No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1963. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 22-23).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Plant Pathology)--Washington State University, May 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Aberdeen University, 2008. / Title from web page (viewed on Mar. 2, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Agric. (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Phytonematicides have allelochemicals as active ingredients and could be highly phytotoxic on crops being protected against nematode damage. In order to avoid phytotoxicity, the application concentration, technically referred to as mean concentration stimulation point (MCSP), along with the application interval, have to be empirically established. The Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) computer-based model was adopted at the Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence (GBRCE) for developing the MCSP. The MCSP is computed from the CARD-generated biological indices and was technically defined as a phytonematicide concentration that could manage the nematode population densities without causing phytotoxicity to the test crop and it is plant-specific. The MCSP and application interval had been empirically established for different crops, but they had not been established for sweet potatoes. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the MCSP for Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide on Meloidogyne javanica-infected sweet potato cv. ꞌBopheloꞌ and its application interval. Sweet potato cuttings were planted in 25-cm diameter plastic bags containing steam-pasteurised loam soil and Hygromix at 3:1 (v/v) ratio. Each plant was inoculated with 5 000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica, with seven treatments, namely, 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, arranged in a randomised complete block design, with five replicates. At 56 days after the initiation of treatment, the MCSP values for plant variables and plant physiology variables were 1.92 and 3.08% Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, respectively. The overall sensitivity values for plant variables and plant physiology variables were 0 and 1 unit, respectively, showing that the sweet potato cv. ꞌBopheloꞌ was highly sensitive to the product. Nematode variables with increasing concentrations of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive and quadratic relations. The life cycle of M. javanica and the derived MCSP were used to empirically establish the application interval. Briefly, the location and most materials and methods were as outlined above except that ‘weeks-per-month-of-30 days’, with the MCSP being applied on 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 days (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks) serving as treatments, replicated eight times. At 56 days after the treatments, plant variables and increasing application interval exhibited positive quadratic relations with the average of 2.55 ‘week of-30-day-month’ translating to 19 days (2.55/4 × 30), with nematode variables exhibiting negative quadratic relationships. In conclusion, when the MCSP of Nemarioc AL phytonematicide on sweet potato cv. 'Bophelo' at 1.92% was applied every 19 days, it would not be phytotoxic, but it would be able to suppress nematode population densities of M. javanica. The MCSP for essential nutrient elements could be reduced to that of plant growth variables, since the products are not intended for use as fertilisers.

Thesis (M. A. Agriculture (Plant Protection)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is highly susceptible to root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes, with no known nematode resistant genotypes. In Limpopo Province, two cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides had been researched and developed. The active ingredients of the cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides are cucurbitacins, which are allelochemicals that could induce phytotoxicity on crops being protected against nematode damage. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) mean concentration stimulation point (MCSP) of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide on potato cultivar ꞌMondial G3ꞌ for managing M. javanica and (2) application interval of Nemarioc AL phytonematicide on potato cultivar ꞌMondial G3ꞌ. Sprouted tubers were planted in 10 cm deep/pot with each pot filled with steam-pasteurised soil and Hygromix at 3:1 (v/v) ratio in the field under microplot conditions. After 100% emergence (2 weeks), each plant was inoculated with 5 000 M. javanica eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2). Seven treatments, namely, 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide were arranged in a randomised complete block design, with 11 replications. In Objective 2, four treatments, namely, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks were arranged in randomised complete block design, with 15 replications. Plant variables and nutrient elements were subjected to the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) model to generate biological indices used to compute MCSP using the relation MCSP = Dm + Rh/2 and the overall sensitivity value (∑k). The MCSP for plant variables and nutrient elements, were empirically derived as 4.31% and 1.33%, with the ∑k of 18 and 4 units, respectively. Nematode variables and increasing concentrations of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited negative quadratic relations where eggs, J2 in soil and roots and total population (Pf) were optimised at xv 14.43, 28.23, 23.30 and 13.55%. To conduct Objective 2 which is application interval, empirically derived MCSP value of 4.31% from Objective 1 was used. Application interval was optimised using the concept of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks in weeks-per-month-of-30-days. The application interval of 4.31% was established at 2.43 weeks which translated to 18 days [(2.43 weeks/4 weeks) × 30 days]. All nematode variables in Objective 2 were not significantly different at all intervals. In, conclusion Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide can be used at 4.31% concentration to control nematodes population densities without being phytotoxic to crops at 18 days application interval. / National Research Foundation (NRF) , Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and the Flemish Interuniversity Council of Belgium

Thesis (M. A. Agriculture (Plant Protection)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / The successful cultivation of nightshade (Solanum retroflexum) as a leafy vegetable with the nutritional potential of contributing to food security in marginalised communities of Limpopo Province could be limited by high population densities of root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes. However, the use of Nemarioc-AL/AG and Nemafric-BL/BG phytonematicides in suppressing nematodes and not being phytotoxic requires the empirically-developed non-phytotoxic concentration, technically referred to as Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP). The MCSP, developed using the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) computer-based model, is crop-specific, hence it should be developed for every crop. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Nemarioc-AL/AG and Nemafric-BL/BG phytonematicides on growth of nightshade, accumulation of essential nutrient elements and cucurbitacin residues in nightshade leaves. Microplots were established by inserting 20-cm-diameter plastic pots into 10-cm-deep holes at 0.6 m intra-row and 0.6 m inter-row spacing. Each pot was filled with 10 000 cm3 steam-pasteurised river sand and Hygromix at 3:1. After establishment, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were applied at 7-day interval, whereas, Nemarioc-AG and Nemafric-BG phytonematicides were only applied at planting. Two separate experiments for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were conducted in summer (November-January) 2017/2018 under microplot conditions with each comprising treatments namely; 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64%, similarly, two separate experiments for the following phytonematicides, Nemarioc-AG and Nemafric-BG comprised treatments namely; 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 g arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD), with 12 replications. The nutrient elements in leaf tissues of nightshade were analysed using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPE-9000) while, cucurbitacin A and B were xii each quantified using the isocratic elution Shimadzu HPLC Prominence with Shimadzu CTO-20A diode array detector. Plant growth and nutrient elements variables were subjected to the CARD computer-based model to generate biological indices to generate the curves, quadratic equations and the related biological indices (Dm, Rh, k) (Liu et al., 2003). The MCSP values were calculated using the biological indices of plant or nutrient element variables which, along with increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL, Nemafric BL, Nemarioc-AG and Nemafric-BG phytonematicides, exhibited positive quadratic relations, with R2 ≥ 25. Using cucurbitacin A and B standards, residues of Nemarioc AL/AG and Nemafric-BL/BG phytonematicides, were not detected in nightshade leaves, respectively. Dry root mass and dry shoot mass of nightshade over increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide each exhibited a quadratic relationship, with the models explained by 93 and 61%, respectively. Dry root mass, dry shoot mass, plant height, chlorophyll content and stem diameter against increasing concentration of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide each exhibited positive quadratic relationships with the models explained by 95, 72, 65, 78 and 62%, respectively. Plant height, stem diameter and dry root mass against increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide each exhibited positive quadratic relationships with their models explained by 93, 88 and 91%, respectively. Dry shoot mass and stem diameter against increasing concentration of Nemafric-BG phytonematicide each exhibited positive quadratic relationships with their models explained by 94 and 84%, respectively. Na, Fe and K over increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide each exhibited positive quadratic relationships with their associations explained by 96, 91 and 95%, respectively. Zn over increasing concentration of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relationship with the model explained by 98%. Fe over increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic xiii relationship with the association explained by 91%. Fe, Na, K and Zn over increasing concentration of Nemafric-BG phytonematicide each exhibited positive quadratic relationships with their associations explained by 81, 90, 80 and 89%, respectively, whereas, on the contrary, Zn over increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide exhibited negative quadratic relationship with the association explained by 96%. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) plant variables were subjected to CARD, to generate biological indices which were used to compute the MCSP using the relation: MCSP = Dm + Rh/2 and the overall sensitivity value (∑k). In Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide trial, MCSP = 3.02% and ∑k = 1 for plant variables, whereas, MCSP and ∑k for nutrient elements were 12.09% and 1, respectively. In Nemafric-BL phytonematicide trial, MCSP = 3.08% and ∑k = 0 for plant variables, while MCSP = 2484.14% and ∑k = 0 for nutrient elements. In Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide trial, MCSP = 3.47 g and ∑k = 0 for plant variables, whereas, for nutrient elements MCSP = 8.49 g and ∑k = 1. In Nemafric-BG phytonematicide trial, MCSP = 4.70 g and ∑k = 0 for plant variables, whereas, MCSP =723.75 g and ∑k = 1 for nutrient elements. In conclusion, the application of Nemarioc-AL/AG and Nemafric-BL/BG phytonematicides had the ability to stimulate the growth of nightshade and enhance the accumulation of the selected nutrient elements without leaving cucurbitacin chemical residues in leaf tissues of nightshade. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and the Land Bank Chair of Agriculture

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2017 / Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) are the major soil-borne pests of tomato (Solanum lycorpesicum) plants. Due to the global withdrawal of effective chemical nematicides from the agrochemical markets, nematodes are difficult to control under the production systems. Currently, botanicals are being researched and developed as alternative to chemical nematicides with promising results, although they have challenge of phytotoxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP) of Tickberry (Lantana camara) extracts for tomato plant-infected with M. javanica. Treatments consisted of six levels of L. camara extracts, namely, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% per pot, which were arranged in a randomised complete block design, with ten replicates. Tomato seedlings were inoculated with 2500 second-stage juveniles (J2S) of M. javanica at five days after transplanting, with treatments applied at seven days after inoculation. At 56 days after inoculation, L. camara extracts had positive effects on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of fruits and fruit mass, contributing 65, 74, 61, 25 and 61% in total treatment variation (TTV), respectively, under greenhouse conditions. Under microplot conditions, treatments contributed 55, 85, 61, 36 and 85% in TTV of the respective plant variables. Under greenhouse it contributed 60, 35 and 77% and 29, 79 and 70% under microplot on dry shoot mass, dry root mass and galling index respectively. Treatments did not have any effects on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Under greenhouse conditions, treatments contributed 88, 94 and 92% in TTV of nematode in roots, soil and final population, respectively, whereas under microplot conditions 94, 97 and 95% in xvii TTV of the respective nematode stages. The derived mean concentration of L. camara extracts for tomato was 5.76 and 5.31% under microplot and greenhouse conditions, respectively. The overall sensitivity of tomato plants to L. camara extracts under microplot and greenhouse were 3 and 0, respectively. In conclusion Meloidogyne species can be managed using L. camara extracts 5.31 and 5.76% under glasshouse production and field production system respectively.