O trabalho apresenta de início uma investigação da evolução histórica do sistema viário de São Paulo como subsídio à compreensão da transformação que a cidade teve ao longo das décadas em sua configuração urbana e na forma pela qual as pessoas e veículos se deslocaram através da rede física de circulação. Foram analisados os aspectos viários dos planos urbanos, em muitos casos entendidos como planos viários, e da legislação urbanística de parcelamento do solo no período de 1895 a 2004. A partir dos resultados da investigação realizada, bem como da análise crítica das normas e manuais em vigor na cidade de São Paulo, em especial aqueles que tratam do estabelecimento da seção transversal típica das vias, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma contribuição à revisão da classificação viária da cidade de São Paulo. A revisão proposta recomenda que, na definição das funções que as vias possam ter dentro da rede viária urbana usualmente caracterizada pela relação entre os níveis de mobilidade e acessibilidade proporcionados ao tráfego veicular - sejam consideradas, de forma mais abrangente, as necessidades dos usuários não motorizados (pedestres e ciclistas) no que diz respeito às características geométricas da seção transversal. / The paper presents, at first, a research about the historic evolution of the roadway system in São Paulo as an aid to understand the changes the city went through, for decades, in its urban configuration and in the way people and vehicles moved through the circulation physical network. The paper analyzed the road aspects of urban plans which, many times were understood as roadway plans, and of the urban laws of land division during the period of 1895 to 2004. Based on the findings of the research, as well as the critical analysis of rules and manuals in effect in the City São Paulo, mainly those that address the establishment of a roadway-typical cross section, the present paper aims at suggesting a contribution to the roadway classification review of the City of São Paulo. The proposed review recommends, according to the definition of the roles that the roadways may play within the urban roadway network usually characterized by the relation between the mobility and accessibility levels provided to vehicle traffic to take into consideration, in a more comprehensive manner, the needs of those non-motorized users, (pedestrians and cyclists) in regard to the cross-section geometrical characteristics.

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Bicycling as an alternate mode of transportation has been on the rise. It is environmentally friendly in nature and the associated health benefits have made it a popular choice for many types of trips. The purpose of this research is to increase understanding of the impacts of implementing bicycle corridors (as part of the Utah Department of Transportation's (UDOT) Inclusion of Active Transportation policy) on bicycle rate as a function of roadway characteristics. The results of this research will be used in determining when and where bicycle corridors will enhance the transportation system and an estimate of the overall impact of bicycle corridors on travel demand in Utah. Data collection was fundamental in this research project in determining the impacts of bicycle corridors on travel demands in the state of Utah. With limited amount of commuting bicycle data available throughout the state, it was necessary to gather bicycle volume data on corridors with and without bicycle infrastructure. In order to accomplish this data collection effort, two primary methods were used to collect bicycle volume data. The first method was to use automatic bicycle counters on roadways that had bicycle infrastructure. The second method was to gather bicycle volume data through manual counts on roads with and without bicycle infrastructure. After the bicycle volume data were collected the data were analyzed to identify trends. The first step in the analysis was to convert the bicycle volumes into rates to provide a more uniform comparison. Several analyses were run including an analysis of bicycle rate compared to Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT), bicycle rate compared to posted speed limit, bicycle rate compared to number of vehicle lanes, and bicycle rate compared to roadway classification. A comparison of sites with bicycle infrastructure to sites without bicycle infrastructure (non-bicycle infrastructure) was also conducted to identify relationships. Comparison of bicycle rates to AADT resulted in no correlation or statistical relationship in the data but the data do suggest trends. Statistically significant results did occur when comparing bicycle rates to posted speed limits. No statistically significant relationships occurred when comparing bicycle rates to the number of lanes or roadway classification. It was determined that roadways with bicycle infrastructure tend to yield higher bicycle rates than roadways that do not have bicycle infrastructure. Lastly, using shared use path data it is determined that bicycle rates on shared use paths have increased between 1.7 to 7.5 percent from 2013 to 2014 and it is assumed that a similar trend would exist on bicycle infrastructure in the communities.

The purpose of the current study was to empirically examine the effects of accident scenes on eye movement as well as driving behavior. Fifty-four participants drove in a driving simulator wearing a head-mounted eye-tracker in three experimental drives, one of which had an accident scene. The participants were put into one of three different conditions (no barrier, partial barrier, or full barrier). The results showed significant main effects of distraction (accident vs. no accident) on dwell frequency and duration, average speed, and root mean square error of the steering wheel angle during the drive with the accident scenes. In addition, the results also showed significant interaction effects between distraction and type of barrier (no, partial, or full) on dwell frequency and duration. The full barrier condition had the biggest effect on decreasing dwell duration and frequency. The findings support the Salience Effort Expectancy Value (SEEV) model of attention and previous research stating objects high in salience attract attention (Wickens & Horrey, 2008; Itti & Koch, 2000). These findings also support previous research by Mayer, Caird, Milloy, Percival, & Ohlhauser (2010) stating that drivers drive in the safest manner (lowest passing speed) when an emergency vehicles are present with the emergency lights on. Temporary barriers could be used to help decrease the effects of rubbernecking on highways when an accident scene is present (Masinick & Teng, 2004; Potts, Harwood, Hutton, & Kinzel, 2010)

The research conducted in this thesis consists of a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based safety study and a spatial analysis of vehicle crashes in the State of Florida. The GIS safety study is comprised of a County and Roadway Level GIS analysis of multilane corridors. The spatial analysis investigated the use of county-level vehicle crash models, taking spatial effects into account. The GIS safety study examines the locations of high trends of severe crashes (includes incapacitating and fatal crashes) on multilane corridors in the State of Florida at two levels, county level and roadway level. The GIS tool, which is used frequently in traffic safety research, was utilized to visually display those locations. At the county level, several maps of crash trends were generated. It was found that counties with high population and large metropolitan areas tend to have more crash occurrences. It was also found that the most severe crashes occurred in counties with more urban than rural roads. The neighboring counties of Pasco, Pinellas and Hillsborough had high severe crash rate per mile. At the roadway level, seven counties were chosen for the analysis based on their high severe crash trends, metropolitan size and geographical location. Several GIS maps displaying the safety level of multilane corridors in the seven counties were generated. The GIS maps were based on a ranking methodology that was developed in research that evaluated the safety condition of road segments and signalized intersections separately. The GIS maps were supported by Excel tables which provided details on the most hazardous locations on the roadways. The results of the roadway level analysis found that the worst corridors were located in Pasco, Pinellas and Hillsborough Counties. Also, a sliding window approach was developed and performed on the ten most hazardous corridors of the seven counties. The results were graphs locating the most dangerous 0.5 miles on a corridor. For the spatial analysis of crashes, the exploratory Moran's I statistic test revealed that crash related spatial clustering existed at the county level. For crash modeling, a full Bayesian (FB) hierarchical model is proposed to account for the possible spatial correlation among crash occurrence of adjacent counties. The spatial correlation is realized by specifying a Conditional Auto-regressive prior to the residual term of the link function in standard Poisson regression. Two FB models were developed, one for total crashes and one for severe crashes. The variables used include traffic related factors and socio-economic factors. Counties with higher road congestion levels, higher densities of arterials and intersections, higher percentage of population in the 15-24 age group and higher income levels have increased crash risk. Road congestion and higher education levels, however, were negatively correlated with the risk of severe crashes. The analysis revealed that crash related spatial correlation existed among the counties. The FB models were found to fit the data better than traditional methods such as Negative Binomial and that is primarily due to the existence of spatial correlation. Overall, this study provides the Transportation Agencies with specific information on where improvements must be implemented to have better safety conditions on the roads of Florida. The study also proves that neighboring counties are more likely to have similar crash trends than the more distant ones.

The standard method for assessing traffic safety is to use the predictive method outlined in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM). This method is site-level, data-intensive, and does not account for interactions between sites, making it difficult to assess larger areas. This dissertation develops a corridor-level approach to traffic safety which uses less data than the HSM predictive method and views roadways holistically rather than combinations of individual, independent sites. First, a corridor definition is developed and applied to 10 urban Florida counties with a history of many crashes, resulting in the identification of 1,048 corridors. These corridors were primarily defined using context classification and lane count, with additional considerations for data availability and minimum length. From 2017–2021, these corridors experienced 459,603 unique crashes. After preliminary modeling and scope refinement, 559 corridors received supplemental data collection. Between the two datasets, a total of 11 models were developed using either negative binomial (NB) or random forest (RF) regression. NB models can be used for network screening purposes or identifying the impacts of potential safety improvements, while RF models can be used to identify variables important to the accuracy of the prediction. Potential safety improvements identified from the NB models include increasing proactive law enforcement patrols for dangerous driving behaviors and installing corridor lighting in corridors without lighting. While both NB and RF models were accurate, NB models were recommended due to resulting in a definite equation and overdispersion parameter that could be used with the empirical Bayes (EB) method to improve prediction accuracy. Overall, the corridor-level NB models outperformed the HSM models in terms of accuracy and statistical reliability. Using a corridor-level approach can help agencies quickly network screen their systems to identify high-risk corridors in need of safety improvements or supplement site-level analyses.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para escolha de modal de transporte a partir da aplicação do método de análise hierárquica a um conjunto de critérios levando em consideração o ponto de vista dos donos da carga. Parte-se de uma pesquisa de critérios adotados na escolha de modal sob contextos que incluem variação de cargas avaliadas, de disponibilidade de infraestrutura e serviços logísticos. Avalia-se ainda o método de análise hierárquica, AHP, que permite a decisão multicriterial com fatores quantitativos e qualitativos. Propõe-se uma metodologia de escolha de modal considerando o que é importante para o embarcador baseado no método AHP. Os critérios levantados na literatura são condensados em um conjunto hierarquizado de 3 critérios (custo logístico total; atendimento a particularidades da carga; e confiabilidade) e 7 subcritérios (custo logístico total; acessibilidade, flexibilidade, e oferta de instalações logísticas; pontualidade, perdas e danos, e informações ao cliente). A metodologia resultante é genérica e pode ser aplicada a um conjunto abrangente de situações logísticas. A título de exemplo, a metodologia é aplicada a três casos de transporte, para a escolha entre a alternativa rodoviária direto ou intermodal com ferrovia, variando-se a distância (média ou longa distância) e a carga transportada (açúcar a granel ou contêiner, para exportação). Os resultados são comparados e discutidos em termos dos pesos relativos dos critérios na escolha do embarcador, e das respectivas contribuições à decisão em face dos atributos das alternativas. Conclui-se que a avaliação multicriterial, contemplando critérios quantitativos e qualitativos, proporciona uma análise abrangente da hierarquia e contribuição dos critérios e a distinção dos pontos críticos na competição entre modais. / This study proposes a method for determining modal choice in transport problems based on an analytic hierarchy technique, considering the cargo owners point of view. Initially, a research of criteria used in modal choice in several contexts is carried out: cargos evaluated, availability of infrastructure and logistic services, standpoint of the evaluator. A review of the AHP method (which allows for multicriterial decisions with qualitative and quantitative factors) ensues. The author proposes a method for assisting in the modal choice from the cargo owners standpoint, based on the AHP technique. The criteria collected from the literature review are condensed in a hierarchical set of 3 criteria (total logistic costs; compliance with specificities of the cargo; and reliability) and 7 subcriteria (total logistic costs; accessibility, flexibility, and availability of logistic facilities; timeliness, susceptibility to loss or damage; and information to customers). The resulting method is generic and can be applied to a comprehensive range of logistic situations. The proposed method is then applied, as an example, to three freight cases, to aid the modal choice between direct roadway transportation or intermodal transport based on rail freight, with varying distances (medium or long distance haul) and the cargo being transported (bulk sugar or container, both for export). The results are compared and discussed in terms of the relative weights of each of the 7 subcriteria in the cargo owners modal decision, and the respective contributions to the decision in light of the attributes of the alternatives. The study concludes that the multicriterial evaluation, contemplating quantitative and qualitative criteria, yields a more comprehensive analysis of the important criteria hierarchy and the distinction of key issues in modal competition.

The negative social and economic results of traffic accidents are the most serious problems within the concept of traffic safety. Every year, unfortunately, a huge number of traffic accidents result in destructive losses. Especially, when the holiness of human life is concerned, traffic safety has an invaluable role for the traffic improvement strategies. In this manner, Turkey places one of the highest ranks regarding the growing rate and severity of traffic accidents that should be immediately taken under control. In this study, an innovative model that constructs a hybrid between the spatial and statistical analyses is developed in order to examine the importance of enhancing statistical analysis with georeferenced data and so location-based studies in traffic accident analysis. Meanwhile, the effects of road characteristic and environment are considered for exploring the integral role of roadway factor to the occurrence of accidents, and consequently for emphasizing easily applicable and controllable engineering safety measures. Because of the rare and random distribution of traffic accident data, logistic regression is used for the statistical part of the study in order to find the pairwise risk factors among the roadway and environmental parameters. After unifying these relative risk factors with the logic of Analytic Hierarchy Process, the finalized accident risk factors are attached to the digitized road characteristics map through Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The abilities of GIS in mapping, displaying and overlaying different data sets ensure to visualize high risked accident areas with their corresponding potential causal factors. The integration of statistical and spatial analyses is essential for developing appropriate and effective precautions in addition to its easily understandable, applicable and modifiable structure. Finally, the model is proven to be appropriate for both interpreting the existing traffic accident problem or potential future accidents and also developing comprehensive and reliable location-based safety studies.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para escolha de modal de transporte a partir da aplicação do método de análise hierárquica a um conjunto de critérios levando em consideração o ponto de vista dos donos da carga. Parte-se de uma pesquisa de critérios adotados na escolha de modal sob contextos que incluem variação de cargas avaliadas, de disponibilidade de infraestrutura e serviços logísticos. Avalia-se ainda o método de análise hierárquica, AHP, que permite a decisão multicriterial com fatores quantitativos e qualitativos. Propõe-se uma metodologia de escolha de modal considerando o que é importante para o embarcador baseado no método AHP. Os critérios levantados na literatura são condensados em um conjunto hierarquizado de 3 critérios (custo logístico total; atendimento a particularidades da carga; e confiabilidade) e 7 subcritérios (custo logístico total; acessibilidade, flexibilidade, e oferta de instalações logísticas; pontualidade, perdas e danos, e informações ao cliente). A metodologia resultante é genérica e pode ser aplicada a um conjunto abrangente de situações logísticas. A título de exemplo, a metodologia é aplicada a três casos de transporte, para a escolha entre a alternativa rodoviária direto ou intermodal com ferrovia, variando-se a distância (média ou longa distância) e a carga transportada (açúcar a granel ou contêiner, para exportação). Os resultados são comparados e discutidos em termos dos pesos relativos dos critérios na escolha do embarcador, e das respectivas contribuições à decisão em face dos atributos das alternativas. Conclui-se que a avaliação multicriterial, contemplando critérios quantitativos e qualitativos, proporciona uma análise abrangente da hierarquia e contribuição dos critérios e a distinção dos pontos críticos na competição entre modais. / This study proposes a method for determining modal choice in transport problems based on an analytic hierarchy technique, considering the cargo owners point of view. Initially, a research of criteria used in modal choice in several contexts is carried out: cargos evaluated, availability of infrastructure and logistic services, standpoint of the evaluator. A review of the AHP method (which allows for multicriterial decisions with qualitative and quantitative factors) ensues. The author proposes a method for assisting in the modal choice from the cargo owners standpoint, based on the AHP technique. The criteria collected from the literature review are condensed in a hierarchical set of 3 criteria (total logistic costs; compliance with specificities of the cargo; and reliability) and 7 subcriteria (total logistic costs; accessibility, flexibility, and availability of logistic facilities; timeliness, susceptibility to loss or damage; and information to customers). The resulting method is generic and can be applied to a comprehensive range of logistic situations. The proposed method is then applied, as an example, to three freight cases, to aid the modal choice between direct roadway transportation or intermodal transport based on rail freight, with varying distances (medium or long distance haul) and the cargo being transported (bulk sugar or container, both for export). The results are compared and discussed in terms of the relative weights of each of the 7 subcriteria in the cargo owners modal decision, and the respective contributions to the decision in light of the attributes of the alternatives. The study concludes that the multicriterial evaluation, contemplating quantitative and qualitative criteria, yields a more comprehensive analysis of the important criteria hierarchy and the distinction of key issues in modal competition.

In 2018 the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) funded a study in which data were collected to evaluate performance measures for UDOT's Incident Management Team (IMT) program. After that study was completed, UDOT received funding to expand the size of its IMT program. Additionally, TransSuite, a data source used by the UDOT Traffic Operations Center to log incident-related data, was reconfigured to provide a higher quantity of performance measure data. This study made use of the new data source, in addition to Computer Aided Dispatch logs provided by the Utah Highway Patrol that were used in the first study, to collect performance measure data of the expanded program and measure the impacts of the IMT program expansion. Using these two datasets, a reanalyzed 2018 dataset and a new 2020 dataset, a comparison of performance measures was made. Performance measures studied included those defined as important by the Federal Highway Administration's Focus States Initiative in 2009, namely Roadway Clearance Time, Incident Clearance Time, and Response Time. These performance measures were calculated for IMT responders at 320 incidents in 2018 and 289 incidents in 2020. In addition, data regarding the affected volume associated with incidents, the excess travel time accumulated due to incidents, and the excess user cost associated with incident congestion were gathered. In 2018, 188 incidents were analyzed for these user impacts, and in 2020 144 incidents were analyzed. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare IMT performance between the two years and to determine relationships between performance measures and user impacts. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic affected traffic volumes during this study, and statistical analyses were adjusted to account for volume differences between the two years. Results indicated that the expansion of the IMT program has allowed UDOT to respond faster to incidents, and respond to a larger quantity of incidents over a larger coverage area and in extended operating hours. Performance of the expanded IMT program has had significant effects in reducing incident-related congestion and its costs.