Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

In 1904, a Native religious movement, Ak Jang, formed in Gorny Altai in Southwestern Siberia. It strongly opposed itself to Shamanism, which was considered to be the core tradition of Altaians. The initial persecution of the movement by the Russian colonial administration did not stop its spread and development. It was widely practiced in Altai until 1930 when it was eradicated by the Soviet regime. <p>During the period when Ak Jang was still practiced, it was observed by a number of witnesses, some of whom were ethnographers while others were not. Those who investigated Ak Jang, produced a number of diverse and often contradictory interpretations of it. <p>From the 1930 until the post-Soviet period, Ak Jang was not studied due to an imposition of the Communist Party verdict regarding its (counterrevolutionary) character. In the 1980, the practice of Ak Jang has resumed. However, there is no agreement in academic publications regarding its nature and character. <p>In my research, I aimed at two objectives: the analysis and clarification of certain misconceptions about the nature and character of Ak Jang, and the formulation of a view, according to which Ak Jang is the manifestation of the continuity between the old religious and cultural tradition of Turks and Mongols and the modern tradition of Altaians and their cultural siblings the heirs of the ancient Turkic-Mongolian culture.

In 1904, a Native religious movement, Ak Jang, formed in Gorny Altai in Southwestern Siberia. It strongly opposed itself to Shamanism, which was considered to be the core tradition of Altaians. The initial persecution of the movement by the Russian colonial administration did not stop its spread and development. It was widely practiced in Altai until 1930 when it was eradicated by the Soviet regime. <p>During the period when Ak Jang was still practiced, it was observed by a number of witnesses, some of whom were ethnographers while others were not. Those who investigated Ak Jang, produced a number of diverse and often contradictory interpretations of it. <p>From the 1930 until the post-Soviet period, Ak Jang was not studied due to an imposition of the Communist Party verdict regarding its (counterrevolutionary) character. In the 1980, the practice of Ak Jang has resumed. However, there is no agreement in academic publications regarding its nature and character. <p>In my research, I aimed at two objectives: the analysis and clarification of certain misconceptions about the nature and character of Ak Jang, and the formulation of a view, according to which Ak Jang is the manifestation of the continuity between the old religious and cultural tradition of Turks and Mongols and the modern tradition of Altaians and their cultural siblings the heirs of the ancient Turkic-Mongolian culture.

In 1904, a Native religious movement, Ak Jang, formed in Gorny Altai in Southwestern Siberia. It strongly opposed itself to Shamanism, which was considered to be the “core” tradition of Altaians. The initial persecution of the movement by the Russian colonial administration did not stop its spread and development. It was widely practiced in Altai until 1930 when it was eradicated by the Soviet regime. During the period when Ak Jang was still practiced, it was observed by a number of witnesses, some of whom were ethnographers while others were not. Those who investigated Ak Jang, produced a number of diverse and often contradictory interpretations of it. From the 1930 until the post-Soviet period, Ak Jang was not studied due to an imposition of the Communist Party “verdict” regarding its (counterrevolutionary) character. In the 1980, the practice of Ak Jang has resumed. However, there is no agreement in academic publications regarding its nature and character. In my research, I aimed at two objectives: the analysis and clarification of certain misconceptions about the nature and character of Ak Jang, and the formulation of a view, according to which Ak Jang is the manifestation of the continuity between the old religious and cultural tradition of Turks and Mongols and the modern tradition of Altaians and their cultural “siblings” – the heirs of the ancient Turkic-Mongolian culture.

Diss. Stockholm : Univ., 2004.

Dans la Turquie moderne bien marquée par la laïcité, l’AKP qualifié « conservateur démocrate » par ses fondateurs issus de la mouvance islamiste est le grand gagnant des élections de tout ordre depuis son apparition en 2001. Bien que l’Establishment kémaliste ait voulu balayer cette formation n’a pu le faire. Paradoxalement toute tentative de sa part n’a fait qu’accroître sa popularité. La question est donc de savoir « quelles sont les transformations socioculturelles et politiques de la société ainsi que les atouts de l’AKP qui peuvent expliquer sa success story à la fois à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur du pays ? ». La réponse à cette question dépend de ce qu’est le « conservatisme démocrate » ayant pu obtenir le feu vert de l’Establishment pour accéder à la scène politique : où s’inscrit le parti sur l’axe politique ; en quoi se distingue-t-il de ses contreparties ; le plus important est-il véritablement une idéologie politique distincte de l’islamisme comme l’avancent ses idéologues ? C’est ainsi que nous pourrons savoir si l’islamisme turc est en train d’inventer dans le monde musulman une forme comparable à ce qu’a été la « démocratie chrétienne » dans les pays de l’Europe. Et si nous pouvons classer l’AKP parmi les islamistes, nous nous interrogerons sur le point de savoir si l’avenir de l’islamisme comme force politique de gouvernement est en Turquie ou ailleurs ? / In modern Turkey clearly marked by secularism, the AKP called “conservative democrat” by its founders from the Islamist movement is the winner of elections of any kind since its appearance in 2001. Although the Kemalist Establishment had wanted to throw out this party could not do it. Paradoxically any attempt on his part has only increased its popularity. Then, the question is “what are the sociocultural and political transformations of society as well as the strengths of the AKP, which may explain its success story both inside and outside the country? ”. The answer to this question depends on what is “Conservative democracy” which could get the green light from the Establishment to enter the political arena: where the party is situated on the political spectrum, what distinguishes it from its counterparties, the most important is it really a political ideology which is distinct from Islamism as suggested by its ideologues? This is how we can know if Turkish Islamism is in the process of inventing in the Muslim world a form comparable to what was the “Christian democracy” in European countries. And if we can classify the AKP among the Islamists, we will examine whether the future of Islam as a political force of government is in Turkey or elsewhere?

Das Streben nach Wissen drückt sich im Begriff der "empirischen Wissenschaft" aus, indem es in diesem als Teilbegriff enthalten ist. Eine starke objektiv-normative Abgrenzung des Wissenschaftsbegriffs mit Bezug auf den traditionellen Begriff des Wissens als gerechtfertigten wahren Glauben - GWG scheitert am Humeschen Induktionsproblem. Wissenschaftsphilosophen reagierten in der näheren Vergangenheit verschieden auf dieses Problem: Reine Instrumentalisten lehnen jeglichen Bezug auf Wahrheit ab, laufen aber Gefahr, damit die Ununterscheidbarkeit von Religion oder Wissenschaft oder von Disziplinen wie Astrologie oder Astronomie bezüglich der Erlangung von Wissen eingestehen zu müssen. Der konstruktive Empirist Bas van Fraassen versucht die Möglichkeit einer Unterscheidung aufrecht zu erhalten, indem er für jenen Bereich von empirisch-wissenschaftlichen Theorien, welche Aussagen über Beobachtbares treffen, einen Wahrheitsbezug zulässt. Demgegenüber ermöglichen kritische Rationalisten durch die Einführung eines konjekturalen Wissensbegriffs eine schwache, objektiv-normative Abgrenzung. Es wird argumentiert, dass eine wissenschaftstheoretische Haltung in der Tradition Sir Karl Poppers, der unter Wissenschaftlern einen viel besseren Ruf zu haben scheint, als unter modernen Wissenschaftsphilosophen, auch im 21. Jahrhundert vertreten werden kann. Erweitert wird diese um eine Sichtweise bezüglich Regelmäßigkeit und Indeterminismus - durch einen Perspektivenwechsel hin zu den Bedingungen der Möglichkeit empirischer Wissenschaft - als Alternative zur problematischen "Observable/Unobservable"-Unterscheidung van Fraassens. (Autorenref.)

Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-11T12:04:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissACMF.pdf: 2760486 bytes, checksum: 27824647d350872bddb22f28a9206da8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T13:38:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissACMF.pdf: 2760486 bytes, checksum: 27824647d350872bddb22f28a9206da8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T13:38:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissACMF.pdf: 2760486 bytes, checksum: 27824647d350872bddb22f28a9206da8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T13:38:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissACMF.pdf: 2760486 bytes, checksum: 27824647d350872bddb22f28a9206da8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / The mansoni schistosomiasis is the most important of human helminthiasis. Despite advances in its control this disease continues to spread to new geographical areas. It currently affects more than 250 million people. However, limited options are available for and Praziquantel is the drug of choice. Various authors have been searching new drugs and vaccines to control schistosomiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a prior immunization with recombinant enzymes of Schistosoma mansoni: Adenosine Kinase (AK) and Hypoxanthine-guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), which are important for parasite purine metabolism, as well as a MIX of these enzymes, and subsequent challenge with cercariae of the parasite in the control of murine infection. Female Balb/c mice were divided into 5 groups. The groups were enzyme-immunized in three doses and 15 days after the last immunization, animals were infected with S. mansoni. After infection in the 47º day egg count were carried in mice faeces and in the 48º day mice were sacrificed for evaluation of leukocyte numbers (blood and peritoneal cavity), worm burden, antibodies production, cytokines quantification and histopathological analysis of the liver of these animals. Our results strongly suggest that, immunization with a MIX originated in these animals reduction in the number of eggs in faeces by 46% when compared with the animals of the infected group. Animals of the groups immunized with AK, HGPRT and/or MIX seem to induce a reduction in the number of eosinophils in the peritoneal cavity when compared to the animals of the infected group. Concerning worm burden, the animals of the MIX group presented greater reduction (31.27%) when compared to the animals of the infected group. The animals of the immunized groups, AK, HGPRT and/or MIX were capable of producing IgG1 antibodies and IgE anti the enzymes and anti the parasite proteins. The animals of the immunized group MIX showed a slight increase in IL-4 production and observed reduction of IL-10, and in the HGPRT group induced a slight increase on IFN-γ production when in compared with the infected group. In addition, the animals of the AK group showed a decrease in the number of hepatic granulomas in tissue (44,55%) and the eggs present in liver (42,31%). Therefore, it suggests that immunization with these enzymes can contributes to schistosomiasis control, as well as it might helps to modulate experimental infection inducing reduction of physiopathology of this parasitosis. / A esquistossomose mansônica é a mais importante das helmintíases humanas. Apesar dos avanços no seu controle continua se espalhando para novas áreas geográficas. Atualmente afeta mais de 250 milhões de pessoas. Entretanto, opções limitadas estão disponíveis para o tratamento da doença e o único fármaco de escolha é o Praziquantel. Assim, vários estudos têm sido propostos para encontrar novos fármacos e vacinas para combater a esquistossomose. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como proposta avaliar os efeitos da imunização prévia com as enzimas recombinantes de Schistosoma mansoni Adenosina Quinase (AK) e Hipoxantina-Guanina Fosforibosiltransferase (HGPRT), que participam do metabolismo de purinas do parasito, bem como com o MIX das duas enzimas, e posterior desafio com cercárias do parasito, para o controle da infecção murina. Camundongos fêmea Balb/c foram divididos em 5 grupos. Os grupos imunizados receberam três doses das enzimas e após 15 dias da última imunização, os animais foram infectados com S. mansoni. Após a infecção, no 47° dia foi realizada a contagem de ovos nas fezes e no 48° dia foi realizada a eutanásia dos animais para avaliação de resposta leucocitária (sangue e lavado da cavidade peritoneal), carga parasitária, produção de anticorpos, quantificação de citocinas e análise histopatológica do fígado desses animais. Os resultados demonstraram que, a imunização com o MIX promoveu nesses animais redução do número de ovos nas fezes de 46% quando comparado com os animais do grupo somente infectado. Os animais dos grupos imunizados com AK, HGPRT e/ou MIX apresentaram diminuição na quantidade de eosinófilos na cavidade peritoneal quando comparados com os animais do grupo somente infectado. Em relação à carga parasitária, os animais do grupo imunizado com o MIX apresentaram maior redução (31,27%) quando comparados aos animais do grupo somente infectado. Os animais dos grupos imunizados com AK, HGPRT e/ou MIX foram capazes de produzir anticorpos IgG1 e IgE anti as enzimas e anti as proteínas do parasito. Os animais do grupo imunizado com o MIX apresentaram aumento discreto de IL-4 e foi observada redução de IL-10, e no grupo imunizado com HGPRT houve aumento discreto de IFN-γ, quando comparados com os animais do grupo somente infectado. Além disso, os animais do grupo imunizado com AK apresentaram redução do número de granulomas hepáticos (44,55%) e de ovos no fígado (42,31%), quando comparados com o grupo somente infectado. Assim, sugere-se que a imunização com essas enzimas pode contribuir para o controle da esquistossomose, bem como auxiliar na modulação da infecção experimental, induzindo redução da fisiopatologia desta parasitose.

Neste trabalho fica evidente que existe uma relaÃÃo nÃo linear entre a taxa de formaÃÃo bruta de capital fixo e a taxa de crescimento econÃmico na economia brasileira e, devido a essa nÃo linearidade, o teste de prediÃÃes do modelo AK e neoclÃssico proposto por Jones (1995) passa a ser inconclusivo, pois existe espaÃo para as prediÃÃes de ambos os modelos. Nosso modelo economÃtrico indica que, teoricamente, a produtividade marginal do capital se modifica de acordo com uma taxa de crescimento indicada pelo parÃmetro threshold. Essa modificaÃÃo pode aparentemente ser explicada devido à modificaÃÃo do coeficiente de elasticidade de substituiÃÃo entre capital e trabalho, ficando aqui uma proposta de novas investigaÃÃes. Ao tratarmos de polÃticas pÃblicas, constata-se que, por mais que se amplie a taxa de formaÃÃo bruta de capital fixo chegaremos, no mÃximo, ao âcatch-upâ do crescimento do PIB das economias de renda mÃdia baixa e do crescimento econÃmico dos paÃses do leste asiÃtico e do PacÃfico. O trabalho tambÃm sugere que o montante de recursos necessÃrio para se concluir tais âcatch-upsâ à da ordem de R$ 786 bilhÃes. / In this work it is evident that a not linear relation exists enters the tax of rude formation of capital fixture and the tax of economic growth in Brazilian economy e, which had to this non linearity, the test of predictions of model AK and neoclÃssico considered for Jones (1995) starts to be inconclusivo, therefore exists space for the predictions of both the models. Our econometrical model indicates that, theoretically, the productivity delinquent of the capital if modifies a tax of growth in accordance with indicated for the parameter threshold. This modification can pparently be explained due to modification of the coefficient of elasticity of substitution between capital and work, being here a proposal of new inquiries. When dealing with public politics, one evidences that, no matter how hard if extends the tax of rude formation of capital fixture will arrive, in the maximum, to âcatch-upâ of the growth of the GIP of the economies of average income decrease and of the economic growth of the countries of the Asian east and the Pacific. The work also suggests that the sum of resources necessary to conclude such âcatch-upsâ is of the order of R$ 786 billion.