Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Sociology, 1981. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-199).

With the modern development and urbanisation in the city of Ar Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, public gardens were introduced as the major public recreational facilities. The establishment of the public gardens commenced at the beginning of the 1980s. Since that time, the number of public gardens has reached 34. They vary in size, the smallest is about 3,000 sq. m. and the largest is about 455,000 sq. m. The rapid development of these facilities, in such a short time, did not allow for extensive assessment of the residents' needs. Rather, the design of these gardens emerged without precedent, based on foreign examples. Because of the adoption of foreign design ideas, the outcome did not respond to the socio-cultural aspects which existed in and were respected by the society. The study was an attempt to recognise and understand the relationship between the sociocultural aspects that govern and guide people's behaviour and the outdoor recreational environment. In order to investigate the relation between human behaviour and the physical environment, three research techniques were defined by which the various dimensions and details concerning the socio-cultural aspects which govern human behaviour can be identified, described and clarified. The techniques used are archive search, observing the behaviour-environment and a questionnaire survey. As a results of the analytical process, specific issues which strongly related to the socio-cultural aspects of human behaviour in the outdoors were identified as important in determining the level of compatibility between the intended behaviours and their meanings and the physical setting of the recreational environment. In order to create a coherent built environment that responds positively to the intended functions expected by certain people, knowledge and understanding of their socio-cultural values and behaviours must be acquired and applied in the design process.

Riyadh City, the capital of Saudi Arabia, presents an interesting context of problems in its urbanisation process, which started pronouncedly during the 1970s. The main factor that prompted urbanisation was the discovery and production of crude oil accompanied with the strong political desire for urbanisation and modernisation. This has enabled the country to embark on profound national development in all aspects of life. The fast growth in population and urban land expansion led to several challenges to the urbanisation process and to urban land policy. These started to occur as a result of high land demand and the absence of measures able to control urban land expansion. Surprisingly, land urban expansion exceeded the increase in urban population which itself was uncontrolled. Similarly, the increase in urban land use also generated empty urban lands scattered randomly in Riyadh City. Thus, the main thrust of this thesis is to investigate the nature of the urbanisation process and the role of urban land policy with emphasis on the impact of urban land expansion in Riyadh City, despite the policies that aimed at controlling and directing urban growth. The main objective of the study has been to provide a broad perspective on the urbanisation process in Riyadh City and examine five proposed hypotheses associated with the urbanisation problem. Other objectives were to understand the concept that most likely reflects the real nature of the urbanisation process from social and governmental perspectives, and to illustrate the concepts that govern urban land expansion with particular emphasis on how the residents perceive urban land expansion in view of services and infrastructure of their City. Following these objectives, the study has adopted a combined approach involving firstly acquiring the necessary background for the literature, which helped to set up the study. A total of 781 (or 78.1%) respondents to questionnaire in four groups: Land authority, Estate agents, Landowners and Residents indicated general agreement between land authority and residents, which was likely to disagree with perceptions of landowners and Estate agents on the majority of the 33 statements of the questionnaire. Results of the statistical analysis indicated that the proposed hypotheses were most likely to be rejected because of disagreement on urban land policies and their mechanism for the development and control urbanisation process. Results also indicated that urbanisation growth in Riyadh City was not organised, and land development not regulated and implemented by the municipality under control measures. The existing urbanisation problems can be attributed to the constitution, system of granting land, land ownership, view of people towards land and urbanisation in general make it difficult to apply measures to control urban land expansion. Other problems such as ineffective management, coordination on planning between the municipality and other organisations, inconsistency between urban land policy and lack of coordination between authorities in distributing land have greatly contributed to the urbanisation problem in Riyadh City. Thus, unless there is co-operation between people and authorities on one hand, and involvement of people in their city development on the other, the problem of urban land growth is perhaps a bigger challenge to comprehend in the future.

This philosophical-descriptive dissertation makes a detailed analysis of the background and problems of the adult literacy program in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and proposes recommendations for improvement of this program. The purpose of the study is to describe and critically analyze the Islamic religious tradition, Saudi Arabian social structure, the roles of Saudi Arabian men and women, the role of nomads in Saudi society, usage of Classical and modern Arabian dialects, current instructional materials and media used in adult literacy education and current educational resources, finance and personnel.

Thesis. 1975. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / "The analysis and evaluations were carried out in the Urban Settlement Design Program, School of Architecture and Planning, M.I.T." / Bibliography: p.91. / by Mohammed A. Al-Hussayen & Ali M. Shuaibi. / M.Arch.A.S.

The aim of this study was to investigate the vitamin B-6 status of Saudi adult males and compare the status between rural and urban subjects. Fifty-one adult male subjects were recruited from urban (n=31) and rural (n=20) populations of Riyadh. These subjects were reclassified to cigarette smokers (n=19), water pipe smokers (n=5) and non-smokers (n=27). The study also investigated the intake of macronutrients and selected micronutrients. In addition, the study investigated other health indicators including Body Mass Index (BMI), hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and albumin concentration, urinary creatinine and urea nitrogen excretion. The mean of vitamin B-6 intake, B-6 to protein ratio, plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) concentration and urinary 4-PA excretion in urban group were 2.18 ± 0.62 mg/day, 0.022 ± 0.008 mg/g, 39.3 ± 18.0 nmol/L and 4.6 ± 2.3 μmol/day, respectively. In rural group, these measures were 2.15 ± 0.65 mg/day, 0.021 ± 0.004 mg/g, 40.5 ± 14.6 nmol/L and 4.4 ± 2.3 (μmol/day, respectively. These measures indicated adequate status with no significant difference between the two groups. The mean intake of calcium, folate, vitamin D, zinc and dietary fiber was lower than recommendation of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) in both groups. Health indicators were within normal range except for BMI, which indicated a prevalence of overweight and obesity in both urban (27.1 ± 5.5 Kg/m²) and rural (28.2 ± 6.0 Kg/m²) subjects. Comparison of the three smoking groups showed that the water pipe smokers compared to cigarette smokers and non-smokers groups had significantly higher mean intake of vitamin B-6 (2.51 ± 0.73 mg/day), which resulted in higher concentrations of plasma PLP, pyridoxal (PL), red blood cells PLP and urinary 4-PA (54.9 ± 23.1 nmol/L, 21.5 ± 10.0 nmol/L, 33.7 ± 8.5 nmol/L and 6.9 ± 4.7 μmol/day, respectively). Cigarette smokers had significantly lower concentration of plasma PLP (30.9 ± 12.5 nmol/L) compared to non-smokers (40.0 ± 12.9 nmol/L) without a significant difference in vitamin B-6 intake. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were significantly higher in smokers (50 ± 3% and 167 ± 11 g/L, respectively) compared to non-smokers (48 ± 3% and 160 ± 9 g/L, respectively). The results of this study suggest that vitamin B-6 status of adult males in Riyadh is adequate with no urban vs. rural variation. / Graduation date: 2004

The purpose of this qualitative, explorative descriptive study was to describe how registered nurses at a specific tertiary hospital perceive the annual performance appraisal. A sample of 20 registered surgical nurses working in the ten Surgical Care Divisions was purposively selected to meet the inclusion criteria. Data was collected through two focus group interviews with 10 participants each. The transcribed interviews were manually analysed according to Collaizzi‟s (1978) method. Findings were described according to six main themes, of which the last theme described the nurses‟ suggestions for improving the annual performance appraisal. The 15 sub-themes addressed, among other things, the process of conducting annual performance appraisals, scoring the performances, incentives, loyalty to the hospital, communication, and competency certification of registered nurses. Recommendations were made for developing guidelines to ensure a standardised process of annual performance appraisal and to involve all stakeholders in the review of the competency assessment certification process. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

In the last four decades, Saudi Arabia has undergone rapid urban development. One consequence of this is the emergence of the villa-type dwelling unit as a standard contemporary house design. The domestic open space of each unit is the space surrounding the form of the house. This contemporary domestic open space has failed to meet the basic cultural need for privacy and the demands of the local climate. The aim of this study is to describe the need for privacy as a determining cultural aspect, and climatic comfort in the contemporary domestic open space within the existing cultural and environmental context. The study analyzes the traditional domestic open space to provide clues to direct and improve the existing situation. Design options or guidelines based on the analysis of the contemporary and traditional domestic open spaces are proposed to improve the domestic open space within the villa house pattern. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Employee engagement is the ability of employees to express themselves ‘physically, cognitively and emotionally during role performance’. Nurse employees comprise the largest workforce in healthcare. They spend a significant time caring for patients, they have a strong impact on patient experiences. Thus, in order to improve patient care experiences, nurse employees require positive work environments with the necessary factors that drive employee engagement. This study aimed to investigate current nurse engagement practices and the work-related aspects that impact engagement among nursing employees. The ultimate goal was to enable nursing management to identify the areas for continued sustainability and to improve gaps identified through appropriate implementation initiatives. The hospital is in the central part of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and consists of a multicultural population and the local Saudi nurses. The study population is nursing employees, employed for one year and longer within the organisation, and includes both genders between the ages of 18 to 60 years old. Simple random sampling was adopted using a sampling frame. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the sample of nurses from the hospital. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were performed to analyse data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 for Windows, while Ordered Probit regression was conducted using the Stata statistical program version 14 for Windows. This study showed the extent of nurses’ engagement using the selected constructs. Areas of strengths and weaknesses were identified. This study found that nurses were generally positive and passionate in their contribution to the organisation and connected in their work roles. This was established statistically and literature was also used to interpret the results. Respondents placed high importance on items that assessed the extent of nurses’ engagement and work-related factors. All the loadings in the eight dimensions measured were above 0.5, which shows significant correlation. In terms of organizational factors that impact nurse engagement, the estimates from the Ordered Probit regression showed that “feelings about the job” by employees had a statistically significant and positive influence on the employees’ or nurses’ “satisfaction about job aspects”. Results suggest the need to strengthen the identified areas in order to improve the nurses’ level of engagement. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Abstract The main outline of this paper is divided into six chapters, as follows. Introduction of the first chapter, respectively, describe the motive of writing the purpose of research methods , the main terms and concepts related to a introduced. Chapter II, "the type of juvenile law and basic functional theory", first of all, mainly to clarify the function of model juvenile law and juvenile law related to the basis of a preliminary study to explore the rationale; followed, especially on Taiwan's 1997 amendments to the creation of juvenile law the "concentric circle theory" and the juvenile law system thinking interpretation of it. Chapter III "juvenile protection and international norms", is the first on juvenile protection and the formation of international norms slightly introduction, followed by the current international juvenile most countries signed the protection of international instruments "Convention on the Rights of the Child", "juvenile justice Standard Rules (the Beijing Rules) "," Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty Rules "and" guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (Riyadh Guidelines), "notes one by one; Finally, in 2008 occurred in Taiwan's Kaohsiung port by juvenile probation girls shift supervisor incident Cases of view of international norms in our country to implement it or not. Chapter IV, "Taiwan and Japan's juvenile law amending the law History and Trends" to the two most recent content of amending the law (namely, in 2006 the draft amendment of Taiwan's juvenile law and juvenile law in 2000 to amend the content of Japan) for the scene, combined with the theory and practical view, discusses the trend of juvenile law. Chapter V "Taiwan and with Japan's juvenile law more", it has since juvenile law to distinguish between the two countries with the specific provisions of the same comparative study, although the former is the same provisions, but in different field of customs and people, the respective lead drawing a lot of practical life; the latter is looking forward to learning as the domain from the start, trying to inspire a new style of juvenile law. Finally, Chapter VI "Conclusions", in order for both theory and practice in this article, so on Taiwan's current practice of juvenile law to make a benign-depth criticism, as the experience of corroborative evidence, and of amending the law.