The diploma thesis investigates the measurable progress in the ability of upper-secondary school students to form and use the passive voice after having been exposed to two online lessons on this grammar item. The theoretical part describes distance education, its varieties, and the tools that are assumed to make it effective. The empirical part of the thesis is based on the analysis of the two online lessons,the analysis of the students' development based on short pre- and post-tests developed to evaluate the students' knowledge, and an interview with two of the students.The thesis will attempt to reach a conclusion on whether there is a measurable development in students' understanding of the subject matter when taught in an online environment.The thesis proved that despite the distance form of education of the two lessons, the acquisitionof the grammar item was successful.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第18612号 / エネ博第308号 / 新制||エネ||63(附属図書館) / 31512 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー応用科学専攻 / (主査)教授 平藤 哲司, 教授 馬渕 守, 教授 土井 俊哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Bakgrund: Vergenser är ögonrörelser där ögonen rör sig i olika riktningar i relation till varandra. Sambandet mellan konvergens och ackommodation kallas AK/A-kvot. Det kan tas fram med beräknad eller gradientmetod. Den beräknade metoden baseras på avstånds- och närforier. Gradientmetod baseras enbart på närfori och förändring av ackommodativt stimuli. Forimätningsmetoder som kan användas för att ta fram AK/A-kvoten är bland annat von Graefe, Modifierad Thorington och Maddox Rod.    Syfte: Jämföra skillnaden i AK/A-kvot mellan gradient och beräknad metod för tre forimätningsmetoder: von Graefe, Modifierad Thorington och Maddox Rod. Metod: Inklusionskriterierna i denna kvantitativa studie var personer mellan 18-35 år, monokulärt visus på minst 1,0, att ha samsyn samt ingen närvaro av tropi. Totalt 30 personer ingick i studien och var mellan åldrarna 21-29 år. Undersökning med samsynstest, covertest och framtagning av bästa refraktion gjordes. Därefter mättes forier på avstånd och nära håll upp för varje person med von Graefe, Modifierad Thorington och Maddox Rod i randomiserad ordning. En mätning för varje metod gjordes, mellan varje mätning fick testpersonerna 10 minuter paus. Alla undersökningar gjordes av samma undersökare.   Resultat: Friedman’s tvåvägsanalys gav (𝜒2(5) = 105.9, p<0.001). Skillnaden mellan medelvärdet för gradient- och beräknat AK/A med von Graefe blev 2.0∆ i prismadioptrier, med Modifierad Thorington  3.4∆ i prismadioptrier och med Maddox Rod 2.2∆ i prismadioptrier. Alla forimätningsmetoder visade signifikant skillnad mellan gradient AK/A och beräknat AK/A (p<0.001). Det var signifikant skillnad mellan von Graefe- och Modifierad Thorington gradient AK/A-kvot (p<0.05), Modifierad Thorington- och Maddox Rod beräknad AK/A-kvot (p<0.05) samt Maddox Rod- och von Graefe gradient AK/A-kvot (p<0.05)   Slutsats: Skillnaden mellan gradient och beräknad AK/A-kvot var ej samma för de tre forimätningsmetoderna. / Background: Vergences are different directions the eyes can move in relation to each other. The relationship between convergence and accommodation is called the AC/A ratio. The ratio can be produced with either a calculated method or with the gradient method. The calculated method is based on the distance and near phorias. The gradient method is only based on the near phorias and the change in the accommodative stimulus. The methods that can be used for measuring the AC/A ratio are for example von Graefe, Modified Thorington and Maddox Rod.  Purpose: Compare the difference in AC/A ratio between gradient and calculated method for three phoria measuring methods: von Graefe, Modified Thorington and Maddox Rod.  Method: The inclusion criterias in this quantitative study were people between 18-35 years of age, monocular visual acuity of at least 1,0, functioning binocular vision and absence of tropia. A total of 30 people participated in this study and were between the ages of 21-29 years. Examination including test of binocular vision, covertest and best refraction were made. Thereafter phorias at distance and near were measured for each person with von Graefe, Modified Thorington and Maddox Rod in a randomized order. One measurement for each method was taken, between each measurement there was a 10 minute break. All examinations were made by the same examiner.    Results: A Friedman two way analysis gave (𝜒2(5) = 105.9, p<0.001). The difference in averaged value between gradient and calculated AC/A with von Graefe was 2.0∆ in prism diopters, with Modified Thorington 3.4∆ in prism diopters and with Maddox Rod 2.2∆ in prism diopters. All phoria measurements showed significant difference between gradient AC/A and calculated AC/A (p<0.001). There was a significant difference between von Graefe- and Modified Thorington calculated AC/A ratio (p<0.05), Modified Thorington- and Maddox Rod calculated AC/A ratio (p<0.05) and Maddox Rod- and von Graefe gradient AC/A ratio (p<0.05)     Conclusion: The difference between the gradient and calculated AC/A is not the same for the three methods used for measuring phorias.

In the first part of this thesis, the FE program MSC.Marc is applied for coupled thermomechanical simulations of wire-rod rolling. In order to predict material behaviour of an AISI 302 stainless steel at high strain rates generated during wire-rod rolling, a material model based on dislocation density is applied. Then, the evolution of temperature, strain rate and flow stress is predicted in the first four rolling passes of a wire block. In the second part of the thesis, an alternative approach to simulation of shape rolling is evaluated. The approach is applied in order to save the computational time in cases where many shape-rolling passes are to be simulated. The approach is a combination of the slab method and a 2D FEM with a generalized plane-strain formulation. A number of various isothermal shape-rolling passes are simulated applying the simplified approach. The simulations are carried out using an in-house 2D FE code implemented in Matlab. The results are compared to fully 3D FE analyses. The comparison shows that the simplified approach can predict roll forces and roll torques with a fair accuracy, but the predicted area reductions are a bit underestimated. The reasons for the deviations between the simplified approach and the 3D FEM are discussed. / QC 20101123

Den världsledande stålproducenten Ovako Group AB tillverkar valsade stålstänger i sin produktion i Hällefors. De färdigvalsade stängerna klipps efter nedkylning i luft enligt kundlängd, vilket i vissa fall har visat sig resultera i defekter vid ändarna. Mindre och övergripande statiska analyser av klipprocessen tyder på att dessa uppstår för vissa typer av stålsorter vid för höga och för låga temperaturer. De defekta ändarna behöver justeras genom räddningsuppdrag som kräver extra resurser och tid. Eftersom Ovako har upprättat långsiktiga klimatmål i form av reducerat klimatavtryck, vilket kan uppnås genom besparingar av resurser, inleder de nu ett arbete mot att optimera klipprocessen och minimera antalet defekter.Denna studie avser undersöka om det går att simulera klipprocessen för en av Ovakos stålstänger med hjälp av den finita elementmetoden och mjukvaran Abaqus. Det långsiktiga syftet med detta är att genom vidare arbeten, om detta visar sig vara möjligt, hitta optimala klipptemperaturer för olika typer av stålstänger med målet att reducera resursanvändningen och därtill Ovakos klimatavtryck. De frågeställningar som studien ämnar besvara är därmed; Kan verkliga defekter från kallklippning av stålstänger vid olika temperaturer simuleras? och Inom vilket temperaturintervall går det att klippa en stålstång utan defekter?Studien tyder på att det går att göra verklighetstrogna simuleringar för klipp av upphettade stålstänger i Abaqus då godtyckliga materialparametrar införs. Det fastställdes även att kompletterande primärdata behövs för att öka validiteten av resultaten från experimenten, speciellt vid undersökningar av en specifik stålsort. Denna slutsats kan tillämpas i vidare arbeten för att i kombination med utökad mekanisk data hitta optimala klipptemperaturer för flera typer av stålstänger. / The world-leading steel producer Ovako Group AB manufactures rolled steel bars at their production in Hällefors. The rolled rods are cut after cooling in air according to customer length, which in some cases has been shown to result in defects at the ends. Scarce and comprehensive static analyzes of the cutting process indicate that these occur for certain types of steels at too high and low temperatures. The defect ends need to be adjusted through rescue missions that require extra resources and time. Since Ovako has set long-term climate goals in the form of a reduced climate footprint, which can be achieved through savings in resources, they are now initiating work towards optimizing the cutting process and minimizing the number of defects.This study aims to investigate whether it is possible to simulate the cutting process for one of Ovakos steel rods using the finite element method and the Abaqus software. The long-term purpose of this is to, through further work and if it proves to be possible, find optimal cutting temperatures for different types of steel bars with the aim of reducing resource use and, in addition, Ovako's climate footprint. The questions that the study intends to answer are thus; Can real defects from cold cutting of steel bars at different temperatures be simulated? and Within what temperature range is it possible to shear cut a steel rod without defects?The study indicates that it is possible to make realistic simulations for cutting heated steel rods in Abaqus when arbitrary material parameter values  are introduced. It was also determined that additional primary data are needed to increase the validity of the results from the experiments, especially in studies of a specific type of steel. This conclusion can be applied in further work to find optimal cutting temperatures for several types of steel bars in combination with extended mechanical data.

Bread and Puppet Theater's use of performing objects offers an aperture to contemplate complex assemblages that blur lines between the human and the nonhuman. Drawing upon cultural studies, feminist materialism, circus studies, and puppetry studies, I consider both the bread and the puppets as they intersect with various assemblages and fields of interpretation. These configurations demonstrate how the objects embody (non)human, material, and conceptual aspects. Because of this ability to exist within the meshes of binaries, performing objects are well suited to challenge and expose other binaries and hierarchies through three categories of analysis — movement, difference, and intra-action — based on Karan Barad's work on matter. In addition to the theoretical framework, I conducted ethnographic interviews and rely on my own experience as an apprentice at Bread and Puppet in 2004, considering myself as co-constitutive actant within the scope of analysis. I examine the way the theater uses sourdough bread and puppets as performing objects to create meaning, express ideology, apply tension within constructs of power, and demonstrate a model for co-dependent living between humans and objects / Doctor of Philosophy / Objects, despite their connections to daily life, which includes times of celebration and insurgency, remain overlooked as political actants. Bread and Puppet Theater, through performances, protests, and everyday living, places bread and puppetry as central to home and public live for puppeteers and performers. This dissertation asserts that bread and puppetry at Bread and Puppet Theater exemplify a co-creative relationship between people and things. This partnership creates tension in places of power, literal locations and within modes of thinking; simplifies and makes more accessible ideological messages; and evokes solidarity through performance. By considering bread in relation to Bread and Puppet Theater, we can see how bread becomes a fulcrum balancing between those with the most wealth and those with the least. Bread, as a symbol, is used to articulate demands. Its presence alone at protests suggests a list of demands regarding redistribution of wealth, fair wages, and food. As a symbol that touches the lives of all, it becomes an object that can evoke solidarity as a symbol but also as a product that is consumed and shared. Puppetry is exemplary of shared creation between people and objects. The rod puppets used at Bread and Puppet are especially suited to blurring demarcations between these two actants. Embodying this in-between space allows puppets to interrogate and blur other sets of binaries — the sacred and the profane, the religious and the secular, rich and the poor, state power and people, war and peace, and so on. This liminal, blurred space primes puppetry to challenge structures of power during political performances and protests. Ultimately this project considers how objects become central to political action and how, if thoughtfully mobilized, could operate as counter actants within times of turmoil.

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An analysis of President George W. Bush's first Secretary of Education Rod Paige's speeches in 2001 explains the way in which the Bush Administration articulated its educational policy agenda. Literature on No Child Left Behind tends to focus on the specifics of whether the law helps children learn better or worse without recognizing or engaging with the broader policy agenda. This study attempts to bridge connections between No Child Left Behind and the broader Bush Administration ideology. A major connection this work highlights is between welfare policy and education, and by doing so utilizing George Lakoff's theory of moral politics examines highlights an overarching philosophy of governance, which shapes educational policy, perhaps even without regard to classroom outcomes. This analysis utilizes an interactive-hermeneutic model to crunch the text of Rod Paige's speeches. By coding and explaining major themes from the speeches, analyzing the language and rhetorical choices against itself and then comparing it to extant research on education policy and welfare rhetoric, this study provides a different way to examine political maneuvering on educational policy, which positions politics and language at the center of educational policy rather than efficacy and policy. This analysis finds by applying Lakoff's theory and work that Rod Paige's rhetoric, on behalf of the George W. Bush administration, is about reducing Federal responsibility for social problems and reducing the government's role overall. This is a "slippery slope policy" aimed at eliminating public responsibility for schools and privatizing education in service to the goal of creating an "ownership society" of privatized services and personal responsibility for success. / Urban Education