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Bibliography: pages 136-145. / The aim of this report is to develop a procedure for the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa, because in the past the environmental evaluation of road projects have been on an ad hoc basis, often using different formats. The procedure is therefore to be replicable from scheme to scheme, procedure, Management and is to be incorporated into the existing road development while drawing on the principles of Integrated Environmental The first part of the report is a study of the environmental evaluation procedures adopted in the United Kingdom, United States of America and Ontario (Canada). The environmental evaluation of roads in these countries are compared under the following headings: contextual features of the environmental evaluation procedures; the planning, location and design stages of the environmental evaluation procedures, and the environmental evaluation documentation. In this comparative study, the common and unique steps and elements are identified in order to generate an 'Ideal'. The second part of the report is a study on the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa. The administrative structure, legislation, policy and planning procedures for roads in South Africa, and Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) are discussed. Although IEM is currently been developed and road authorities are committed to IEM, the procedure still needs to be incorporated into the existing road development procedure. The third part of the report develops a procedure for the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa. The procedure developed incorporates common and unique steps and elements generated in the 'Ideal' into the existing road development procedure. The Environmental Conservation Act and Integrated Environmental Management are also taken into account in developing the procedure. Finally, as there is at present no formal documented procedure for the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa, it is recommended that the procedure be considered by road and environmental authorities with a view to implementing it.

Chan Wai Yip. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-227). / Acknowledgments --- p.1 / Summary --- p.3 / Table of Contents --- p.5 / List of Figures --- p.11 / List of Tables --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.17 / Chapter 1.1 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Uniqueness of Hong Kong --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Selection of Tsuen Wan --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Conceptual Background --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1 --- Review of Traffic Noise Research in Foreign Countries --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Urban Noise Surveys --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Traffic Noise Characteristics --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Traffic Noise and Sleep Disturbance --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Noise Events --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Noise Environment by Multiple Noise Sources --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Urban Form and Noise Exposure --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Review of Noise Research in Hong Kong --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Noise Survey --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Noise Exposure and Response --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Attenuation of Noise --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Annoyance Produced by Different Vehicle Types --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Noise Mitigation Measures --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3 --- Research Issues in Hong Kong --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Noise Exposure Level of Public Housing Estates and Old Urban Area --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Indoor Noise Level --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Frequency Analysis of Road Traffic Noise at Receiver --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Noise Event Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Noise Emitter Identification --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Comparison of Measured Noise Levels with Critical Load for Sleep Disturbance --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Noise Exposure Levels of Dwellings Built at Different Times --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Road Traffic Noise and Urban Form --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4 --- Significance of the Research --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- Broad Framework --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- Noise Exposure --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Prediction Method --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Receptor Oriented Approach --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Choice of Target Areas --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Validation of Prediction Results by Field Measurement --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Comparison of Measured and Predicted Noise Level --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- "The Noise Exposure Level of the Sampled Dwellings in Tsuen Wan, with Comparison with Other Countries and Other Parts of Hong Kong" --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3 --- Variation of Noise Exposure among Housing Estates --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Criteria for Comparison --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4 --- Traffic Noise Effect on Urban Population --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- 24-hour Noise Environment --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Site Selection --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- 24-hour Facade Noise Level --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Late Night Indoor Noise Level and Video Recording --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Frequency Analysis of Noise Events --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Noise Exposure of Tsuen Wan Residents --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2 --- Comparison of Noise Exposure Level of the Sampled Dwellings in Tsuen Wan with Hong Kong Traffic Noise Guideline --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3 --- Frequency Distribution of Noise Exposure Level of the Sampled Dwellingsin Tsuen Wan --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4 --- Comparison of Noise Exposure of the Sampled Dwellings in Tsuen Wan with Dwellings in Australia and England --- p.90 / Chapter 4.5 --- Comparison of Noise Exposure of Dwellings in Tsuen Wan With Previous studies in Hong Kong --- p.93 / Chapter 4.6 --- Variations in Noise Exposure Level among Housing Clusters --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Factors Affecting Traffic Noise Exposure in Different Housing Clusters --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1 --- Comparison of Noise Exposure Level of Dwellings Built at Different Times …… --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Classification of Dwellings According to the Time of Construction --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Discussion --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2 --- "Noise Exposure Level of Private, Public Housing and Village Houses" --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3 --- Noise Exposure and Urban Form --- p.121 / Chapter 5.4 --- Variation of Noise Level with Elevation for Dwellings Built at Different Times --- p.128 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Variation of Noise Level with Height for Dwellings Built Mostly in the 50's and 60´ةs --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Variation of Mean Noise Exposure Level with Height for Dwellings Builtin the 70's and Early 80's --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Variation of Noise Level with Elevation for Dwellings Built after 1985 --- p.134 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Discussion --- p.135 / Chapter 5.5 --- Variation of Noise Level with Elevation for Nine Individual High-rise Housing Estates --- p.137 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Acoustical Shadow by Podium --- p.140 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Elevated Road Surface --- p.141 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Acoustical Shadow by A Depressed Road Cut into a Hill --- p.143 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Sudden Increase of Mean LA10 at High Levels at Belvedere Garden and Waterside Plaza --- p.144 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Effect of Traffic Noise on Urban Population --- p.148 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.148 / Chapter 6.2 --- Diurnal Variation of LA10，LA90 and LAeq --- p.149 / Chapter 6.3 --- Comparison of Hourly Facade LA10 with Hong Kong Traffic Noise Guideline --- p.154 / Chapter 6.4 --- Comparison with 24-hour Noise Standards --- p.156 / Chapter 6.5 --- 24-hour Outdoor Noise Climate --- p.157 / Chapter 6.6 --- Outdoor-indoor Noise Attenuation --- p.163 / Chapter 6.6.1 --- "Outdoor-indoor Attenuation of LA10，LA90, LAeq and LAmax" --- p.163 / Chapter 6.6.2 --- "Outdoor-indoor Attenuation of LA10 - LA90, LA10 - LAeq and LAmax - LA90" --- p.165 / Chapter 6.7 --- Road Traffic Noise Related Sleep Disturbance --- p.167 / Chapter 6.7.1 --- Facade Noise Level --- p.167 / Chapter 6.7.2 --- Indoor Noise Level --- p.171 / Chapter 6.7.3 --- Noise Event Analysis --- p.176 / Chapter 6.7.4 --- Frequency Analysis of Noise Events --- p.182 / Chapter 6.8 --- Noise Emitters --- p.187 / Chapter 6.9 --- Conclusion --- p.193 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.195 / Chapter 7.1 --- Major Findings --- p.195 / Chapter 7.2 --- Research Significance --- p.198 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitation --- p.199 / Chapter 7.4 --- Implications for Traffic Noise Control Measures --- p.200 / Chapter 7.5 --- Areas for Future Research --- p.202 / Appendix - Roadnoise --- p.204 / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.204 / Chapter 2 --- "A Brief Overview of Roadnoise, DoE and CRTN88" --- p.204 / Chapter 3 --- The Input Variables --- p.205 / Chapter 4 --- The Calculation Procedure --- p.206 / Chapter 5 --- The Accuracy of CRTN88 --- p.206 / Chapter 5.1 --- General Accuracy of DoE and CRTN88 --- p.207 / Chapter 5.2 --- "The Accuracy of DoE when Wind, Barriers or Shielding is present" --- p.208 / References --- p.210

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

This study assessed how logging-access roads may have contributed to observed historical increases in peak discharges associated with small and large logged basins in the western Cascades of Oregon. The study was conducted on the Lookout Creek (62km��) and the upper Blue River (118km��) basins. Potential road effects on hydrology were examined using a combination of field surveys and spatial modeling with a geographic information system (GIS). Road networks were similar in both basins with respect to hillslope position, orientation, and stream crossings, but roads in Blue River were constructed one or two decades later than roads in Lookout Creek. A total of 20% (62 km) of the road length was sampled to assess routing of surface flow, using 31 2-km transects stratified by decade of construction and hillslope position. Along each transect, ditches and culvert outlets were examined and this information used to predict the probable routing of water to (1) existing stream channels, (2) newly eroded gullies downslope of culvert outlets, or (3) subsurface flow. Nearly 60% of the surveyed road length appeared to route water directly to stream channels or into gullies. Over time, the length of road connected to stream crossings has decreased, while the length of road discharging runoff that reinfiltrates to subsurface flow has increased, as roads have progressed up hillslopes and onto ridges in Lookout Creek and Blue River. The relatively constant proportion of the road network draining to gullies over time suggests that roads have the potential to become integrated into stream networks, even when constructed on unchannelled hillslope positions. An extended stream network, assumed to exist under storm conditions, was simulated for the basins using a digital elevation model. Although gullies and ditches differ from natural channels, extrapolation of field surveys using the GIS suggested that roads might extend the stream network by as much as 40% during storm events. It is hypothesized that such an effect could decrease the time of concentration of stormflow and contribute to higher peak discharges observed after clearcutting and road construction in these basins. Differences in the magnitude of road effects on peak flow generation may occur among road systems according to hillslope position of roads, road age, soil saturation, geologic substrate, and climate. These differences may explain the range of observed results from paired-basin studies examining road effects on hydrologic response. / Graduation date: 1994

Soil and vegetation was collected along four highways of different traffic volumes, at varying distances from the road, and at two control areas. Four sampling periods were conducted throughout the course of a year from August, 1976 to June, 1977. Soil and vegetation samples were tested for concentrations of lead, cadmium, nickel, and zinc. There were general declines in the concentrations of lead, cadmium, nickel, and zinc as proximity to the highway decreased. These declines were significant (P < 0.05) along the highways of greater traffic density. Lead and zinc levels in roadside soil and vegetation exhibited a general decrease with decreasing traffic density. There was not a strong relationship between the levels of cadmium and nickel in soil and vegetation and traffic volume. There was a seasonal pattern to the levels of lead, nickel, and zinc in roadside vegetation, with plants from Period 3 (Feb/Mar) exhibiting the highest levels. / Master of Science

by Shu-Pan Yu. / Thesis submitted in: November 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / LIST OF PLATES --- p.X / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XI / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objective --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- BACKGROUND TO STUDY --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2. --- Road SEA VIS-A-VIZ Project EIA --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction and Definition of SEA of Road Network --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- SEA as an Improvement on EIA system --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- The Environmental Indicators of Road Project EIA and SEA --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.4. --- SEA Approaches --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.5. --- The SEA Process --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3. --- Methodologies and Tools for SEA --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Needs for Tailor-made SEA Tools --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Desirable Attributes of SEA Assessment Tools --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4. --- Difficulties and Constraints of Road Building in Hong Kong --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Traffic Noise Problems in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Noise Emission vs Noise Immission Assessment --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Ecological Resources in Hong Kong --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5. --- Environmental Assessment Systems in Hong Kong --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Noise Assessment in Project EIAs --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Difficulties in Transposing Project EIA Noise Prediction Methodology to SEA --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Road Project Ecological Assessment --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Need for Proactive Nature Conservation --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- SEA Systems in Hong Kong --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6. --- Use of Geographical Information System (GIS) as a Platform --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Potentials and Advantages of GIS Approach --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Limitations of GIS --- p.40 / Chapter 2.7. --- Summary --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2. --- Noise Impacts --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Previous Overseas Experience of Strategic Noise Assessment Using GIS --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Development of An Appropriate Assessment Methodology for Hong Kong --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3. --- Ecological Impacts --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Past Experience of Strategic Ecological Assessment (SEcA) Using GIS --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Assessment Methodology of Strategic Ecological Assessment --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4. --- Land Acquisition Assessment --- p.78 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Assessment Method --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5. --- Summary --- p.79 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- SYSTEM DESIGN --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- System Overview --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Functions of the System --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Design Features of the System --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3 --- System Software --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4 --- System Structure --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Base Maps Insertion --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Traffic Data Input --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Noise Assessment --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Ecological Assessment --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Land Acquisition Assessment --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Summary of Overall Impacts --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Comparison of Options --- p.114 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.115 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- APPLICATION OF THE SYSTEM : A PILOT STUDY --- p.116 / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.116 / Chapter 5.2. --- The Crosslinks Project --- p.116 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- The Project Area - North-west New Territories --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2.1.1. --- Urban Development in the NWNT --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.1.2. --- Ecological Habitats of the NWNT --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3. --- Execution of the Pilot Study --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4. --- Results and Discussions --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4.1. --- Environmental Assessment of the Crosslinks Project --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4.2. --- Assessment of Alternative Options --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.3. --- Experience Learned from the Pilot Study --- p.147 / Chapter 5.5. --- Summary --- p.148 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.149 / Chapter 6.1. --- Design Concepts and Features --- p.149 / Chapter 6.2. --- Limitations of the System --- p.153 / Chapter 6.3. --- Further Research --- p.154 / REFERENCES --- p.156 / APPENDICES --- p.166 / APPEMDIXI NOISE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY --- p.167 / "APPENDIX II R(A), R(B), R(C) NOISE ATTENUATION PATTERNS" --- p.171 / APPENDIX III PUBLICAHONS --- p.175

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

The major goal is to reveal the need to understand the dynamics and impacts of landscape change from a current temporal perspective. This is performed here through the study of various settings in the landscape along Highways 180 and 64/180 in Arizona, being proposed for State Scenic Road designation. Selected landscape segments is the subject and the highways are a flexible platform from which to observe and assess these landscapes. Once sources, kinds of, and magnitude of possible or potential landscape changes and impacts are identified, this study proceeds to prescribe landscape planning strategies for their scenic and open space protection and enhancement. Potential landscape change and its impact should be predicted in order to plan and manage for the protection and enhancement of desired landscape values into the future. It can input people's perceptions to appreciate landscape values from varied perspectives such as: aesthetic, ecological, cultural, and socioeconomic.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning