This study uses interviews to investigate what kinds of teaching material three teachers in the early years of compulsory school use, and how and why they have chosen to use these particular materials. The study also examines which factors guide the teachers in their choice, and what they see as teaching material. The study applies a sociocultural perspective on learning, viewing teaching aids as artefacts created by humans and as a communicative tool in teaching. The informants’ interview responses have been analysed using content analysis. The result shows that the teachers use several different forms of material to teach Swedish to pupils in the early years of compulsory school. They see and use both publisher-produced textbooks and traditional photocopied handouts, as well as tablets, computers and other material, as teaching aids. The teachers think it is important to use more than one form of material in teaching, and that a functional teaching aid should be capable of individual adaptation so that every pupil can work at his or her level of knowledge. Teaching material should also be motivational so that the pupil will be able to acquire an improved knowledge in the subject of Swedish. The potential for individual adaptation is a factor that guides the teachers in their choice of teaching material, but they also consider the look of the material and the faith they place in the textbook publisher.

Bakgrund: I Sverige var det år 2013, 200 000 personer som behandlades med det blodförtunnande läkemedlet Waran. Forskning på hur en person som behandlas med Waran upplever sin behandling kan bidra till en ökad förståelse kring detta bland hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Studien grundar sig på Dahlbergs livsvärldsteori vilken beskriver vårdandet med fokus på personens tankar, upplevelser och hur hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal kan vårda utifrån dessa begrepp. Syfte: Att beskriva upplevelser av att behandlas med Waran Metod: En kvalitativ, deskriptiv intervjustudie. Fem intervjuer genomfördes, vilka baserades på ett frågeformulär med öppna frågor. Analysmetoden består av en manifest analys, som bygger på en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Upplevelser av att behandlas med Waran är individuellt och beror på flertalet olika faktorer i en persons liv. En positiv känsla angående Waran samt en tacksamhet att få ett bättre liv tack vare Waran och slippa oro sig för sjukdomens verkning på kroppen framkom tydligt under intervjuerna. Det fanns dock en oro för de biverkningar som Waran har och detta kom att påverka deltagarna olika. Slutsats: Waranbehandling bidrog till både negativa och positiva upplevelser. Dock med en övervägande gynnsam inställning till Waranbehandling. / Background: In the year of 2013 there were 200 000 persons in Sweden that were under treatment with the blood-thinning drug Warfarin. Studies that describe how people feel and experience their treatment with Warfarin can result in a greater understanding among health-care workers. Dahlberg’s lifeworld theory was used in the study. The theory has focus on people’s feelings, thoughts and experiences. Purpose: Describing the experience of being under treatment with Warfarin. Methods: A qualitative descriptive interview study. Five interviews where completed and the interviews were based on a questionnaire. The majority of the questions were open questions. The data were analysed with a qualitative content analysis with a manifested analysis. Results: Experience of being treated with Warfarin where very individual and depended on many different factors in a person’s life. A positivity and thankfulness to Warfarin appeared during the interviews. There was a concern about side effects from Warfarin, but how this affected the persons that were treated with Warfarin was different between the participants.  Conclusion: Warfarin treatment contributed both positive and negative experiences. The majority of experiences were positively.

Denna uppsats avser att undersöka och analysera fem verksamma behöriga bildlärares syn på bildsamtalets betydelse och användande i bildundervisningen. Detta eftersom bildsamtal är en viktig del i bildundervisningen enligt den gällande kursplanen i bildämnet (2000) och den kommande kursplanen i bildämnet (Lgr 11). I kursplanens mål står det utskrivet att reflektion och samtal ska ingå i undervisningen, trots det är mina egna erfarenheter att dessa delar ej förekommer så ofta i undervisningen.      För att undersöka fem lärares syn på bildsamtalets betydelse och användning av bildsamtal i bildundervisningen, har kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts i grundskolan med fem verksamma lärare i år 6-9. Min förhoppning var att dessa intervjuer skulle frambringa en bild av verksamma lärares uppfattningar om bildsamtal och hur de gestaltas i undervisningssammanhang.      Litteraturstudier har genomförts för att ge tyngd åt arbetet samt förståelse för vad samtal kan innebära för elevers utveckling.      I resultatdelen i uppsatsen redovisas de fem lärarnas uppfattningar om bildsamtalet i undervisningen.      Utifrån denna studie kan jag inte dra några generella slutsatser om hur bildlärare i allmänhet upplever att de arbetar med bildsamtal i sin undervisning. Utan studien redovisar dessa fem lärares tankar om bildsamtalet i deras undervisning. / The purpose of this essay is to examine and analyze the views of five active and competent teachers’ perceptions about pictures conversation significance in art education, because it is an important part of art education due to the current curriculum in the subject. The goal of the curriculum says that reflection and conversation should be a part of the education though my own experiences are that this doesn’t occur very often in the education.      To explore some teacher’s views about picture conversation and its significance in art education, I have done some qualitative interviews with five teachers active in the primary school, grades six to nine. My hope was that these interviews would produce a picture of active teachers’ perceptions about pictures conversations and how they are actually made in an educational context.       Studies of literature have been made to bring importance to the work and bring comprehension to what pictures conversations can mean for the development of the students.      In the result part of the essay, the different comprehension and views of the five teachers are shown.      It is not possible to make any general conclusions about how art teachers in common experience that they work with pictures conversations in their teaching.       But the study reports about these five teachers thoughts about pictures conversations in their teaching.

ABSTRACT Background: People with colorectal cancer undergoing rectum amputation get a permanent colostomy, which affects the social life. It may be valuable for health care what these people experience living with colostomy in order to provide the greatest possible support. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe how people who received a colostomy experience their daily lives and the support they have received from the health services.Method: Qualitative interview study with six people, with a descriptive phenomenological approach.Results: The analysis of the interviews about how it's like to live with a colostomy resulted in three themes: 1) Living with a colostomy gives an uncertainty that affect the social life, 2) Physical and psychological impact of getting a colostomy and 3) Support for health care and relatives.Conclusion: Subjects had a positive attitude towards life, which contributed to that they could adjust to living with a colostomy and feel a meaningfulness of life. The study shows that all the interviewed people overall were satisfied with the information provided by the healthcare personnel. It was good with both oral and written information and very appreciated with repeated information. One aspect that could be improved was the information given aboute the closure of anus during surgery and the following complications. This was the most painful experience among the interviewed people. Special nurses in surgery should take more responsibility for that the information reaches the patients and also that a follow-up take place.

Abstract  The purpose of this study is to identify how Swedish clothing companies strategically communicate CSR – the issue being that CSR communication is frequently scrutinized and criticized. This is examined using semi-structured interviews with six company representatives. The result is presented thematically, dealing with (1) conditions for CSR and CSR communication, (2) how to manage the issue with criticism and (3) which communication strategies companies use. Following conclusions are drawn: the companies can be divided into Mirvis and Googins phases integrated or engaged/innovative, with conditions characterizing these phases. They express consideration of the issue, which is handled with cautious and transparent CSR communication. They use low profile communication strategies and collaborate with organizations. Half of the companies communicate through reports and a few admit to using third-party or indirect third-party endorsements. Only one of the companies uses social media.

Multicenter preclinical studies have been suggested as a method to improve potential clinical translation of preclinical work by testing reproducibility and generalizability of findings. In these studies, multiple independent laboratories collaboratively conduct a research experiment using a shared protocol. The use of a multicenter design in preclinical experimentation is a recent approach and only a handful of these studies have been published. In this thesis, I aimed to provide insight into preclinical multicenter studies by 1) systematically synthesizing all published preclinical multicenter studies; and 2) exploring the experiences of, barriers and enablers to, and the extent of collaboration within preclinical multicenter studies. In Part One, I conducted a systematic review of preclinical multicenter studies. The database searches identified 3150 citations and 13 studies met inclusion criteria. The multicenter design was applied across a diverse range of diseases including stroke, heart attack, and traumatic brain injury. The median number of centers was 4 (range 2-6) and the median sample size was 133 (range 23-384). Most studies had lower risk of bias and higher completeness of reporting than typically seen in single-centered studies. Only five of the thirteen studies produced results consistent with previous single-center studies, highlighting a central concern of preclinical research: irreproducibility and poor generalizability of findings from single laboratories. In Part Two, I performed semi-structured interviews with researchers who have been involved in a preclinical multicenter study. Braun and Clarkes’ thematic analysis was used to identify emerging themes, and the extent of collaboration was evaluated using an established theory of collaboration developed by Wood and Gray. Twelve researchers from 6 studies were interviewed. Most participants indicated that funding and the culture of the scientific community were barriers, and that established relationships and transparency with collaborators were enablers to multicenter studies. Some participants felt that a harmonized protocol was optimal, while others stated that variability in the protocol across sites was more appropriate. Most participants indicated that multicenter studies had a purpose and place in preclinical research. My findings also suggest that multicenter preclinical studies may provide a method to robustly assess therapies prior to considering clinical translation. These insights will allow for more effective planning and execution of future preclinical multicenter projects and may support the development of best practices and guidelines.

The purpose of this study is to make a description of various conditions associated with the fulfilment of the values education in Swedish preschools. I want to illustrate stories from different levels of the school system. The questions that are answered are: What discoursesappear in the different group’s descriptions of the preschool’s values education? And: What different challenges and opportunities are they describing? Qualitative interviews were used as the method to answer the questions and were analysed in relation to the study’s theoretical framework, constituted by discourse analytical theory and selected notions from a model of values that constitutes the values education, also used were the concept of peer culture. The results show that a total of five different discourses emerged, each describing different perspectives of the preschool’s values education. However, there is a common distinctive forthese discourses – in all respondents no systematic distinction was made between the varioust eaching objects by which the basic values assignment is determined. A discourse that standsout in particular, namely the discourse which in the study is refers to as Not to step on eachother’s toes. The result show that a significant obstacle to the values education is one’s owncooperation in the work team. Additional themes in the discourses concerns issues of lack of competence and various aspects of competence development. The main opportunities that emerge in the result can be summarized as competence development and a good collaborativeclimate.

Beteendemedicin är ett paraplybegrepp där den fysioterapeutiska tillämpningen i praktik kan se ut på många olika sätt. Hur fysioterapeuter tillämpar beteendemedicin i praktiken och hur det avspeglas i den individanpassade behandlingsplanen råder det oklarheter kring. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka fem fysioterapeuters upplevelser och erfarenheter av tillämpning av beteendemedicin inom sina respektive verksamheter i Uppsala län. Studien var av kvalitativ design. Enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer avfem fysioterapeuter inom olika verksamheter utfördes. Databearbetning genomfördes i form av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Deltagarna tillämpade flertalet olika tekniker inom beteendemedicin. De upplevde även att det finns utmaningar som att det är tidskrävande, att patienten inte förstår konceptet och att teorin är lättare än tillämpningen i praktik. Alla deltagare var överens om att det finns en nytta med beteendemedicinsk tillämpning, som att bli en bättre fysioterapeut, att det ger vinst i långa loppet samt att teorin fyller en viktig funktion för praktisk tillämpning. Det föreföll sig som att fysioterapeuterna tillämpar beteendemedicin på ett annat sätt än vad de lärt sig från den teoretiska utbildningen. Fyra huvudkategorier identifierades under databearbetningen; Olika tekniker inom beteendemedicin, Utmaningar med att arbeta beteendemedicinskt, Förståelse av nyttan med beteendemedicin, Blivit en “tyst” kunskap. Deltagarna upplevde att beteendemedicin fyller en viktig funktion i den individualiserade behandlingsplanen för patienten, men upplevde även många utmaningar. Trots utmaningarna så var deltagarna överens om att beteendemedicin är ett vinnande behandlingskoncept inom fysioterapi. Detta examensarbete kan bidra till utvecklingsmöjligheter för grundutbildningen i fysioterapi. / Behavioral medicine is an umbrella concept where the physiotherapeutic application in practice can differ in many ways. There are uncertainties about how physiotherapists apply it in practice and how this is reflected in the individualized treatment plan. The aim of this study was to investigate five physiotherapists' experiences of applying behavioral medicine in clinical practice within each of their workplaces in Uppsala. This study is of a qualitative design. Individual semi-structured interviews offive physiotherapists were performed. Data processing was carried out in the form of a qualitative content analysis. The participants applied several different behavioral medicine techniques. They also experienced challenges; it is time consuming, the patient does not understand the concept and the theory is easier than the application in practice. All participants agreed that there are benefits to behavioral medicine application; becoming a better physiotherapist, it provides benefits in the long run and the theory fulfills an important function for practical application. It seemed that the physiotherapists apply behavioral medicine in a different way than what they have learned. Four main categories were identified; Different techniques in behavioral medicine, Challenges when working with behavioral medicine, Understanding the benefits of behavioral medicine, Has become a “silent” knowledge. The participants experienced that behavioral medicine fulfills an important function in individualized treatment plans for patients, but they also experienced many challenges. Despite the challenges, the participants agreed that behavioral medicine is a winning concept in physiotherapy. This degree project can contribute to development opportunities for the undergraduate education in physiotherapy.

Bakgrund: Användningen av digitala videobesök har ökat inom fysioterapin under de senaste åren, särskilt i samband med covid-pandemin. Den nuvarande kunskapen om fysioterapeuters upplevelser och erfarenheter av användandet av digitala videobesök är begränsad.  Syfte: Att undersöka fysioterapeuters upplevelser och erfarenheter av att möta patienter via digitala videobesök. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ design. Data insamlades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem fysioterapeuter inom primärvården. Datan bearbetades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Insamlad data resulterade i följande huvudkategorier: Begränsningar för användandet av digitala videobesök, fördelar med digitala videobesök samt utveckling av digitala videobesök. Konklusion: Sammanfattningsvis ansåg fysioterapeuterna generellt att digitala videobesök är ett bra verktyg att tillgå. Framförallt genom att det ökar tillgängligheten till fysioterapeuten och att det möjliggör ett mer flexibelt arbete. De beskrev även begränsningar i arbetet med videobesök. Bland annat organisatoriska hinder och frånvaron av fysisk kontakt med patienten. Dessutom framfördes olika tankar om utveckling av videobesök. Exempelvis tekniska förbättringsmöjligheter och möjlighet till mer utbildning på området. / Background: The use of digital video meetings in physiotherapy has increased in recent years, particularly  in conjunction with the covid-pandemic. The current evidence for physiotherapists' experiences and perceptions of using digital video meetings is limited.  Purpose: To investigate physiotherapists experiences and perceptions of meeting patients through digital video meetings.  Method: The study has a qualitative design. Data were collected through semi structured interviews of five physiotherapists in primary care. The data was processed using qualitative content analysis.  Results: Collected data resulted in the following main categories: restrictions in the use of digital video meetings, benefits of digital video meetings and development of digital video meetings.  Conclusion: In summary, physiotherapists generally considered digital video meetings to be a good tool available. Mainly by increasing the accessibility to the physiotherapist and by contributing to  a more flexible job. They also described limitations in their work with video meetings. For instance, organizational obstacles and the absence of physical contact with the patient. Furthermore, different ways of developing the video meetings were presented. For example, technical opportunities for improvement and opportunities for more education in the field.

BACKGROUND: The child mortality is relatively high in a middle income country such as Ghana. Great achievements have been accomplished in order to reduce the under five mortality rate, likewise reach the millennium development goal to reduce child mortality. The nurses´ role to carry the capacity to face these challenges becomes a great part of their work. AIM: The aim of the study was to illuminate the experiences of nurses caring for ill children in Ghana and to gain a better understanding of the Ghanese perspective of important factors in pediatric care. METHOD: A qualitative method with semi structured interviews was performed. Five interviews were conducted with nurses at one pediatric ward in Ghana. The data was analysed using content analysis, Halldorsdottir´s theory was used as a raster throughout the paper. RESULTS: Two categories were identified and represent the results, Qualities and Strengths and Obstacles. The categories were found to be encompassed by nine subcategories, Feelings, Improvisation, Attitudes, Empowerment, Collaboration, Workload, Difficulties in the Nurse-Patient relationship, Contradictory experiences and Environmental challenges. CONCLUSION: The findings in this study suggest that the nursing care is largely affected by different factors in the nurses’ daily work. This can result in both a positive and negative impact on the nurse, patient and their relationship. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Describing how nurses experience work in pediatric nursing care can contribute with a better knowledge of important factors in global nursing. / BAKGRUND: Barnadödligheten är relativt hög i ett medelinkomstland som Ghana. Stora framsteg har gjorts för att minska dödligheten, likaså uppnå millenniemålet att minska barnadödligheten. Sjuksköterskornas roll att inneha kapaciteten för att bemöta dessa utmaningar blir en stor del av deras arbete. SYFTE: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda sjuka barn i Ghana, samt att få en bättre förståelse av viktiga faktorer i pediatrisk omvårdnad från ett ghanesiskt perspektiv. METOD: En kvalitativ metod med semi strukturerade intervjuer utfördes. Fem intervjuer utfördes med sjuksköterskor på en pediatrisk avdelning i Ghana. Datan analyserades genom en innehållsanalys och Halldorsdottirs teroi användes som ett raster löpande genom rapporten. RESULTAT: Två kateorier identifierades och representerar resultatet Kvalitéer och Styrkor samt Hinder. Kategorierna omfattas av nio subkategorier, Känslor, Improvisation, Attityder, Empowerment, Samarbete, Arbetsbörda, Svårigheter i sjusköterske- och patientrelationen, Paradoxala upplevelser samt Hinder i miljön. SLUTSATS: Resultatet i den här studien föreslår att omvårdnaden till stor del påverkas av olika faktorer i sjuksköterskans dagliga arbete. Detta kan resultera i både en positiv och negativ påverkan för sjuksköterskan, patienten och deras relation. KLINISK BETYDELSE: Genom att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor upplever arbetet inom pedriatitisk vård kan detta bidra till större kunskap om viktiga faktorer inom omvårdnad globalt.