A critical part of traffic safety is a driver’s ability to detect and respond to emergency roadway hazards. This thesis uses eye movements and motor responses to divide driver perception-response time in three stages: perception, inspection, and movement time. The effects of cognitive distraction and repeated exposure on each stage were investigated for three distinct hazards (left-turning vehicle, pedestrian, right-incursion vehicle). In general, there were varying effects of cognitive distraction observed depending on the hazard being responded to. Cognitive distraction resulted in a significant increase in perception times for the pedestrian and right-incursion vehicle hazards, whereas cognitive distraction resulted in significantly longer inspection times for the left-turning vehicle hazard. When considering the effect of repeated scenario exposure, perception times were the most greatly affected. Perception times were significantly shorter during the second exposure to the left-turning vehicle hazard in the baseline condition, and for all hazards in the distraction condition.

No description available.

Distracted driving is a dangerous activity that continues to claim lives on roadways throughout the United States. A goal of this research was to collect distracted driving behavior data through observation in the field. A methodological approach was devised to keep data collection consistent across the observation periods. Analysis of the data provided information regarding trends in distraction type or driving behavior while engaging in a secondary activity. In combination with the observational portion of this research, another key component to understanding distracted driving was the crash report narrative key word search. By searching through the crash reports, it was determined which key words have high discriminating powers that indicate distraction was a key component to a crash. Additionally, the key word search demonstrated how accurately distraction related crashes are reported via the crash report form. This research contributed to the existing literature regarding distracted driving and also expanded the methods of research that are currently in use.

No description available.

En el Perú, la necesidad de construcción de puentes se ha incrementado notablemente debido a la gran brecha en infraestructura y los desastres naturales ocurridos. Los distintos gobiernos han creado programas para fomentar su construcción. Sin embargo, gran parte de los proyectos presentan problemas como son sobrecostos, demoras y baja calidad. Las causas más comunes son un planeamiento deficiente, presupuestos no ajustados a la realidad, errores en los estudios básicos y expediente técnico, errores en la transferencia de información entre etapas y/o involucrados. Por ello, se realizó una investigación cuyo objetivo es optimizar la construcción de puentes de concreto armado sobre ríos, a través de la implementación de la metodología BrIM (Bridge Information Modeling) que permita una reducción de tiempo y costo, así como una mejora en la calidad de los proyectos. La tesis se propone como una guía que orienta su aplicación a las etapas de expediente técnico y ejecución, a través de la construcción virtual del proyecto compuesta de un modelo tridimensional en el cual se incorporan nueve usos BrIM. Se aplicó la guía de implementación al proyecto del Puente Yunculmas, ubicado en la selva central del Perú; en el cual se evidenció que con la intervención BrIM se obtuvo una reducción de costos en 11.3% y una reducción de tiempo de 38 días gracias a la identificación de inconsistencias antes de la ejecución. Asimismo, se logró una planificación más detallada y realista, un mejor análisis de constructibilidad y una eficiente gestión de los RFI’s (Request for Information). / Tesis

Le trafic routier contribue à la pollution atmosphérique aussi bien à proximité des voies avec des polluants tels que le dioxyde d'azote (NO2), les particules (PM) et certains composés organiques volatils (COV) qu'à des échelles spatiales plus grandes (pollution de fond urbaine et régionale) avec des polluants formés dans l'atmosphère tels que l'ozone (O3) et la fraction secondaire des particules. Étant donné les interactions entre pollution de proximité et pollution de fond, il est souhaitable de combiner en un seul outil de calcul des modèles à échelles locale et régionale. Cette méthode de modélisation multi-échelles a été largement utilisée pour simuler l'impact des émissions de cheminées (sources ponctuelles) avec des modèles de panache traités en sous-maille d'un modèle eulérien tri-dimensionnel. Cependant, une telle méthode n'est pas applicable à un réseau routier en raison des temps de calcul prohibitifs associés à la discrétisation d'une source linéique en un ensemble de sources ponctuelles. Par conséquent, une nouvelle méthode de modélisation multi-échelles a été développée, qui traite les panaches émis par des sources linéiques en sous-maille d'un modèle eulérien. Tout d'abord, une formulation améliorée d'un modèle gaussien de panache linéique a été développée. Ce nouveau modèle à ensuite fait l'objet d'une évaluation détaillée avec des mesures en proximité de routes ainsi qu'avec d'autres modèles gaussiens. La combinaison de ce modèle gaussien et d'un modèle eulérien (Polair3D) a été implémentée dans la plate-forme de modélisation Polyphemus. Les performances (temps de calcul et précision) du nouveau modèle de panache en sous-maille ont été évaluées et comparées aux performances des modèles gaussien et eulérien seuls. Ce modèle multi-échelles traite la chimie des oxydes d'azote (NOx) et des principaux COV. Le traitement multi-échelles a un effet important sur les concentrations de certains polluants en termes de pollutions de proximité et de fond urbain / Roadway traffic contributes to atmospheric pollution near roads, with pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles (PM) along with some volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as at larger spatial scales (urban and regional background pollution) with pollutants formed in the atmosphere such as ozone (O3) and the secondary fraction of PM. Because of interactions between local and background pollutants, it is desirable to combine into a single computational tool, regional and local scale models. This multi-scale modeling method has been widely used to simulate the impact of chimney emissions (point sources) with a sub-grid treatment of plume or puff models instead within a 3-dimensional Eulerian model. However, such a method is not applicable to a road network because of the prohibitive computations associated with the line source discretization into a set of point sources. Thus, a new multi-scale modeling method was developed, which treats the plumes emitted from line sources as sub-grid components of an Eulerian model. First, an improved formulation of a Gaussian plume model for line sources was developed. This new model was then subject to a detailed evaluation with near roadway measurements along with other Gaussian models. The incorporation of the Gaussian plume model into an Eulerian model (Polair3D) was implemented as part of the modeling platform Polyphemus. The performance (computational effectiveness and precision) of the new multi-scale model (Plume-in-Grid) was evaluated and compared to those of a stand-alone Gaussian and Eulerian models. The multi-scale model treats nitrogen oxide (NOx) chemistry along with major VOC. The multi-scale treatment has an important effect on the concentration of some pollutants in terms of local and urban background pollution

Wireless power transfer is a method of transferring electric power from a transmitter to a receiver without requiring any physical connection between the two. Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT) entails having the transmitters buried under the roadway and the receiver unit being installed on the Electric Vehicle (EV). In this method, EVs are charged while driving over the transmitters as they receive bursts of electric energy at the time of significant alignment between transmitters and receivers. Compared to the stationary charging method which involves parking the EV for long hours for a full charge, the dynamic charging method (i.e., DWPT) offers convenience as the vehicle gets charged while driving. It also facilitates extended driving range of EVs. Despite offering these advantages, DWPT causes a few significant issues. DWPT charging results in a transient power profile both at grid side and EV side, which not only hampers grid-side regulation but also affects EV-battery longevity. To address these two issues, both grid-side and EV-side energy management are needed to be employed to protect the grid and the vehicle from sudden exposure to harmful power transients. In this dissertation, the grid-side and EV-side energy management methods have been investigated. Firstly, a detection system to safely detect the vehicle on charging lane is proposed. This detection system is used to facilitate safe and efficient operation of DWPT chargers on EV roadways. Secondly, A novel DWPT system is proposed, which reduces the grid-side power transients with minimal additional hardware requirements. Finally, an EV-side energy management system is proposed which reduces the exposure of EV batteries to pulsating DPWT-power, thereby helping batteries to last longer.

No description available.

The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) Traffic and Safety Division continues to advance the safety of roadway sections throughout the state. In an effort to aid UDOT in meeting their goal, the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Brigham Young University (BYU) has worked with the Statistics Department in developing analysis tools for safety. The most recent of these tools has been the development of a hierarchical Bayesian Poisson Mixture Model (PMM) of traffic crashes known as the Utah Crash Prediction Model (UCPM), a hierarchical Bayesian Binomial statistical model known as the Utah Crash Severity Model (UCSM), and a Bayesian Horseshoe selection method. The UCPM and UCSM models helped with the analysis of safety on UDOT roadways statewide and the integration of the results of these models was applied to Geographic Information System (GIS) framework. This research focuses on the addition of roadway attributes in the selection and analysis of “hot spots.” This is in conjunction with the framework for highway safety mitigation migration in Utah with its six primary steps: network screening, diagnosis, countermeasure selection, economic appraisal, project prioritization, and effectiveness evaluation. The addition of roadway attributes was included as part of the network screening, diagnosis, and countermeasure selection, which are included in the methodology titled “Hot Spot Identification and Analysis.” Included in this research was the documentation of the steps and process for data preparation and model use for the step of network screening and the creation of one of the report forms for the steps of diagnosis and countermeasure selection. The addition of roadway attributes is required at numerous points in the process. Methods were developed to locate and evaluate the usefulness of available data. Procedures and systemization were created to convert raw data into new roadway attributes, such as grade and sag/crest curve location. For the roadway attributes to be useful in selection and analysis, methods were developed to combine and associate the attributes to crashes on problem segments and problem spots. The methodology for “Hot Spot Identification and Analysis” was enhanced to include steps for the inclusion and defining of the roadway attributes. These methods and procedures were used to help in the identification of safety hot spots so that they can be analyzed and countermeasures selected. Examples of how the methods are to function are given with sites from Utah’s state roadway network.

Vattenbehovet stiger i världen till följd av ökande befolkning. Med ökad urbaniseringskapas mer hårdgjorda ytor där föreningar ackumuleras. Dagvattnet transporterar dessa föroreningar som således kan nå grundvattnet. Ett miljömål har antagits i Sverigeför att skydda grundvattentäkter och därmed säkra framtida dricksvattenförsörjning. Rullstensåsar innehåller stora grundvattenmagasin och har hög infiltrationsförmåga för vatten från markytan. Uppsala kommun tar 95 % av sitt dricksvatten från rullstensåsenUppsalaåsen. Ulleråker ligger strax söder om Uppsala stadskärna och i området planerasen ny hållbar stadsdel. Stadsdelen ligger delvis rakt på Uppsalaåsens kärna och det ärviktigt att inget förorenat dagvatten kan infiltrera åsen då det kan påverka dricksvattenförsörjningennegativt. Syftet med detta projekt är att bidra till en djupare förståelse för hur grundvattnet kan påverkas av dagvattenhanteringen vid den planerade nybyggnationen av Ulleråker. Målet med projektet är att utvärdera vad hållbar dagvattenhantering innebär och hur tekniken är planerad att implementeras i Ulleråker. Projektet innefattar även utvärderingav alternativa tekniker som applicerats i andra stadsbyggnadsprojekt med hållbarhetsprofil som skulle kunna tillämpas i Ulleråker. Projektet är till största delen en litteraturstudie där planprogram för Ulleråker studeratsför att identifiera och utvärdera risker som kan uppstå till följd av dagvattenhanteringen,men även för att utvärdera de åtgärder som planeras. En modellering utfördesäven för att studera föroreningsspridning från en bilväg i området. Slutligen studeradesandra stadsbyggnadsprojekt för att se om deras lösningar skulle kunna implementeras i Ulleråker. De främsta riskerna för grundvattenkvaliteten relaterade till dagvattenhantering i Ulleråker har identifierats till släckvatten vid brand, dagvatten- och avloppsledningarsamt utsläpp under byggnationen. Planerade åtgärder är att utifrån sårbarhetsområdensätta restriktioner för markanvändningen och hur byggnationen ska gå till, särskilt vidåskärnan. Dagvattenhantering ska utgå från ett robust dagvattensystem baserat på ettsystemtänk genom att inget dagvatten ska infiltrera marken i sårbara områden. Detta ska säkerställas genom ett tätt vattenledningssystem som avleder dagvattnet till dagvattendammardär det fördröjs och renas. Hantering av släckvatten vid bränder ska ske genom att täta markytor kring byggnader hindrar släckvatten från markinfiltration. Endast vatten får användas som släckvätska. Modelleringen över föroreningsspridning frånen bilväg i Ulleråker visar att föroreningar avsätts på en yta upp till 6 meter från vägbanansmitt. Ett annat stadsbyggnadsprojekt som studerades var Augustenborg i Malmödär dagvattensystemet bygger på öppna lösningar med bland annat kanaler, dammar ochgröna tak. Slutsatserna är att hållbar dagvattenhantering generellt går ut på att fördröja ochrena dagvattnet lokalt. De lösningar som tagits fram för Ulleråkers dagvattenhanteringbygger på täta ledningar och dammar som fördröjer vattnet innan det når ytvattenrecipienten Fyrisån eller kopplas på Uppsala kommuns dagvattenledningar. I Ulleråker blir det viktigt att kontrollprogram finns och efterföljs för att minska risken för förorening av grundvattnet. Föroreningar från Ulleråkersvägen sprids upp till 6 meter ut från vägensmitt och det är således viktigt att täta denna yta så att föroreningarna inte kan infiltreramed dagvattnet ner till Uppsalaåsen. Lösningar från Augustenborg som skulle kunna implementeras i Ulleråker är gröna tak med tjocka jordlager då de renar vatten mer effektivtän tak med tunnare jordlager. / Water demand rises in the world as a result of increasing population. Increased urbanizationcreates more impervious surfaces where pollutants accumulate. The stormwater transports these pollutants, which can thus reach the groundwater. An environmental goal has been adopted in Sweden to protect the groundwater and thus secure future drinking water supply. Eskers contain large groundwater storages and have high infiltration capacity for water fromthe ground surface. Uppsala municipality takes 95 % of its drinking water from the Uppsalaesker. Ulleråker is located just south of Uppsala city centre and in the area a new sustainabledistrict is planned. The district is partly located on the Uppsala esker’s core and it is importantthat no contaminated water is able to infiltrate the esker as it may affect the drinking watersupply negatively. The purpose of this project is to contribute to a deeper understanding of how the groundwatercan be affected by the stormwater management in the planned new construction of Ulleråker.The aim of the project is to evaluate what sustainable stormwater management means andhow the technology is planned to be implemented in Ulleråker. The project also includesevaluation of alternative techniques applied in other urban construction projects with sustainability profile that could be implemented in Ulleråker. The project is mainly a literature study where Ulleråker's plan program has been studied to identify and evaluate risks that may occur as a result of stormwater management, but also to evaluate the planned measures. A modelling was also conducted to study pollutant dispersio nfrom a roadway in the area. Finally, other urban construction projects were studied to see if their solutions could be implemented in Ulleråker. The main risks of groundwater quality related to stormwater management in Ulleråker have been identified as extinguishing water in the event of fire, stormwater and sewage pipelinesand leakage during construction. The planned measures are to impose restrictions on land usebased on vulnerability areas and how the construction is executed, especially at the core of the esker. Stormwater management should be based on a robust water system based on a system thinking so that no water will infiltrate the soil in vulnerable areas. This is to be ensured by a dense water pipeline system that leads the stormwater into surface water dams where it isdelayed and cleaned. Handling of extinguishing water should be done by sealing land surfaces around buildings preventing extinguishing water from soil infiltration. Only water may beused as extinguishing fluid. The modelling of pollution dispersion from a roadway inUlleråker shows that contaminants are deposited on a surface up to 6 meters away from the centre of the roadway. The studied urban building project Augustenborg in Malmö has its stormwater system based on open solutions, including channels, ponds and green roofs. The conclusion is that sustainable stormwater management in general is based on delayingand cleaning stormwater locally. The solutions developed for Ulleråker’s stormwatermanagement are based on dense conduits and ponds that delay the water before reaching thesurface water receptor Fyrisån or are connected to Uppsala municipality's water pipelines. In Ulleråker it becomes important that control programs are in place and followed to reduce therisk of groundwater contamination. Pollution from Ulleråkersvägen is spread up to 6 meters out of the middle of the road and it is therefore important to seal this area so that thecontaminants cannot infiltrate with the stormwater to Uppsalaåsen. Solutions from Augustenborg that could be implemented in Ulleråker are green roofs with thick soil layers asthey clean water more efficiently than roofs with thinner soil layers.