Areas underlain by dolomite pose a risk for sinkhole and doline development and subsequently have serious implications towards the safe planning of towns. Research also indicates that almost all sinkholes and dolines formed on dolomitic areas were man-induced and may be contributed to a lack of informed decision making by town planners. Consequently, town-planning decisions must have a guiding plan to avoid unsuitable development on such areas. Such a guiding plan was identified as a Dolomite Risk Management Plan (DRMP). A DRMP has in recent years become a legal responsibility, to be implemented where development is taking place on areas underlain by dolomite according to SANS 1936 and the Geoscience Amendment Act, (16 of 2010). There however currently exists a need to determine to what extent a DRMP contributes to the town planning decisions making process. The aim of this study is to determine to what extent currently existing Dolomite Risk Management Plans contribute to a town planning decision-making process by means of the analysis of four case studies. Four case studies were assessed against a framework compiled through a literature study of all applicable legislation to determine to which extent each complies with the compulsory legislation in South Africa needed to guide safe and sustainable development. The study indicated that a need existed for a DRMP to guide town-planning decisions because it is people‟s constitutional right to be protected and to live in a safe environment. It was also concluded, through the random sampling and assessment of available results from four case studies against criteria from applicable legislation, that currently only 50% are capable of informing and guiding town planning decisions adequately. / M (Environmental Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Areas underlain by dolomite pose a risk for sinkhole and doline development and subsequently have serious implications towards the safe planning of towns. Research also indicates that almost all sinkholes and dolines formed on dolomitic areas were man-induced and may be contributed to a lack of informed decision making by town planners. Consequently, town-planning decisions must have a guiding plan to avoid unsuitable development on such areas. Such a guiding plan was identified as a Dolomite Risk Management Plan (DRMP). A DRMP has in recent years become a legal responsibility, to be implemented where development is taking place on areas underlain by dolomite according to SANS 1936 and the Geoscience Amendment Act, (16 of 2010). There however currently exists a need to determine to what extent a DRMP contributes to the town planning decisions making process. The aim of this study is to determine to what extent currently existing Dolomite Risk Management Plans contribute to a town planning decision-making process by means of the analysis of four case studies. Four case studies were assessed against a framework compiled through a literature study of all applicable legislation to determine to which extent each complies with the compulsory legislation in South Africa needed to guide safe and sustainable development. The study indicated that a need existed for a DRMP to guide town-planning decisions because it is people‟s constitutional right to be protected and to live in a safe environment. It was also concluded, through the random sampling and assessment of available results from four case studies against criteria from applicable legislation, that currently only 50% are capable of informing and guiding town planning decisions adequately. / M (Environmental Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Flood events have become more frequent in Europe, and the adaptation to the increasing flood risks is needed. The Flood Directive set up a series of measures to increase European resilience, establishing Flood Risk Management Plans (FRMPs) at the level of the river basin district as one relevant action. In order to efficiently fulfil this objective, the involvement of stakeholders as well as the analysis of their roles, responsibilities, and demands has been considered to be crucial to develop FRMPs. As a result, the hypothesis tested in this paper is that a consensus solution for the 2021 update Austrian Flood Risk Management Plan is feasible. To demonstrate this, both in-depth interviews and questionnaires to key Austrian stakeholders are implemented. The information collected in both participatory techniques are then used to run a conflict prevention analysis. The results show that (a) improving the coordination among regions and including better land-use planning approaches are preferable to a hypothetical business as usual scenario; and (b) a consensus solution for the 2021 update Austrian FRMP might be achievable on the basis of both a deep discussion on the state-of-the art and green infrastructure development.

In this study, a risk management methodology for the business development phase of a Turkish defense industry firm&rsquo / s projects is proposed. The proposed method is based on the contemporary risk management practices and offers the integration of risk management process on top of existing project management processes in the business development phase, besides being cost effective and applicable. The method suggests a format for a risk management plan with two new sections, results, and compliancy. Furthermore, the method suggests the development of risk response plans prior to the implementation of quantitative risk analysis contrary to the applications in the literature, in order to reduce the size and the complexity of data to be analyzed. The method proposed also benefits from software tools that are easy to use and compatible with the existing project management practices executed in the firm. The method also aims to lead the construction of necessary risk databases that are specific to projects of the firm. The method also discusses the risk management framework under the scope of organizational aspects and decisions. Furthermore, a sample project of the firm is evaluated both with the current method and with the proposed method in order to put forward the advantages of the proposed system over the existing risk management practices of the firm.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo principal elaborar una propuesta de plan de gestión de riesgos aplicable para la ejecución de muros anclados en proyectos de edificaciones en la ciudad de Lima. La investigación es de tipo descriptivo, correlacional y explicativo; el diseño es transversal ya que la información recopilada es de proyectos ejecutados en el periodo de 2012 al 2015. La metodología que se utilizó fue recolección de información por medio de entrevistas sobre los riesgos que más se presentan en la ejecución de muros anclados y sus impactos, un análisis de la información bajo los conocimientos propuestos por el PMBOK y la elaboración de una propuesta de plan de gestión de riesgos aplicable para éste tipo de proyectos. La investigación concluye que al aplicar el plan de gestión propuesto se puede optimizar los resultados de plazos y costos en la ejecución de muros anclados en proyectos de edificaciones. This research has as main objective to develop a proposed "Risk management plan" applies to the execution of walls anchored in building projects in the city of Lima. The research is descriptive, correlational and explanatory type; the design is transversal because information is collected projects in the period 2012 to 2015. The methodology used was gathering information through interviews about the risks that are presented more in the execution of anchored walls and its impacts, an analysis of the information under the knowledge proposed by the PMBOK and the development of a proposed “Risk management plan" applicable to this type of project. The research concludes that by applying the proposed management plan can optimize the results of time and cost in implementing projects anchored walls of buildings.

Water is an essential but vulnerable resource. A shortage of good quality drinking water is a threat to human health and society as a whole. Abundance of water in the form of floods can also be a serious threat which can have consequences for the drinking water supply. To reduce these risks there is a need for systematic risk reduction. In the last decades a risk management approach has been developed in the management of both flood and drinking water risks. This means that a reactive, ad hoc management is being replaced by a more proactive and systematic approach where risks are analysed and evaluated as a basis for prioritising counter-measures. The complex nature of water issues has also made it evident that there is a need for a holistic view of the management, involving a variety of actors and sectors. An integrated management approach to floods and water resources has emerged. This thesis aims to examine how local level risk management, especially risk assessments, of floods and drinking water supply have been or can be performed in practice in Sweden. The existing practices have been characterised in relation to current risk management frameworks. Furthermore, the thesis aims to investigate how the effects of flood on drinking water supply have been considered in risk assessment methods and in flood risk management plans, as well as whether flood and drinking water risks have been considered in an integrated manner. The studies are based on interviews with flood risk managers in Swedish municipalities and Swedish water producers as well as on document studies of risk assessment methods and flood risk management plans. There are large variations between different municipalities and water producers in how, and to what extent, risk assessments have been performed. Some have performed very little, if any, risk assessment while others have worked systematically. The tools used are often those that are promoted by national agencies and are often less advanced than those described in the literature. The risk assessments do not always cover all relevant aspects of the risk and few actors have discussed an acceptable risk level. Flood risk assessments focus mostly on the exposure of objects to flood and investigate the consequences of such an exposure only to a limited extent. The incomplete risk assessments may result in a biased view of the risk which in turn can lead to poor decision-making. The theoretical knowledge about risk management is in many cases low and there is still often a practical approach. Strategic and holistic approaches are mostly lacking. The consequences of flood on drinking water supply are not known in detail and are not considered in detail in risk assessments commonly used in Sweden. There is an awareness of the need to coordinate the management of flood and water resources. However, despite the good intentions regarding integration, there are few signs in the risk assessments and risk management plans that integration is actually occurring. Both the risk management approach and integrated management have started to be implemented in Swedish flood and drinking water risk management. It is however on a basic level and it is still a long way to go. Further guidance and knowledge about risk management as well as commitment from and collaboration among all actors concerned is needed to make this development possible. / Vatten är en livsnödvändig men sårbar resurs. Brist på dricksvatten av god kvalitet är ett allvarligt hot mot människors hälsa och för hela samhället. Även överflöd av vatten i form av översvämningar kan vara ett allvarligt hot och kan bland annat får konsekvenser för dricksvattenförsörjningen. För att minska dessa risker finns det behov av systematiskt riskreducerande arbete. De senaste decennierna har systematisk riskhantering (risk management approach) utvecklats inom hanteringen av översvämningar och dricksvattenförsörjning. Detta innebär att en reaktiv och osystematisk hantering ersätts med en mer proaktiv och systematisk hantering baserad på analys och utvärdering av risker som stöd för beslutsfattande. Den komplexitet som vattenfrågor omfattar har också gjort det tydligt att det finns behov av en helhetsyn på hur vatten hanteras och att ett flertal aktörer och sektorer behöver involveras. Teorier om integrerad hantering (integrated management) har vuxit fram och börjat implementeras. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka hur riskhantering, särskilt riskbedömningar, på lokal nivå utförs eller kan utföras i praktiken i Sverige. Praktiken har beskrivits och karakteriserats i förhållande till befintliga ramverk om riskhantering. Dessutom är syftet att undersöka hur konsekvenser av översvämningar på dricksvattenförsörjningen behandlas i metoder för riskbedömning och riskhanteringsplaner för översvämning liksom att studera om risker relaterade till översvämningar och dricksvatten har behandlats på ett integrerat sätt. Studierna är baserad på intervjuer med översvämningshanterare i svenska kommuner och svenska vattenproducenter samt dokumentstudier av metoder för riskbedömning och riskhanteringsplaner för översvämning. Det är stora skillnader mellan hur och i vilken omfattning olika kommuner och vattenproducenter har gjort riskbedömningar. Vissa har knappt gjort någon riskbedömning alls medan andra har arbetat mer systematiskt. De verktyg som används är ofta de som finns i handböcker från svenska myndigheter och är ofta mindre avancerade än vad som beskrivs i litteraturen. Riskbedömningarna täcker inte alltid all relevanta aspekter av risken och det är få som har diskuterat vad som är en acceptabel risknivå. Översvämningsbedömningarna har fokuserat på vilka objekt som exponeras vid en översvämning och möjliga konsekvenser på drabbade objekt har undersökts i mycket begränsad utsträckning. Ofullständiga riskbedömningar kan ge en felaktig bild av risken och därmed vara ett inkomplett underlag för beslutsfattande. Den teoretiska kunskapen om riskhantering är i många fall låg och många har en praktisk inställning till riskhanteringen. Det saknas oftast strategi och helhetstänkande. Kunskapen om konsekvenser av översvämning på dricksvattenförsörjningen är begränsad och behandlas inte heller i detalj i de metoder för riskbedömning som är mest vanligt förekommande i Sverige. Det finns en medvetenhet om behovet av att koordinera hanteringen av översvämning och vattenresurser. Trots de goda intentionerna om integrering visar riskbedömningar och riskhanteringsplaner få tecken på att integrering sker i praktiken. Både systematisk riskhantering och integrerad hantering är synsätt som har börjat utvecklas och implementeras inom svensk hantering av översvämningar och dricksvattenförsörjning. Det sker dock fortfarande på en relativt grundläggande nivå och det är en lång väg kvar. Det finns behov av ytterligare vägledning och mer kunskap om riskhantering liksom engagemang från och samarbete mellan alla berörda aktörer för att stödja vidare utveckling.

La quebrada El Pedregal viene siendo afectada por la generación de flujo de escombros o huaicos que ocasionan pérdida de vida, daños a la infraestructura, a la salud y medioambientales. En 1987 un huaico provocó aproximadamente 100 fallecidos y 1000 viviendas fueron destruidas (Abad, 2009). Los huaicos son originados por las fuertes y/o constantes precipitaciones, el Fenómeno del Niño y condiciones naturales desfavorables de pendiente, geología, drenaje y forma de la subcuenca. Adicionalmente, el establecimiento de población en zonas de riesgo, el déficit de las medidas de prevención y mitigación e inadecuada planificación ante la ocurrencia de huaicos reflejan la vulnerabilidad existente, lo que generan el problema principal que es el alto riesgo que hay en la quebrada El Pedregal por ocurrencia de huaicos. Ante esta problemática, el objetivo general de la presente tesis es formular un plan de gestión integral de riesgo de desastre conformado por medidas de corrección y prevención tanto estructurales como no estructurales, para contribuir a la reducción de daños ocasionados por los huaicos. Para lo cual, se estudió el marco teórico, se recolectó y/o procesó información hidrológica, topográfica, geológica, geomorfológica, geotécnica, climatológica, e información de la ocurrencia de huaicos extraordinarios para el estudio básico de la quebrada. Se analizó la eficacia de medidas estructurales existentes como diques de mampostearía, dique de concreto ciclópeo y barreras dinámicas; y medidas no estructurales como la delimitación de la faja marginal y el sistema de alerta temprana piloto, siendo estas acciones aisladas no conformantes de un plan. Puesto que, no es posible actuar sobre el peligro natural se actúa sobre la vulnerabilidad, revirtiendo o mitigando las causas que la genera y de esta manera reducir el alto riesgo de la zona. En base a este diagnóstico se formuló y evaluó alternativas de medidas de corrección y prevención, para seleccionar y proponer las más adecuadas que conformen el plan. Es así como se realizó un análisis comparativo de cuatro medidas estructurales como la barrera dinámica, el dique de mampostería, el dique de concreto ciclópeo y la presa SABO, como alternativas de solución para revertir el déficit de las medidas de prevención y mitigación. Se seleccionó la barrera dinámica como la estructura más eficiente debido a sus características de funcionamiento, construcción, su capacidad de retención y su menor costo por cada m³ de volumen de material de huaico retenido. Asimismo , se estimó el volumen de producción y retención para un futuro huaico y comprobado el predimensionamiento y la estabilidad de las barreras en el software DEBFLOW, se propone como medida estructural de prevención la implementación de dos nuevas barreras dinámicas Nº05 y Nº06. Además se propone como otra medida estructural de prevención la incorporación de sensores de alerta temprana en la barrera dinámica N°03 y N°06. Sobre las medidas de prevención no estructurales para revertir la inadecuada planificación ante la ocurrencia de huaicos se proponen las capacitaciones periódicas de resiliencia, de seguridad y salud, con la intención de preparar a la población para una respuesta más efectiva ante eventos de huaicos y el fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad local y cofinanciamiento para el plan. Respecto a la ocupación del territorio por parte de la población para establecer sus viviendas en zonas de riesgo, se propone como medida no estructural de corrección el desarrollo de charlas de sensibilización y concientización sobre la preservación y cuidado de la faja marginal. Estas medidas se establecieron en el plan de gestión integral que, a su vez, está estructurado por los subplanes de acciones de prevención, de emergencia, de recuperación y rehabilitación y de monitoreo. Esta propuesta engloba la gestión integral y la gestión de riesgo de desastres, que busca la integración, articulación y coordinación de las acciones, recursos y participantes con la finalidad de contribuir a la reducción del riesgo, esperando reducir las pérdidas de vidas (de 100 a 0 fallecidos), daños a la infraestructura (de 1000 a 0 viviendas dañadas) y entre otros daños sociales, económicos y ambientales. La validación para determinar la viabilidad y fiabilidad para la implementación del Plan de Gestión Integral se desarrolló a través del método de juicio de expertos. Asimismo, se realizó una evaluación económica para verificar la viabilidad y factibilidad de la inversión del Plan de Gestión Integral. Y finalmente se realiza la validación del contenido del plan mediante el uso de herramientas modernas de ingeniería que incluyen, entre otras, las experiencias de entidades especialistas que cuentan con leyes, reglamentos, guías técnicas y planes estratégicos a nivel macro. / El Pedregal Creek has been affected by the generation of debris flow that causes loss of life, damage to infrastructure, health and environment. In 1987, one of the most catastrophic landslide in the area appeared, with approximately 100 deaths and 1000 destroyed homes (Abad, 2009). Debris flow are caused by heavy and/or constant rainfall, the El Niño phenomenon and unfavorable natural conditions of slope, geology, drainage and shape of the sub-basin. In addition, the establishment of settlements in risk areas, the deficit of adequate prevention and mitigation measures and uncoordinated and uncertain planning for the occurrence of debris flow, reflect the existing vulnerability, which generates the main problem that is the high risk that exist in El Pedregal Creek. Faced with this problem, the general objective of this thesis is to formulate an integral management plan for disaster risk, made up of structural and non-structural correction and prevention measures, in order to contribute to the reduction of damages caused by debris flow. For this reason, the theoretical framework was studied, hydrological, topographical, geological, geomorphological, geotechnical and climatological information was collected and/or process, as well as a historical series of the occurrence of extraordinary floods the basic study of the stream. The effectiveness of existing structural measures such as masonry dikes, cyclopean concrete dikes and dynamic barriers was analyzed; and non-structural measures such as the delimitation of the marginal strip and the pilot early warning system, being these isolated actions not part of a plan. Since it is not possible to act on the natural danger, vulnerability will be carried out, reversing or mitigating the causes that generate it and in this way efforts will be made to reduce the high risk of the area. On the basis of this diagnosis, alternatives to correction and prevention measures were formulated and evaluated, to select and propose the most appropriate ones to make up the plan. This is how a comparative analysis of four structural measures was carried out, the dynamic barrier, the masonry dyke, the cyclopean concrete dyke and Sabo dam, as solution alternatives to revert the deficit of prevention and mitigation measures. The dynamic barrier was selected as the most efficient structure due to its performance characteristics, construction, its retention capacity and its lower cost per m³ of volume of retained leached material. Likewise, the production and retention volume was estimated for a future shaft and the pre-dimensioning and stability of the barriers in the DEBFLOW software was verified. The implementation of two new dynamic barriers, No. 05 and No. 06, was proposed as a structural prevention measure. In addition, it is proposed as another structural prevention measure the incorporation of early warning sensors in the dynamic barrier N°03 and N°06. Regarding the non-structural prevention measures to reverse the inadequate planning for the occurrence of debris flow, periodic training on resilience, safety and health is proposed, with the intention of preparing the population for a more effective response to debris flow events and the strengthening of local institutions and co-financing for the plan. Regarding the occupation of the territory by the population to establish their homes in risk areas, it is proposed as a non-structural measure of correction the development of talks of sensitization and awareness about the preservation and care of the marginal strip. These measures were established in the integral management plan which, in turn, is structured by the sub-plans of prevention, emergency, recovery and rehabilitation actions and monitoring. This proposal encompasses integrated management and disaster risk management, which seeks the integration, articulation and coordination of actions, resources and participants in order to contribute to risk reduction, hoping to reduce loss of life (from 100 to 0 deaths), damage to infrastructure (from 1000 to 0 damaged homes) and among other social, economic and environmental damage. The validation to determine the viability and reliability for the implementation of the Integral Management Plan was developed through the expert judgment method. Likewise, an economic evaluation was carried out to verify the viability and feasibility of the investment of the Integral Management Plan. And finally, the validation of the content of the plan is carried out through the use of modern engineering tools that include, among others, the experiences of specialized entities that have laws, regulations, technical guides and strategic plans at the macro level. / Tesis