La simulation d'écoulements dans des géométries complexes nécessite la création de maillages parfois difficile à réaliser. La méthode de pénalisation proposée dans ce travail permet de simplifier cette étape. En effet, la résolution des équations qui gouvernent l'écoulement se fait sur un maillage plus simple mais non-adapté à la géométrie du problème. Les conditions aux limites sur les parties du domaine physique immergées dans le maillage sont prises en compte à travers l'ajout d'un terme de pénalisation dans les équations. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l'approximation du terme de pénalisation pour une discrétisation par volumes finis sur maillages décalés et colocatifs. Les cas tests de vérification réalisés attestent d'un ordre de convergence spatial égal à 2 pour la méthode de pénalisation appliquée à la résolution d'une équation de type Poisson ou des équations de Navier-Stokes. Enfin, on présente les résultats obtenus pour la simulation d'écoulements turbulents autour d'un cylindre à Re=3900 et à l'intérieur d'une partie d'un assemblage combustible à Re=9500. / The simulations of fluid flows in complex geometries require the generation of body-fitted meshes which are difficult to create.The penalty method developed in this work is useful to simplify the mesh generation task.The governing equations of fluid flow are discretized using a finite volume method on an unfitted mesh.The immersed boundary conditions are taken into account through a penalty term added to the governing equations.We are interested in the approximation of the penalty term using a finite volume discretization with collocated and staggered grid.The penalty method is second-order spatial accurate for Poisson and Navier-Stokes equations.Finally, simulations of turbulent flows around a cylinder at Re=3900 and turbulent motions in a rod bundle at Re=9500 are performed.

Les mètres rubans sont utilisés comme dispositif de déploiement car ils sont légers, compacts, se déploient de manière autonome et ont une capacité d'auto-blocage en position déployée. Ces structures élancées de forme cylindrique présentent un comportement complexe avec formation de plis localisés. Leur modélisation est donc difficile : bien que des modèles de poutre à section flexible (RFleXS) aient été développés. Les travaux réalisés consistent à développer des outils numériques d'aide au dimensionnement de structures déployées par des rubans. Un modèle RFleXS adimensionné dédié aux rubans peu profonds est introduit et analysé, mettant en évidence des liens avec le modèle de barre d'Ericksen régularisé. Ces liens expliquent la formation de plis et caractérisent les trois zones constitutives d'un pli. On détermine de façon analytique le nombre et la position des points de bifurcation des branches de solution obtenues pour un essai de flexion pure d'un ruban. Un enrichissement de la cinématique de section est intégré dans les modèles RFleXS. Les simulations de flexion de ruban montrent alors une bonne corrélation avec les modèles de coque. Une nouvelle formulation des modèles RFleXS est implémentée et conduisant au développement de deux outils numériques : un code de calcul par éléments finis complet et un élément à deux noeuds intégré dans un code commercial. Des essais de flexion réalisés sur des rubans composites viennent compléter ces travaux afin de confronter les simulations numériques à des essais réels. Bien que des écarts soient observés, le comportement global du ruban est bien retranscrit par les modèles de poutre à section flexible. / Due to their lightness, compactness, their autonomous deployment and their ability to self-locking while deployed, tape-springs are considered to deploy structures. These slender and cylindrical structures highlight a complex behaviour because of the formation of localised folds. Tape-springs are then difficult to model but a rod model with flexible cross-section (RFleXS) has been developed in order to characterise the tape-spring behaviour.The purpose of this PhD was to develop numerical tools dedicated to design structures deployed by tape-spings. A dimensionless form of the RFleXS model dedicated to shallow tape spring has been developed and links with a regularised Ericksen's bar have been made. These links help to explain folds creation and to determine characteristics of the three constitutive areas of a fold. Analysis of the dimensionless model leads to determine the finite number and the position of bifurcation points for the pure bending of a tape-spring. The cross-section kinematic is enriched; simulations of bending tests then show a good correlation with shell models. A new implementation of RFleXS models is introduced, leading to the creation of two numerical tools: a full finite element software and a one-dimensional element with two nodes incorporated in Abaqus. Some bending experiments have been performed in order to compare simulations with measured data. Even if discrepancies are observed, these comparisons show that the tape-spring overall behaviour is well predicted by rod models with flexible cross-section.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:36:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioSL_TESE.pdf: 5888891 bytes, checksum: cd954df5e4af671c3361060293cc5710 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / The precision and the fast identification of abnormalities of bottom hole are essential to prevent damage and increase production in the oil industry. This work presents a study about a new automatic approach to the detection and the classification of operation mode in the Sucker-rod Pumping through dynamometric cards of bottom hole. The main idea is the recognition of the well production status through the image processing of the bottom s hole dynamometric card (Boundary Descriptors) and statistics and similarity mathematics tools, like Fourier Descriptor, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Euclidean Distance. In order to validate the proposal, the Sucker-Rod Pumping system real data are used / A identifica??o r?pida e precisa de anormalidades de fundo de po?o ? essencial para evitar danos e aumentar a produ??o na ind?stria do petr?leo. Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre uma nova abordagem autom?tica para a detec??o e classifica??o de modos de opera??o no sistema de Bombeio Mec?nico atrav?s de carta de dinamom?tricas de fundo de po?o. A id?ia principal ? o reconhecimento das condi??es de produ??o do sistema atrav?s do processamento de imagem do carta dinamom?trica de fundo de po?o (Descritores de Fourier) e ferramentas matem?ticas estat?sticas (An?lise de Componentes Principais - PCA) e de similaridade (Dist?ncia Euclidiana). Para validar a proposta, s?o utilizados dados provenientes de sistemas de Bombeio Mec?nico reais

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A hipóxia isquemia (HI) pré-natal é uma das principais causas de mortalidade e doenças neurológicas crônicas em neonatos, que podem apresentar déficits remanentes como: retardamento, paralisia cerebral, dificuldade de aprendizado ou epilepsia. Estes prejuízos, provavelmente, estão relacionados com o atraso no desenvolvimento neural, astrogliose e com a perda de neurônios e oligodendrócitos. Déficits funcionais e cognitivos estão associados à degeneração de vias dopaminérgicas e de estruturas hipocampais. A enzima tirosina hidroxilase (TH) é a enzima limitante na síntese de dopamina e seus níveis são alterados em eventos de HI. O óxido nítrico (NO) é um gás difusível que atua modulando diferentes sistemas, participando de eventos como plasticidade sináptica e neuromodulação no sistema nervoso central e é produzido em grandes quantidades em eventos de injúria e inflamação, como é o caso da HI. O presente estudo teve por objetivos avaliar, utilizando o modelo criado por Robinson e colaboradores em 2005, os efeitos da HI sobre o comportamento motor e avaliar o desenvolvimento de estruturas encefálicas relacionadas a este comportamento como a substância negra (SN) e o complexo hipocampal. A HI foi induzida a partir do clampeamento das artérias uterinas da rata grávida, por 45 minutos no décimo oitavo dia de gestação (grupo HI). Em um grupo de fêmeas a cirurgia foi realizada, mas não houve clampeamento das artérias (grupo SHAM). A avaliação do comportamento motor foi realizada com os testes ROTAROD e de campo aberto em animais de 45 dias. Os encéfalos foram processados histologicamente nas idades de P9, P16, P23 e P90, sendo então realizada imunohistoquímica para TH e histoquímica para NADPH diaforase (NADPH-d), para avaliação do NO. Nossos resultados demonstraram redução da imunorreatividade para a TH em corpos celulares na SN aos 16 dias no grupo HI e aumento na imunorreatividade das fibras na parte reticulada aos 23 dias, com a presença de corpos celulares imunorreativos nesta região no grupo HI. Demonstramos também aumento do número de células marcadas para NADPH-d no giro dentado nos animais HI, nas idades analisadas, assim como aumento na intensidade de reação no corno de Ammon (CA1 e CA3) aos 9 dias no grupo HI, e posterior redução nesta marcação aos 23 e 90dias neste mesmo grupo. Nos testes comportamentais, observamos diminuição da atividade motora no grupo HI com uma melhora do desempenho ao longo dos testes no ROTAROD, sem entretanto atingir o mesmo nível do grupo SHAM. Os animais HI não apresentaram maior nível de ansiedade em relação ao grupo SHAM, descartando a hipótese das alterações observadas nos testes de motricidade estarem relacionadas a fatores ansiogênicos. O modelo de clampeamento das artérias uterinas da fêmea se mostrou uma ferramenta importante no estudo das alterações decorrentes do evento de HI pré-natal, por produzir diversos resultados que são similares aos ocorridos em neonatos que passam por este evento. / Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the major causes of mortality and chronic neurological diseases in newborns that can show permanent effects such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy, learning difficulty and epilepsy. It is probable that these impairs may be related to a delay in the neural development, astrogliosis and to the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Cognitive and functional deficits are related to degeneration of dopaminergic pathways and hippocampus. The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a limiting step in the dopamine synthesis and its levels are impaired in HI insults. Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible gas that acts by modulating different systems and participates in several phenomena such as synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation in the central nervous system and is produced in higher levels in events of injury and inflamation as in the case of HI. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HI on the motor behavior and to evaluate the development of brain structures related to this behavior as the substantia nigra (SN) and the hippocampal complex, using the model developed by Robinson and colleagues in 2005. HI was induced by clamping the uterine arteries of pregnant rats, for 45 minutes, on the eighteenth day of gestation (group HI). In a group of females, the surgery was performed, but no clamping of the arteries (group SHAM) was made. Assessment of motor behavior was performed with the ROTAROD test and open field test in animals of 45 days (P45) of age. The brains were processed histologically at ages P9, P16, P23 and P90, and then submitted to immunohistochemistry for TH and NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry for evaluation of NOS. Our results demonstrated an apparent decrease in TH immunoreactivity in cell bodies in the SN at P16 in the HI group and an increase in immunoreactivity of the fibers in the SN pars reticulata at P23 with the presence of TH immunoreactive cell bodies at this same region in the HI group. We also showed an increase in the number of NADPH-d stained cells in the dentate gyrus in the HI group, at all ages, as also an increase in the intensity of staining in the Ammons horn (CA1 and CA3) at P9 in the HI group and, after that, a decrease in this staining at P23 and P90 in this same group. In the behavioral tests we observed a decrease in the motor activity in the HI group with a partial recovery all over the several sessions in the ROTAROD test, however this group did not reach the same performance as the SHAM group. HI animals did not show a higher level of anxiety when compared to SHAM animals, ruling out the hypothesis that anxiogenic factors may be impairing the results in the motor behavior tests. Our results showed that the model of uterine arteries clamping could be an important tool in the study of the effects of perinatal HI, by producing several consequences that are very similar to the effects observed in newborn children who suffered an HI event.

The goals of the work are the evaluation of the pathogenic fungi occurence, detection of the occurence frequency, the strategy of losses estimates and the appreciation of the disease intensity. In the following I observe the infection with fungi pathogens from the tribe Fusarium including the interpretation of the proceeds items and the surface microflora on the seed of Avena nuda.

After a year 1989 opened new possibilities for sport fishing. The biggest change in this direction is the possibility of fishing in private fishing grounds. Fishing firms and the other private subjects started to derive benefit from this kind of fishing. This phenomenon is caused by increasing of the fishing pressure on wild waters and higher buying power of the population and its willingnes to spend more money for quality leisure time.Because most of these fishing grounds belong to commercial producers of market fish and sport fishing is realized as a form of economic mining fish on rod as a payed service. This fact causes different way of organisation and different rules of sport fishing.

Este trabalho apresenta uma formulação tensorial genérica para parametrização das rotações do tipo vetorial destinada ao estudo de grandes rotações no espaço tridimensional. Esta formulação é compatível com as parametrizações de Euler e de Rodrigues. É dada ênfase aos que aqui se denominou parâmetros generalizados de Rodrigues, que fornecem expressões simples, computacionalmente mais eficientes que a parametrização clássica de Euler. A formulação apresentada é adequada para uso em métodos numéricos baseados nas projeções de Galerkin, como o método dos elementos finitos, podendo ser implementada com facilidade em programas já existentes de elementos finitos. Apresentam-se aqui expressões para o tensor das rotações e suas derivadas, bem como os tensores necessários à análise incremental. As formas fracas são construídas tanto com projeção ortogonal como não-ortogonal, correspondentes à aplicação do Teorema dos Trabalhos Virtuais e Teorema das Potências Virtuais, respectivamente. Os modelos propostos foram aplicados em um programa de elementos finitos utilizando formulações cinemáticas Lagrangiana total e Lagrangiana atualizada e foram resolvidos vários exemplos, dentre eles alguns clássicos da literatura, de forma a avaliar sua validade e aplicação. / This work presents a generic formulation of vector-type for the parameterization of large rotations in three-dimensional space. This formulation adapts to the Euler and the Rodrigues parameterization. Special distinction is made to the here named generalized Rodrigues parameters which result in very simple and computationally efficient expressions. The attained formulation is convenient for numerical procedures employing Galerkin projection like the finite element method and can be readily implemented in a FE code. The expressions of rotation tensor and its derivatives, which lead to a consistent linearization, are herein derived. The necessary tensor quantities employed in the derivation of the tangent bilinear weak form of incremental analysis are obtained too. The weak forms are constructed here with both orthogonal and non-orthogonal projections, corresponding to the application of the virtual work theorem or virtual power theorem respectively. The formulation is implemented within a finite element code in total Lagrangian and updated Lagrangian framework and assessment of the scheme is made by means of several numerical simulations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:36:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o efeito de sombreamento em detectores de nêutrons, quando estes são utilizados em medidas de reatividade com a técnica de rod drop. O sombreamento pode ser entendido como uma mudança na eciência dos detectores, quando esta é dada em nêutrons detectados/ssão ocorrida no reator, sendo mais evidente nos detectores mais próximos ao banco sendo inserido. O método de análise, fundamentalmente teórica, baseou-se em simulações do reator IPEN/MB-01 utilizando o código CITATION e o programa MCNP. Em ambos os casos, os resultados são estáticos, mostrando os uxos neutrônicos apenas em duas situações: antes da inserção do banco, e após sua inserção. A reatividade, neste caso, é obtida utilizandose a expressão derivada da técnica de source jerk. Em adição ao estudo teórico, os dados de um experimento de rod drop realizado no reator IPEN/MB-01 também foram utilizados. Neste caso, a reatividade foi obtida com o método de cinética inversa, já que os dados experimentais são constituídos de valores que variam no tempo. Em todos os casos, fatores de correção para o efeito de sombreamento são propostos. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

La tête de bielle n'est pas un solide mono-corps mais un solide multi-corps. Le serrage non-adapté des vis d'assemblage et les discontinuités des solides peuvent produire des phénomènes indésirables comme le glissement du coussinet dans son logement. Malgré des logiciels de calculs performants permettant de prédire le comportement des paliers il existe encore de nombreuses avaries notamment liées aux contacts entre le coussinet et son logement. La difficulté de la modélisation du contact coussinet/logement réside principalement dans l'interaction entre les différents solides et les conditions de fonctionnement. Cette étude propose une solution pour analyser ce problème par couplage entre un logiciel de calcul élatohydrodynamique (ACCEL) et un logiciel permettant le calcul du contact avec frottement entre les coussinets et le corps de bielle (ABAQUS). Après une étude bibliographique des études antérieures dédiées à la modélisation numérique et expérimentale des paliers de tête de bielle, la première partie est dédiée à une description des modèles numériques utilisés pour prédire le comportement élastohydrodynamique de paliers lubrifiés ainsi que les techniques employées pour étudier le contact sec avec frottement en mécanique. La deuxième partie présente la solution adoptée pour réaliser le couplage entre le logiciel ACCEL et le logiciel ABAQUS. Le modèle a été premièrement validée dans le cas d'un palier soumis une charge tournante. Par la suite, plusieurs calculs paramétriques, réalisés sur un cas type de palier de tête de bielle, nous ont permis de montrer l'influence des conditions de fonctionnement (diagramme de charge, vitesse de rotation, etc.) ainsi que d'autres caractéristiques de la bielle (coefficient de frottement, épaisseur du coussinet, etc) sur le comportement du palier et plus précisément sur le glissement relatif entre les coussinets et le corps de bielle. / The connecting rod is not a single body but a multi-body solid. A non-appropriate screw tightening, coupled with the solid discontinuities, can lead to undesirable phenomena such as the rotation of the shell in its housing. Despite modern numerical tools, capable to predict the bearing EHD behaviour, there are still many damages related to cumulative microslip between the bearing shell and the conrod body. The difficulty of modelling the shell/conrod contact is mainly due to the interaction between the solids and the operating conditions. This study presents a solution to analyse this problem, by coupling an elastohydrodynamic (EHD) software (ACCEL) with a commercial software (ABAQUS) able to predict the frictional contact between the shell and the conrod. After a literature review of previous studies dedicated to the numerical and experimental modelling of connecting rod bearings, the first part is dedicated to a description of the numerical models used to predict the EHD behaviour of lubricated bearings. Follows the presentation of the techniques used to study the dry frictional contact mechanics. The next part presents the adopted solution used to couple the two software. The model was first validated in the case of a bearing submitted to a rotating load. Subsequently, several parametric calculations are presented. We were able to show the influence of the operating conditions (load diagram, velocity,...) as well as other characteristics of the conrod (friction coefficient, thickness of the shell, etc.) on the performances of the bearing and more exactly on the microslip between the shells and the conrod body.