Supplement No. 1 to Section D3.1 of the 1999 AISI Cold-Form Specification contains the current provisions for predicting required lateral restraint forces in Z-purlin supported, sloped metal roof systems under gravity loads. A proposed prediction equation, relying heavily on engineering principles, has been developed because the current provisions in the specification are empirical and based on statistical analysis. The provisions treat roof slope and system effects incorrectly, which necessitates refinement. Also, an assumed roof panel stiffness value was used for the development of the current design provisions, ignoring the effect that varying stiffness values have on the required restraint forces. To determine the validity of the new restraint force prediction equation, experimental testing was conducted on single span and multiple span metal roof systems. Z-purlins were used extensively with through-fastened and standing seam roof panel. Two, four, and six purlin lines were used for the single span tests while only four purlin lines were used for the multiple span tests. Restraint forces were measured at five restraint locations in each span: support, third-point, midpoint, quarter-point, and third-point plus support. Each restraint configuration was tested at six roof slopes: 0:12, 0.5:12, 1:12, 2:12, 3:12, and 4:12. For each restraint configuration and roof slope, the restraint forces were measured and compared to predicted forces using the proposed design equation. The proposed equation contains the term "δ" which is the resultant eccentricity of the applied gravity load acting on the top flange of a purlin. A value of 1/3 was assumed for d in the development of the proposed equation and many of the test results were in agreement with this value. However, other results were in better agreement with a value of 0 for d and some of the measured forces were between the predicted forces with d = 0 and d = 1/3. No consistent correlation between the results and the proposed prediction equation was found. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvanaRNGS.pdf: 1357221 bytes, checksum: 35bf1743d1d55e62f648d7333de4412b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-26 / This research consists in studying the influence of the various type of construction systems of roofs with their energy efficiency as well as on the cost benefit for the commercial buildings on the temperatures condition of the city of Natal/RN. The main goal of this research is to analyze the cost benefit of the construction systems of roofs available on the market, taking into consideration the energy efficiency of the commercial buildings artificially air conditioned in order to be used by the projectors and to be adequated to the temperatures condition of the city of Natal/RN. The method of valuation of the cost benefit of roof systems consists in six steps: Features and simulation of the reference building; Analyze of sensitivity; Analyzes, features and simulation of alternatives of roof construction systems; Analyze of the cost of implementation; Analyze of the benefits of the alternatives comparing to the base case; And finally the analyze of the cost benefit. The model type chosen as reference was stores with pre molded buildings and system of roof with fiber ciment and ceiling . The thermal results showed the influence of the roof system on the energy efficiency of the building. The Final results of the simulations of the alternatives comes to a conclusion that the absortance is the variable that presents the best cost benefit relation and the reduction on the thermal transmittance still has limitations because of the high cost / Esta pesquisa aborda a influ?ncia de diversos tipos de sistemas construtivos de cobertas no desempenho energ?tico e na rela??o custo-benef?cio de edifica??es do tipo comercial para as condi??es clim?ticas da cidade do Natal/RN. O objetivo geral da pesquisa ? analisar a rela??o custo-beneficio de sistemas construtivos de cobertas dispon?veis no mercado, levando-se em considera??o o desempenho energ?tico de edifica??es comerciais climatizadas artificialmente, visando o seu uso por projetistas e que seja adequado ?s condi??es clim?ticas da cidade de Natal/RN. O m?todo de avalia??o do custo-benef?cio de sistemas de coberta consiste de seis etapas: caracteriza??o e simula??o da edifica??o de refer?ncia; an?lise de sensitividade; levantamento, caracteriza??o e simula??o de alternativas de sistemas construtivos de cobertas; quantifica??o dos custos de implanta??o; quantifica??o dos benef?cios das alternativas em rela??o ao caso base; e an?lise das rela??es de custo-benef?cio. O modelo escolhido como refer?ncia corresponde a lojas com sistema de galp?o pr?-moldado, e sistema de coberta com fibrocimento e forro. Seu comportamento t?rmico demonstrou a influ?ncia do sistema de coberta no desempenho energ?tico da edifica??o. Os resultados das simula??es das alternativas demonstraram que a absort?ncia ? a vari?vel que apresenta a melhor rela??o custo-benef?cio, enquanto que a redu??o da transmit?ncia t?rmica ainda apresenta limita??es devido ao custo

Even with all the knowledge and wisdom we can acquire, combined with the best of collective intentions, it will always be the case, that ultimately we have to balance what’s desirable with what’s possible. But what’s possible always proceeds us, like a carrot in front of our nose. Yet yesterday's dreams, could have been today’s reality... and perhaps todays dreams, can become real tomorrow. “Too often budget restrictions are used as the reason why good design is not possible, but the vernacular demonstrates over and over that fine, low-budget, small-scale design is possible if the designer [builder and inhabitant] cares.” [Wayne Attoe: The Architecture of Ricardo Legorreta] In this case, the project is a new rural family residence for a couple and their son, with an adjacent cottage for their aging parents. With a collective desire to design, build and live in the most ecologically responsible manner possible, the challenge is to integrate as many environmentally beneficial principles as logistics and budget constraints will allow. The result is a collaborative choreography of site, structure, materials selection, and sequence. The appropriate criteria by which a given structural system or material should be specified, is relative to the total system performance and longevity. Optimized performance is achieved through the correct interrelationship of elements, to maximize the greatest cumulative benefit. For example, the high embodied energy and pollution from the manufacture of extruded polystyrene [XPS] insulation is undesirable. However, because of its high R-value, moisture resistance, compressive strength, and dimensional stability, it is currently the best insulation available for below grade applications. Its use makes a living sod roof practical, which may have an enormous overall positive impact, but otherwise might not even be possible. "The most elegant design solutions... those that reduce complexity while solving multiple problems... won't be found by considering each item in isolation." [Alex Wilson and Nadav Malin: Environmental Building News, 10.95] In keeping with the principles and intentions cited earlier, the decision was made to build a [passive solar / straw bale and heavy timber / living roof] home. / Master of Architecture

The aim of this work is informed first about photovoltaics universally, works to inform the photovoltaic panels and complete plants. The work also includes instructions on how to implement PVP in accordance with law. Another part is the rough draft of the photovoltaic power 30 kWp, which can be placed on the house, computation and calculation of investment and them profitable investments to time. Design is made in two separate forms of the Fronius Solar and Sunny Design, their outputs are compared. The practical part of this work cooperates with the company SOLARTEC Ltd. for experimental measurements of the photovoltaic system and develop a methodology for setting the properties of real solar systems in operation from the measured data then stored in a database. These data further evaluate and compare the similar operating conditions. This data will show as the course of production of electricity during the typical day in percentage terms, depending on the incident irradiance, cell temperature, angle of incident radiation, etc. We can compare what it looks like an ideal day in terms of production of photovoltaic power, with the other days. Further are in work mentioned histograms achievement panel behind classical day and behind all - time investigation.