Cette thèse met en évidence la relation complexe entre l'AK Parti et l'UE, acteur important dans le cadre de la politique extérieure turque mais aussi dans l'existence même de l'AK Parti. Ce parti est arrivé au pouvoir en 2002 juste après sa création en 2001. Depuis lors, l'AK Parti a consolidé sa place et il est ainsi devenu sans conteste l'un des partis les plus importants et les plus forts de l'histoire de la vie politique turque. D'ailleurs, la politique européenne de la Turquie est un sujet qui attire toujours autant l'attention, et cela même à l'heure actuelle où elle n'est plus considérée comme l'axe central privilégié dans la politique extérieure turque et n'existe plus comme auparavant dans l'agenda de l'AK Parti. En effet, comme les négociations avec l'UE ont été entamées avec l'AK Parti, ce sujet retient beaucoup plus l'attention et est devenu un sujet intéressant à analyser car les dirigeants de l'AK Parti viennent de la tradition de la Vision Nationale. En faisant une lecture du parti et, plus précisément, du positionnement de ce dernier envers l'UE, nous avons cherché à comprendre la signification de l'UE et le rôle qu'elle a joué et qu'elle joue encore dans la vie du parti. En conduisant tout d'abord une comparaison entre les politiques européennes de l'AK Parti et celles des partis politiques de la Vision Nationale, notre objectif est de comprendre le positionnement de l'AK Parti dans le système politique turc. Puis, en analysant la vision de l'AK Parti vis-à-vis de l'UE durant les processus électoraux et les référendums, nous avons pu voir l'évolution des politiques européennes de l'AK Parti lors de chaque période électorale et également le niveau d'évolution de l'interaction entre les deux parties. Parallèlement, nous avons essayé de comprendre quelle place détient l'UE parmi les politiques étrangères de ce parti. Même si les politiques européennes ont été, comme pour toute l'histoire politique turque, un élément stable pour l'AK Parti, leur importance ou leur intensité a évolué avec le temps. Par conséquent, pour notre étude, nous avons considéré l'UE comme un acteur invariable, les élections et le temps comme des éléments variables. Cette recherche doctorale vise donc à démontrer le positionnement de l'AK Parti par rapport à l'UE et l'évolution de l'importance de l'UE pour ce dernier depuis sa création en 2001 et à analyser l'AK Parti via ses politiques européennes. / This thesis highlights the complex relationship between the AK Party and the EU, a major player which shapes Turkey's foreign policy and also ensures existence of the AK Party. The party came to power in 2002 just after its establishment in 2001. Since then, the AK Party has consolidated its position and of no doubt has become one of the biggest and the strongest parties in the history of Turkish politics. On the other hand the European policy of Turkey is a subject that still attracts considerable attention, even at the moment when it is no longer considered as privileged central axis of Turkish foreign policy and do not exists as before in the agenda of the AK Party. Indeed, since the negotiations with the EU have been initiated with the AK Party, this subject attracts much more attention and has become an interesting topic to analyze because the leaders of the AK Party came from the tradition of the `National Vision`. By reading of the party and more specifically by analyzing its EU policy, we sought to understand the meaning of the EU and the role it has played and still plays in the existence of the party. By conducting first a comparison between European policies of the political parties of the National Vision and the AK Party, our goal is to understand the positioning of the AK Party in the Turkish political system. Then, by analyzing the EU vision of the party during elections and referendums, we have noted the evolution of European policies of the party during each of those election periods and also the evolution of the level of interaction between two parties. Meanwhile, we tried to understand role of the EU within the scope of the foreign policies of the party. Even though the European policies were considered to be stable elements for the AK Party and Turkish political history, their importance and or intensity has evolved over time. For our study, we decided the EU as an invariable actor, and elections as well as time as variable elements. Therefore, this doctoral dissertation aims to show the position of the AK Party vis à vis the EU, the evolution of the importance of the EU for the latter since its creation in 2001 and lastly to analyze the European policies of the AK Party.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Geschichte der Deutschen Forschungshochschule, von ihrer Gründung 1947 bis zu ihrer Auflösung 1953. Nach dem Ende des 2. Weltkrieges kam es auf Seiten der amerikanischen Militärregierung zu Überlegungen, wie die in Berlin gelegenen Forschungsinstitute erhalten werden konnten. Vertreter der amerikanischen Militärregierung entwickelten den Plan, diese Forschungseinrichtungen nach dem Vorbild der amerikanischen „Schools of Advanced Studies“ zu einer völlig neuen Art von qualifizierten Hochschule zusammenzufassen, an welcher die Forschung mit der Lehre und Ausbildung verbunden werden sollte. Bereits zu Beginn der Planungen schlug der Deutschen Forschungshochschule von verschiedenen Seiten Widerstand entgegen, unter anderem von Seiten der Kaiser-Wilhelm-/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft aber auch von Seiten der westdeutschen Hochschulen. Mit der Gründung der Freien Universität erfuhr die Deutsche Forschungshochschule dann einen weiteren Bedeutungsverlust. Allerdings scheiterte die Forschungshochschule nicht nur an den äußeren Widerständen. Auch die Wissenschaftler der aufgenommen Institute selbst, sahen sich nicht als Teil eines neuen reformierten Hochschultypus, einer Ausbildungsstätte für den wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs, sondern weiterhin als reine Forschungsinstitute. Bereits 1953 erfolgte dann die Auflösung der Deutschen Forschungshochschule, ohne dass sie jemals die in sie gesetzten Erwartungen tatsächlich erfüllen konnte. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit konnte herausgefunden werden, dass die Idee zur Gründung einer neuen Art qualifizierten Ausbildungsstätte ursprünglich auf den 1945 zum vorläufigen Leiter der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft ernannten Robert Havemann zurückgeht. Bereits 1946 hatte er einen Plan zur Rettung der in Berlin-Dahlem gelegenen Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute ausgearbeitet, der vorsah, diese Institute zum Kern einer neuartigen wissenschaftlichen Hochschule zu machen. / This dissertation discusses the history of the German research school, the so called “Deutsche Forschungshochschule“, from its establishment in 1947 until its dissolution in 1953. After the end of World War II, the American military government debated how to preserve the research institutes situated in Berlin. Representatives of the American military government developed a plan to transform these research institutes and remodel them after the American Schools of Advanced Studies, and to create a completely new type of qualified school in which research as well as teaching and training would be combined. Right from the start of the planning process, the Deutsche Forschungshochschule faced opposition from different sides, for example from the Kaiser-Wilhelm-/Max-Planck-Society and the universities in West Germany. The Deutsche Forschungshochschule lost further ground due to the new founding of another university, the Freie Universität. The Forschungshochschule failed to succeed not only due to external opposition. Scientist of the affiliated institutes within the Forschungshochschule did not consider themselves as part of a newly reformed type of school with a focus on education and training for young academics. Instead, they continued to consider themselves as research-only institutes. By 1953, the dissolution of the Deutsche Forschungshochschule set in, with the school failing to reach any of its expectations. This dissertation reveals that the idea for the establishment of a new type of qualified school was originated by Robert Havemann, who had been elected head of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society in 1945. He had already worked out a plan for the rescue of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institutes in Berlin-Dahlem in 1946. His plan had intended to integrate the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institutes into a new type of research school.

Sjukvårdsfunktionen i Försvarsmakten är viktig när skador uppkommer. Försvarsmaktens förmåga eller oförmåga att erbjuda soldater kvalificerad sjukvård är avgörande för soldaternas förtroende till den egna förmågan. De svenska sjukvårdarna förväntas att oavsett terräng och hot kunna ta hand om en patient i nöd, de är därför utrustade med vapen för att kunna skydda sig själva och sin patient. I Försvarsmakten betyder det att sjukvårdaren bär en automatkarbin 5. Den här uppsatsen kommer att undersöka hur tre olika vapensystem passar in i rollen som huvudbeväpning på en sjukvårdsgrupp. Undersökningen visar att en PDW (Personal Defence Weapon) skulle vara ett bra alternativ till befintlig beväpning. / The ability to provide a good medical treatment to injured service personnel in the Swedish Armed Forces is important, but the Armed Forces' ability or inability to provide soldiers qualified care is also vital for the members of the armed forces confidence for their own ability. Swedish medics are expected to take care of a patient, whatever the terrain and threat may be. Swedish medics aren’t considered to be combatants in war or conflict but the law gives them the right to defend themselves and their patients. They are currently equipped with the Ak 5 to protect themselves and their patients, a weapon that is used by all service personel In the Swedish Armed Forces, this means that the medics carry a full length rifle. This report will examine the weapon best suited for a medical team to carry out its duties while also providing a level of personal protection should the need arise.

According to AK and R&D models, permanent rise in investment rates and the growing number or researchers should have permanent effects on growth rate. Charles Jones (1995a) used the lack of long-term movements in GDP and productivity growth to challenge the validity of these models. The aim of this paper is to empirically re-test these models of endogenous growth. The author follows the methods proposed by Ch. Jones (1995a) and extends the analysis for variables that could offset the movements in growth rates. The results show no support for the tested models.

Les échangeurs réacteurs intensifiés (ERI) sont des échangeurs de chaleur utilisés comme réacteurs chimiques afin d'intensifier les procédés de synthèse. L'ERI étudié dans ce travail est composé de plaques en carbure de silicium, lui conférant ainsi des propriétés thermiques et chimiques importantes. En contrepartie, l'utilisation du SiC accentue les risques de rupture fragile, à ajouter aux risques principaux associés aux ERI qui sont les fuites de fluide et l'emballement thermique de la réaction. L'intensification des procédés représente un gain important en terme de productivité, de sécurité et d'impact environnemental, à condition de maîtriser la conception et la mise en œuvre de l'ERI. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer une démarche d'étude adaptée à ce type de produit en général, et d'optimiser la conception de cet ERI en particulier. Pour cela, les modèles thermo-chimique et thermo-mécanique de l'ERI sont développés puis utilisés dans une étude mécano-fiabiliste, notamment au moyen à la méthode AK-MCS basée sur l'interpolation par krigeage de la fonction de performance. / Intensified heat exchanger reactors (ERI) are heat exchangers used as chemical reactors for process intensification. The ERI studied in this work is composed of silicon carbide (SiC) based plates, giving it interesting thermal and chemical properties. In return, the use of SiC increases the brittle fracture risk, in addition of the main risks that are leaking fluid and thermal runaway reaction. The process intensification represents a significant gain in productivity, safety and environmental impact, provided that the design and the implementation procedure of the ERI are optimized. The objective of this work is to propose a process of study suited to this type of product in general, and to optimize the design of this ERI in particular. For this, the thermo-chemical and thermo-mechanical models are developed and used in a mechano-reliability study, notably using the AK-MCS method based on kriging interpolation of the performance function.

Um Kernfragen zur Mehrautorenschaft in einer bestimmten Zielgruppe zu klären, konzentriert sich diese Arbeit auf Aspekte von technologischer Kompetenz, menschlicher Interaktion und institutioneller Leitlinien. Zuerst werden interdisziplinäre Argumente in Bezug zu Mehrautorenschaft aus den Sozialwissenschaften, Naturwissenschaften, Informatik und Geisteswissenschaften präsentiert. Die Literaturübersicht enthält Statistiken zu Informationsnutzung, Beschreibung von Strategien des Wissensmanagements, Erforschung von Verhaltensmustern und Trends in der Kommunikationstechnologie, sowie Diskussionen einiger historischer, politischer und inhaltlicher Aspekte, welche die Anwendung des Internet als kollaboratives Werkzeug im akademischen Kontext beeinflussen können. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich auch mit einigen Kontroversen zur Konzeption von Wissenschaft und wissenschaftlicher Praktiken, welche indirekt mit der Problematik von wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit, sowie Wissensproduktion in Zusammenhang stehen, insofern sie die Produktion Texten mit mehreren Autoren betreffen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt der Arbeit befasst sich mir dem zur Zeit vorherrschenden System zur Evaluation akademischer Publikationen (Bibliometrie oder Scientometrie; QUALIS und SCIELO Systeme). Das vorhandene System für die Evaluation von Autoren ist in der Regel unfair /voreingenommen. Das liegt daran, das Statistiken leicht manipuliert werden können um einer bürokratischen und unternehmerischen Agenda zu folgen oder individuelle Interessen darzustellen, anstatt die wirklichen Verdienste eines Autors widerzuspiegeln. Die Untersuchung wurde anhand von semi-strukturierten Interviews durchgeführt, in Kombination mit einer quantitativen Erhebung, welche drei miteinander verbundene Aspekte (technologische, institutionelle und kulturelle), die bei der in Mehrautorenschaft eine Rolle spielen, innerhalb des Graduiertenprogramms in 'Forest Engineering' an der Universidade Federal do Paraná (Brasilien) hervorheben sollte. / In order to verify core issues for co-authorship in a specific audience, the current work focus on technological literacy, human interaction, and institutional policy. It first presents an interdisciplinary collection of arguments from social sciences, natural sciences, computer sciences, and humanities about scientific collaboration, especially regarding co-authorship activities. This literature review includes statistics on information usage, description of knowledge management strategies, exploration of behavioral patterns, communication technology trends, and discussions of some historical, political and contextual elements that may be influencing the application of the Internet as a collaborative tool within academic contexts. It also draws back few controversies about the concept of science and its practices, which are indirectly related to the problematic of scholarly communication, scientific collaboration, and knowledge production. The investigation targets these activities in what they concern the production of co-authored texts. A special focus of this work targets the current mainstream system of academic publishing ranking and evaluation (Bibliometrics or Scientometrics; QUALIS and SCIELO systems). The existing measurement system for the ranking of authors is generally an unfair/biased system, as statistics can easily be manipulated by a bureaucratic and corporate agenda, or by individual interests, rather than representing the real merit of an author. The inquiry applies a semi-structured in-depth interview combined with a quantitative survey intending to reveal three interrelated aspects (Technological, Institutional, and Cultural) involved in co-authorship activities within the Graduate Program in Forest Engineering at the Federal University of Paraná/Brazil.

O presente estudo trata da produção de etil-ésteres de ácidos graxos (EEAGs) por reação de transesterificação do resíduo gorduroso de fritura usado num sistema isento de solvente, catalisado pela lipase microbiana de Pseudomonas fluorescens (Lipase AK), imobilizada em resíduo inerte do tipo polihidroxibutirato (PHB), por adsorção física. A atividade hidrolítica máxima, medida sobre a hidrólise de emulsão de azeite, a pH 7,0 e temperatura de 37 ° C, foi de 413,76 U / g de suporte , com uso de um carregamento de proteína igual a 30 mg / g suporte. No presente estudo, foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial completo com 22 variáveis ??do processo que tiveram uma influência significativa na síntese enzimática dos EEAGs por transesterificação do resíduo gorduroso usado. As reações foram realizadas a uma concentração de fixa do biocatalisador em 10% m / m, sob agitação contínua a 200 rpm, e tempo de reação de 15 h. Em condições ótimas de experimentação (razão molar de óleo: etanol de 1: 4,7 e temperatura de reação de 34 ° C), o percentual de rendimento máximo foi 67,9% de transesterificação foi atingido. No entanto, EEAGs purificados produzidos numa razão molar de óleo:etanol 1:3, em temperatura de 45 ° C exibiu uma viscosidade cinemática de 3,82 centipoise. Este estudo demonstrou que o design experimental é adequado para a maximização da síntese EEAGs por transesterificação de resíduo gorduroso de fritura usado num sistema livre de solventes. Esta metodologia também faz com que seja possível determinar uma região de trabalho desejável onde um melhor desempenho da reação de transesterificação pode ser obtido. / The present study deals with the production of fatty acids ethyl esters (FAEEs) by transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil in a solvent-free system mediated by microbial lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (Lipase AK) immobilized by physical adsorption on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) particles. The maximum hydrolytic activity, measured on the hydrolysis of olive oil emulsion at pH 7.0 and 37 °C, was 413.76 U/g of support for the biocatalyst prepared by offering protein loading of 30 mg/g of support. In the present study, it was proposed a 22 full factorial design to find the variables of the process that have a significant influence on the enzymatic synthesis of FAEEs by transesterification of waste cooking oil. The reactions were performed at fixed biocatalyst concentration of 10 % m/m, continuous agitation of 200 rpm and time reaction of 15 h. Under optimal experimental conditions (molar ratio oil:ethanol of 1:4.7 and reaction temperature of 34 °C), maximum transesterification yield percentage of 67.9% was reached. However, purified FAEEs produced at molar ratio oil:ethanol 1:3 and 45°C exhibited kinematic viscosity of 3.82 centipoise. This study demonstrated that the experimental design is appropriate for the maximization of FAEEs synthesis by transesterification of waste cooking oil in a solvent-free system. This methodology also makes it possible to determine a desirable working region where a better performance for the transesterification reaction can be achieved. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

In this study, it is aimed to explore Akyaka&rsquo / s self-generated practice and its route of progress with the definitions of place. As the ignorance of Akyaka -as an unconventional body characterized with Nail &Ccedil / akirhan&rsquo / s Aga Khan Award winner traditional type of house in 1983- by the conventional architectural discourse prevents learning from it. Therefore, the research will focus on Akyaka&rsquo / s distinctive story which is taking its references from a place and producing the place of its own, out of the boundaries of the profession. Akyaka will be researched in the framework of several different aspects in relation to protection of coastal region, architectural representation, Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Turkish Architecture&rsquo / s identity quests, tourism&rsquo / s agendas, continuity of tradition and its controversy with modern, locality&rsquo / s sustainability, and pastiche in architecture. The town will be listened to in terms of its geographical, socio-cultural and architectural/architectonic bases. In this context, if this unrecognized formation has something to say after 25 years will be studied introducing the place phenomenon reproduced by the settlement as a field of discussion.

This thesis will examine the transformation in the Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East and evaluate the relevance of &ldquo / soft power&rdquo / term for describing Turkey&rsquo / s new activism in the region. Since the establishment of the Turkish Republic, Turkey has aligned itself with the Western world so that this alignment has been the main determinant of its relations with the non-Western world. The Middle East was not an exception in this process. After decades of remaining aloof from the Middle Eastern affairs, Turkey has followed a new foreign policy towards the region, as part of its new foreign policy vision, since the AK Party coming to power in 2002 and has shown a growing willingness to participate in Middle Eastern affairs. Various arguments are developed by different actors, including the one elaborated in this thesis, to explain the new activism of Turkey in the region.

In this study, the criteria for quality assessment and problems of open source (OS) product quality assurance, based on these criteria, are discussed. Broad use of open source products both in personal and business environment prove sufficient quality, despite of absence of traditional quality assurance methods for these products. There is no mature model for OS product quality evaluation - only various experimental models are applied (for example, OS project statistics criteria evaluation). OS product quality is also managed in unconventional methods, related to OS specific software development procedures (for example, volunteer control). A generalized method for OS product quality evaluation, derived from a combination of various metrics, is proposed.