian cancer risk to be consistent and replicable in the published literature. In pooled estimates from 22 published studies, a one-year increase in LOYs was associated with a 4% (3-6%) increased risk of ovarian cancer and those with a high number of ovulations (compared to low LOYs) had a 2.15-fold (95% CI 1.82, 2.54) increased risk of ovarian cancer. We also confirmed the positive association between increasing LOYs and ovarian cancer risk in the UK Biobank and the BCFR cohorts. Although interaction on the additive scale was not detected, there were strong positive associations between pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes and ovarian cancer risk. In the UK Biobank, the presence of at least one pathogenic variant in a DNA repair gene was associated with a significant 27% increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) (95% CI 5-55%). Among women at high risk of ovarian cancer due to family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer, there was a strong relationship between BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants and ovarian cancer, regardless of the number of ovulations experienced. The association between LOY and ovarian cancer was found to be consistent and replicable, despite differences in study design, covariates, and measurement. We also detected robust evidence that increasing lifetime ovulations and pathogenic DNA repair variants were associated with ovarian cancer risk. Such variants were exceedingly rare in both cohorts, which limited power to detect interaction in an already rare cancer. Despite such associations, there was no evidence of synergy between LOY and impaired DNA repair capacity, but rather, high LOY and impaired DNA repair capacity may be independent risk factors of ovarian cancer. Each exposure may describe a separate class of women at increased risk of ovarian cancer that should be targeted for future prevention and screening strategies.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death worldwide for adolescents and emerging adults. Despite knowledge of distal risk factors for suicide (i.e., childhood maltreatment), there is a dearth of developmentally informed psychobiological theories of suicide that test potentially modifiable proximal risk factors. Utilizing a multi-method design, this study integrates cognitive and biological risk factors into a model of suicide risk following maltreatment. Undergraduates completed a screener assessing medical history, trait reward and threat sensitivities, history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs), and childhood maltreatment. Participants without a history of autoimmune disease completed a reward and threat-salient acute stress task with pre- and post-task blood draws to measure peripheral inflammatory biomarkers. Utilizing ecological momentary assessment, a subset of participants with a history of suicidal ideation completed daily measures (three per day) of STBs and state reward and threat sensitivities for two-weeks before completing follow-up measures of STBs. Mediation models found that inflammatory reactivity to acute stress did not explain the relationship between maltreatment and ideation across the two-week follow-up, but those participants with greater TNF-α reactivity to an acute stress task reported more severe ideation at the study visit. Moderated mediation models showed that the association between inflammatory reactivity and suicidality was not significantly amplified by reward or threat sensitivity. But, at trait and state levels, those with histories of maltreatment who were less sensitive to rewards and more aware of potential threats experienced the most severe ideation. This investigation aimed to understand the processes that immediately precede STBs to inform future prevention and intervention efforts. / Psychology

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, with an average of 102.3 million American diagnosed with Hypercholesterolemia. Medical conditions, lifestyle habits, hereditary factors, and psychiatric illnesses have been associated with Hypercholesterolemia. A few studies postulate that Hypercholesterolemia leads to brain changes that underlie depressive illness. Depression is anticipated to overtake chronic diseases like hypertension in developed nations by 2030, and over 17 million US adults suffer from depression. Tennessee ranks 9th (22.36%) out of 50 states with the highest depression rates, with the incidence rising steadily. As a major public health concern needing urgent attention, it is imperative to establish the association between depression and Hypercholesterolemia among adults in Tennessee. Methods: We used cross-sectional data from the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System a nationally representative U.S. telephone-based survey of adults aged 18 years, and extracted data for Tennessee (n=4,788). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to test the association between diet, physical activity, depression, no past month exercise, high body mass index, substance use, and high cholesterol (outcome). We controlled for income, race, educational status, health insurance status, and age. Results: Overall, 36.1% (n=1,726) of participants in our sample reported high cholesterol. Results of our logistic regression model revealed that depression (OR =1.37, 95% CI, 1.19, 1.58), High body mass index (OR=1.75, 95% CI, 1.52,1.99), no past month exercise (OR=1.45, 95% CI, 1.27,1.66), male gender (OR =1.16, 95% CI, 1.03, 1.32) and low income (OR =1.33, 95% CI, 1.15, 1.53) were associated with high cholesterol. Furthermore, participants with high cholesterol are 37% more likely to report depression. On the other hand, cigarette use, e-cigarette use, alcohol use, no insurance, and marijuana use were not significantly linked. Conclusions: There is a need for awareness and prevention of Hypercholesterolemia in patients managed for depression, as they might die from the complications of high cholesterol rather than the psychiatric illness itself. It is important to intensify the existing programs and interventions for the prevention of Hypercholesterolemia, which would favorably impact on the burden of depression among adults in Tennessee. Also, studies should be done on the outcomes of cholesterol-reducing medications to prevent Hypercholesterolemia in patients with chronic diseases and depressed patients.

Gastroparesis (GP) is a clinical disorder recognized by measured delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction, in addition to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, chronic abdominal pain, heartburn, early satiety upon eating a regular-sized meal, and exaggerated postprandial fullness. While GP is considered a clinically rare disorder, there is much suspicion that a much larger number of patients experience GP-like symptoms without an official diagnosis. Furthermore, little work has been done to identify the causes and exacerbations of this gastrointestinal (GI) distress in the young adult population. This study's primary goal was to establish a relationship between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and overall GI distress at a large university campus. Utilizing an anonymous online-based survey, risk factors (Physical, psychological, and behavioral), participant demographics, levels of perceived stress, and GI symptoms were measured from 232 participants used in our analysis. Data analysis showed several significant correlations with higher GI distress: 1) being a graduate student, 2) having a higher heart rate, 3) participating in binge drinking, and 4) having higher perceived stress levels. This study is one of the first to assess multifactorial risk factors and find significant relationships within the young adult population. These results suggest that students experiencing higher levels of perceived stress may be suffering from more debilitating GI symptoms, which supports further research into methods for mediating stress amongst the student population.

No description available.

The present study examines how an accumulation of risk and protective factors impacts the development of juvenile delinquency and conduct problems in late adolescents. Risk factors may have a negative impact early on in a youth’s life, and protective factors such as positive parenting may alleviate or diminish the impact those risk factors may have. The sample consisted of 499 participants aged 18 to 36 years who attend a southeastern university. Participants completed surveys that measure friend’s delinquent behavior, parenting practices, neighborhood cohesion, exposure to community violence, delinquency, and conduct problems. Results of ANOVAs indicate that cumulative effects of several risk factors and the absence of protective factors are more strongly associated with conduct problems and juvenile delinquency than any single risk factor alone. Participants with five or more risk factors were at greater risk for developing delinquent behavior and conduct problems than participants with fewer risk factors.

This study addressed obesity of youth in a predominantly African-American school and was concerned with the implementation of a CVD intervention program, Project Health Curriculum, for high school students, focusing on early health promotion and support to children at risk of developing adult diseases. A health promotion program was implemented at a high school in Canton, Mississippi, to equip students with information to help reduce risk behaviors that could lead to health problems. This intervention was conducted in the health and physical education classes. Students were given the opportunity to report their knowledge and behaviors by participating in a pretest. A posttest was completed after the health promotion intervention. A Wilcoxon Signed Ranked test was computed to analyze the differences between the pretest and posttest scores of the students on the Project Health Student Survey (PHSS) to determine if the intervention program impacted their attitudes, practices, and knowledge regarding their risk behaviors and practices. The posttest served as the student outcome measure and indicator of the effectiveness and perceived usefulness in modifying student risk behaviors when compared to the pretest scores. Changes in student behaviors were found in several of the categories examined. The results of the study indicated that a carefully designed prevention/intervention program within the school curriculum can positively impact student behavioral practices to improve students’ quality of life. As the State of Mississippi deals with the epidemic of obesity and the prevalence of CVD, preventing these diseases from increasing is a priority. Strategies and programs for weight maintenance, weight reduction, and health promotion must become a public health and education priority, especially among the youth.