Thesis (Ph.D. Agriculture (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Worldwide, both root-knot (Meloidogyne species) and sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner), are economic pests on sugarcane and sorghum crops. In most cases, each of the two pests is managed using host plant resistance due to the economic benefits derived from this management strategy. The highly nematode resistant sweet stem sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cv. 'Ndendane-X1' used in ethanol production, is highly sensitive to sugarcane aphid, with some indication that the latter could interfere with nematode resistance in the sorghum cultivar. This study had four objectives which collectively intended to investigate the interactive effects of infection by three Meloidogyne species and infestation by aphid under different conditions on resistance to nematode in a nematode-resistant sorghum cultivar. The research objectives were achieved through four trials. In each trial a 2 × 2 factorial experiment, each with and without nematode and aphid as first and second factors, respectively, were conducted. Treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design, with six replications, and each experiment validated in time. At 150 days, after emergence, the nematode × aphid interaction significantly reduced sucrose by 17, 74 and 42% in Meloidogyne enterolobii, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica trials, respectively. Aphid infestation of sorghum significantly increased the reproductive potentials of the three respective Meloidogyne species by 196, 320 and 152%, but significantly, reduced plant growth variables from 20-44 and 48-51% in two respective trials. The mineral nutrients S and Zn were reduced in leaf tissues of the test cultivar in Trial 1, whereas Ca and Zn were respectively reduced by 24 and 51% in Trial 2 and by 52 and 51% in Trial 3. Since the reproductive potential values for Meloidogynqe species on the test sorghum cultivar were greater than unity and nematode infection reduced the plant variables, cv. 'Ndendane-X1' lost resistance to xx the test Meloidogyne species. In achieving Objective 2, procedures were similar to those in Objective 1 except that the study was conducted under field conditions under mixed nematode populations of M. enterolobii, M. incognita and M. javanica. Sorghum seedlings were raised at 0.3 m × 0.3 m inter and intra row spacings. Soon after emergence, plants were thinned to one per station, randomly selected for nematode and nematode-aphid treatments. Mixed populations of Meloidogyne species (M. enterolobii, M. incognita and M. javanica) at approximately 1:1:1 (v/v) ratio were applied at 300 eggs + J2 per plants after thinning at the five plants which were used as nematode alone treatments. The latter were also infested with 20 sugarcane aphids to constitute a nematode + aphid treatments. Buffer zone plants separating the treatments were monitored for aphids and stock borer, which were sprayed when necessary. At 150 days after infestation, relative to nematode alone, nematode-aphid significantly reduced degrees Brix from 13% to 61%, but significantly increased the reproductive potential of mixed Meloidogyne species and root galls by 279 and 199%, respectively. Also, the combined effect significantly reduced plant growth variables from 35 to 55% and the mineral nutrient elements in leaf tissues of the cultivar from 33 to 73%. At 150 days after the treatment, the second and first order interaction (Nemarioc-AL × Nemafric-BL × Mordica and Nemafric-BL × Mordica) had significantly increased sucrose content from 48 to 66%, increased plant growth variables from 49 to 163%, increased accumulation of certain nutrient elements from 164 to 206%. The terpenoid-containing phytonematicides could have potential future application in the husbandry of ethanol-producing sweet stem sorghum cultivars in relation to increasing sucrose above the 16% minimum for premium delivery fees and increased plant growth. Under field conditions, in pest-free condition (Objective 3), drenched terpenoid-containing phytonematicides significantly increased sucrose content at xxi middle and bottom part of SSS cv. 'Ndendane-X1' by 66 and 48%. However, these products did not significantly increase plant variables, except tiller number, which was increased by 163 under first order interaction from Nemafric-BL and Mordica phytonematicides. Similarly, nutrient elements variables had generally not been increased by the interaction of these products, except Ca and K, which were increased by 206 and 164%. In achieving Objective 4, a 2 × 2 × 2, with the first, second and third factor being Nemarioc-AL (with and without), Nemafric-BL (with and without) and Mordica (with and without) phytonematicides, respectively. on sorghum cultivar infected with a mixture of Meloidogyne species and infested with aphids, under microplot conditions, untreated control sucrose content remained below the standard of 16 degrees Brix, whereas the second order interaction increased the variable far above the standard, along with various plant growth variables also increased. However, both nematode and aphid population densities were significantly reduced by the interactions. Findings in this thesis constituted the first report where aphid infestation broke resistance to Meloidogyne species in sweet stem sorghum cv. 'Ndendane-X1'. Therefore, the successful use of nematode resistance in the cultivar in areas with high nematode population densities would depend upon the effective management of the sugarcane aphid population densities. Also, the three terpenoid-containing phytonematicides would when combined or used alone have the potential future in the husbandry of sweet stem sorghum cultivars intended for ethanol production and suppression of nematode population densities / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Thesis (M. Agric. (Plant Protection)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Plant extracts exhibited broad spectrum of activities against root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes and had long been considered as an attractive alternative due to their being biodegradable and posing limited risk hazards to the environment, animal and human health. Additionally, the materials had been dubbed as being of low-input costs and had been viewed as being easy to apply in agricultural systems. The objective of the current study was to investigate the efficacy of paint-brush flower (Kleinia longiflora) either as fermented or granular formulations on suppression of M. javanica and their related effects on growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants under field and greenhouse conditions. Fermented crude extracts were applied at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64%, whereas granular materials were applied at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 g. Regardless of the product, the treatments were arranged in randomised complete block design (RCBD), with 12 replications. Kleinia longiflora plants were collected from the wild, chopped into pieces, oven-dried at 52⁰C and fermented in effective microorganisms (EM) for 14 days, whereas the remained were retained for use as granular formulation. Tomato seedlings cv. ꞌFloradadeꞌ were used as test plants inoculated with 2500 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. At 56 days after the treatments, nematode and plant variables were collected, prepared using appropriate methodologies and subjected to analysis of variance using Statistix 10.0 software to generate means. Plant variables were subjected to the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) computer-based model to generate appropriate biological indices. Nematode and mineral elements variable means were subjected to lines of the best fit. Findings showed second-stage juveniles (J2) in roots, J2 in soil, eggs and Pf under increasing concentration were highly significant and exhibited negative quadratic relationship. The model explained the associations by 82, xvii 81, 74 and 76%, respectively. In granular formulation, the product had no significant effects on nematode population densities. The fermented crude extracts significantly affected and exhibited positive quadratic relations for dry fruit mass, chlorophyll content, dry shoot mass, number of flowers, plant height, number of fruit and stem diameter of tomato plants. The model explained the relationship by 97, 94, 95, 96, 94, 97 and 96%, respectively. In contrast, in granular formulation, the product had significant effects and positive exhibited quadratic relations on Chlorophyll content under field and greenhouse, plant height, dry root mass and dry shoot mass. The model explained the relationships by 52, 45, 56, 47 and 59%, respectively. Plant variables and increasing concentration of the products exhibited density-dependent growth patterns for both formulations, with overall sensitivity (∑k) values of 1 and 11, respectively. In fermented liquid and granular formulations, the Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP) values were derived at 1.97% and 2.84 g, respectively. The increasing concentration of fermented K. longiflora also had significant effects and exhibited negative quadratic relations on the accumulation of K, Na and Zn in leaf tissues of tomato plants. The model explained the associations with 87, 94 and 94%, respectively. In conclusion, the findings in the current study suggested that the nematicidal chemicals in K. longiflora could not be released through irrigation water but could be released into solution through microbial degradation. Also, at low concentration suitable for use without inducing phytotoxicity, the products in either formulation could improve the accumulation of certain nutrients in leaf tissues of tomato plants.

Thesis (M.A. Agricultural Management (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides, which are being researched and developed to serve as alternatives to methyl bromide, have not been tested against plant growth and accumulation of essential nutrient elements in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cultivars. The objectives of this study were two fold, to determine the (1) overall growth responses and accumulation of selected essential nutrient elements in watermelon cultivars ‘Congo’ and ‘Charleston Gray’ and suppression of Meloidogyne javanica in response to increasing concentrations of Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides, and (2) efficacy of Velum, Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides on growth of watermelon, accumulation of selected essential nutrient elements in leaf tissues of cv. ‘Congo’ and the suppression of population densities of Meloidogyne species. Objective 1 and Objective 2 were achieved under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. At 56 and 90 days after initiating the greenhouse and field treatments, respectively, the data were collected and subjected to statistical analyses. Nemafric-BL phytonematicide significantly affected growth of watermelon cultivars ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Congo’, whereas Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide did not have any significant effects on the plant variables of both cultivars. Generally, plant growth variables and increasing concentrations of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide had density-dependent growth (DDG) patterns, which were quantified through either positive or quadratic equations (Chapter 3). In contrast, both phytonematicides had significant effects on selected nutrient elements in leaf tissues of both watermelon cultivars. The affected nutrient elements, P, Mn and Na versus increasing concentrations of phytonematicides exhibited the DDG patterns, which were also quantified through either positive or quadratic equations (Chapter 3). The phytonematicides were consistent in suppressing nematode numbers in both watermelon cultivars. Comparison of synthetic nematicide Velum and the two phytonematicides under field conditions suggested that, relative to untreated control, the three products each stimulated growth of watermelon cv. ‘Congo’. The efficacy of Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides on suppression of population densities of Meloidogyne species was comparable to that of Velum. In conclusion, Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-BL phytonematicides were highly effective in managing population densities of Meloidogyne species in watermelon cultivars and also affected the partitioning of selected nutrient elements in tissues. The study provided essential information that could assist in decision-making in nematode management in watermelon production, particularly in fertiliser application.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Phytonematicides, mainly due to their allelopathic nature, might be highly phytotoxic to crops protected against nematode damage. Phytotoxicity issues are compounded by the fact that the efficacy of plant extracts on nematode suppression depended much on their concentration and duration of exposure to the nematodes. Phytotoxicity could result in low crop yield and/or even in the eventual death of the protected crops. Concentrations that were suppressive to nematode numbers, but phytotoxic to the tested crop would not be useful when applied as a post-planting phytonematicides. The Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP) values were developed from the Curve fitting Allelochemical Response Dosage (CARD)computer based model to ensure that a non-phytotoxic concentration was applied for each crop. The objective of this study was to determine whether a series of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentrations would provide the MCSP for beetroot (Beta vulgaris) under greenhouse, microplot and field conditions. The greenhouse treatments included 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32% for each phytonematicide. The microplot treatments were 0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 12.8% concentrations, whereas in the field trial treatments were 0, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2 and 38.4%. Under each condition, treatments of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were, in separate experiments arranged in a randomised complete block design, with the greenhouse, microplot and field trials having 15, 10 and 9 replications, respectively. In the greenhouse, seedlings were raised in 20cm diameter plastic pots, containing pasteurised river sand and commercial seedling growing medium Hygromix® at 3:1 (v/v) ratio. Each seeding was inoculated with 5000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita. Seedlings were irrigated with chlorine free tapwater every other day using 250 ml/plant, with irrigation substituted by the treatment once weekly. On the microplot, the procedures were as in the greenhouse except that they growing mixture comprised pasteurised soil collected from the site. In the field, seedlings were directly transplanted into the soil. At 56 days after inoculation, in the greenhouse trial, the effects of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) on root galls, contributing 77 and 72% in total treatment variation (TTV) of root galls, respectively. Relative to untreated control, the respective products reduced root galls by 28-72% and 43-67%. Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides had MCSP values on beetroot of 18.1 and 6.4%, respectively, with overall sensitivity values of 0 and 1, respectively.There was no treatment effect on nematode since there was absence of nematode in untreated control.Under microplottrials,Nemafric-BL phytonematicide had significant (P≤ 0.05) effects on fresh root mass, dry root mass and root galls, contributing 20, 19 and 57% in TTV of the three variables, with relative increases for fresh root mass and dry root mass of 65-159% and 63-143%, respectively, whereas root galls were reduced by 82-100%. Nemafric-BL phytonematicide had MCSP value on beetroot of 10.2%, with overall sensitivity value of 4 units. There was no treatment effect on nematode since there was absence of nematode in untreated control. In microplots, Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide did not have significant effects on all plant variables. Under field conditions, the treatments did not have significant effects on plant variables. In conclusion, results of the current study suggested that under greenhouse and microplot conditions the MCSP values of the phytonematicides ranged from 6.4 to 18.1%, with a wide range of overall sensitivities of phytonematicides to the test of beetroot cultivar / National Research Foundation (NRF) and Land Bank Chair of Agriculture - University of Limpopo and the Agricultural Research Council Universities Collaboration Centre

Thesis (Ph.D. Agriculture (Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The unique phytochemical composition of the medicinal plant cancer bush (Sutherlandia frutescens) have made its foliage to gain much attention in South Africa due to its health benefits. In situ harvesting of the plant parts of this important species serve as one potential strategy to avert its extinction through whole plant harvesting, a common practice by rural communities. However, such a strategy is limited by lack of information on the agronomic requirements of the plant species and its susceptibility to root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes. The objectives of the study were four-fold, namely, to: (1) identify nodulation bacteria associated with wild S. frutescens using morphological and biochemical techniques, (2) assess the efficacy of the nodulation isolates from different centres of biodiversity of S. frutescens in Limpopo Province, South Africa (3) test the compatibility of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides on S. frutescens for managing population densities of Meloidogyne species and (4) determine the nutritional water productivity (NWP) of S. frutescens in association with water scarcity of the region where the plant species originated. In achieving Objective 1, nodules from S. frutescens roots were washed in distilled water and healthy, undamaged, firm and pink nodules were sterilised. Aseptic nodules from S. frutescens roots and commercial strains were transferred into a smasher biomerieux polythene bag containing 10 ml distilled water and crashed to produce a milky suspension the milky suspension was streaked on Yeast extract mannitol agar (YEMA). After gram reaction, colony characterisation includes the investigation of shape, colour, configuration, elevation and margin of bacterial colony as observed in colonies on nutrient agar plates of overnight grown microorganisms using a microscope. The medium for biochemical test was prepared, inoculated with 5 μl purified xxv bacterial cultures and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Identification of the bacterial isolates was performed using VITEK 2 Systems (bioMérieux, Inc., North Carolina, USA). Using morphological and biochemical techniques, the bacterial species associated with roots of S. frutescens in the wild were assayed primarily those in the genera Raoutella ornithinolytica and Enterobacter cloacae species dissolvens. The VITEK 2 Systems confirmed the identification of the bacterial species from 80 to 96% of the samples. Three species were confirmed from another sampling area, Sphingomonas paucimobills, Raoutella ornithinolytica and Enterobacter cloacae species dissolvens from by 86 to 96% of the samples. In achieving Objective 2, the five treatments, namely, Bradyrhizobium spp. (Arachis) strain, Rhizobium leguminosarum strain, Tubatse strain, Sebayeng strain and untreated control, were laid-out in a randomised complete block design, with seven replications during the first season (Experiment 1) and with eight replications during the second season (Experiment 2). The seasonal interactions (Experiment 1 × Experiment 2) on plant and nutrient elements were not significant (P ≤ 0.05) and data for the two seasons were pooled (n = 75). Relative to untreated control, commercial (Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium strain) and native strains (Tubatse and Sebayeng strain) significantly increased plant height by 31, 33, 44 and 40%, respectively, root length by 30, 41, 40 and 42%, respectively and dry shoot mass by 48,195 and 17%, respectively. Similarly, rhizobia strains significantly contributed to the increase in nitrogen assimilation by 7, 25 and 80%, respectively, protein synthesis by 13, 10, 24, 69%, respectively, and symbiotic efficiency by 31, 133, 292 and 82%, respectively. However, rhizobia inoculants had no significant effects on potassium and phosphorus in leaf tissues. In achieving Objective 3, in Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP) experiments, seven treatments, xxvi namely, 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% for each phytonematicide, were arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD), with 8 replicates. In application interval experiments, treatments, based on “weeks-per-month-of-30 days” for M. javanica, which translated to 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, were arranged in a RCBD, with 10 replicates. Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides had MCSP values of 3.43 and 4.03%, respectively, with the plant having high tolerance level to the products. The respective application interval of the two products for managing population densities of Meloidogyne species were 29 and 17 days. The dosage models for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were 6.62 and 13.26%, respectively. In achieving Objective 5, the study used nine treatments designated as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9, respectively, consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 seedlings/hole of drip irrigation transplanted using a 3S planter under field conditions, arranged in randomised complete block design (RCBD) with 9 replications (n = 81) in two seasons. The NWP of total flavonoids, total tannin and total phenol exhibited positive quadratic relations in varied planting density suggesting that this cultural practices could be manipulated to improve NWP of cancer bush. In conclusion, the wild bacterial isolates, sampled from S. frutescens plant grown in the field, outperformed the commercial bacterial strains in enhancing the productivity of the test plants. The empirically established dosage model for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides could be used to control Meloidogyne species in cancer bush production. There is a need to further investigate the responses of the identified strains to the test phytonematicides. Findings of the study openend new frontiers in the development and commercialisation of the observed native bacterial strains for the cultivation of S. frutescens, which has excellent medicinal importance as a cure or management for cancer. / Agricultural Research Council-Universities Collaboration Centre, the National Research Foundation (NRF) and the Flemish Inter-University Council of Belgium

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica das Gracas Carvalho Nasu.pdf: 620647 bytes, checksum: 4225cd19a1f151776cb1c9ac1db4498f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The tomato crop is strongly affected by the root Knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. This nematode species is widespread in the Western region of Paraná State, Brazil. The strategies currently adopted on the control of this nematode emphasize the search for alternative methods specially those that contributes to the environmental preservation. Manipueira is a waste liquid residue produced by the cassava industry and found in large amounts at Western Paraná. The aim of this work was to study the chemical composition of the manipueira produced in Western Paraná and its nematicide effect on M. incognita, parasite of tomato crop. The chemical analyses were performed with homemade manipueira and industrial manipueira. The industrial manipueira were collected from three cassava industries in the Western Paraná. The homemade manipueira were extracted from four cassava cultivars. The chemical analysis showed presence of nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn in different concentrations from samples of different sources. The pH of the samples ranged from 6.0 to 6.6, DBO from 1.600 to 1.986 mg L-1 and free cyanide (CN-) from 25 to 40 ppm. The nematicide effect of manipueira on M. incognita was tested in vitro, in pots and in the field. in vitro tests followed the completely randomized statistical design with 12 replications. The treatments were manipueira 100%, and manipueira diluted in water at 75%, 50%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 4% and 2%, besides water as the negative control and the nematicide Carbofuran 50 mg L-1 as the positive control. Each replication was composed of one eppendorf containing 1 ml of each solution and 500 second stase juvenile stages (J2). After 24 hours, the living and dead nematodes were counted and inoculated on tomato plants cv. Santa Cruz Kada. In total, it was inoculated 1.500 J2/pot in four replications per treatment. The evaluation 45 days after inoculation was based on the number of galls formed per tomato. The in vitro tests showed that the manipueira treatments until 10% dilution had 100% mortality, being statistically different from the other solutions. The nematicide had a better performance than the negative water control. The essay developed in pots was carried out with the treatments manipueira 10%, 25%, 50%, water control and Carbofuran 2 g per pot. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications. Tomato plants were inoculated with 5.000 J2 and rested for 60 days before starting the treatments. After adding the solutions into the pots the tomato plants were cut at the soil level, being replaced by new ones. Variables such as plant height, dry mass, root length, number of galls and eggs per root and the reproduction factor (RF) were analyzed. The results showed that the manipueira treatments had a better performance than the others considering the most of features studied. The best treatments from the pot test were manipueira 10 and 25%. However, manipueira 50% was superior to the others as a nutritional source. The field experiment with tomato plants cv. Santa Cruz Kada,was performed from May to August 2007 in an area infested with M. incognita. The experimental design was completely randomized containing 4 treatments and 4 replications. The assessed variables were plant height, dry and fresh shoot weight, number of galls and eggs per root and fruit yield (g). The best treatments against M. incognita, in the field experiment, were manipueira 10 and 25%. The treatment manipueira 50% was also the most effective in field conditions as a nutritional source. In terms of crop yield, no statistical difference was detected among the manipueira treatments, which were statistically different from the water control and the nematicide. The results suggest that manipueira at 10 or 25% should be alternated with manipueira 50% in order to maximize its effect on M. incognita / A cultura do tomateiro é fortemente afetada por Meloidogyne incognita. As dificuldades de controle deste nematóide enfatizam a necessidade de obtenção de métodos alternativos de controle, os quais contribuam para a preservação do meio ambiente. Manipueira é um resíduo líquido gerado pela indústria da mandioca e encontrada em grande quantidade no Oeste do Paraná. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho estudar a composição química da manipueira produzida na região Oeste do Paraná, bem como o seu efeito nematicida sobre M. incognita, parasita do tomateiro nesta região. As análises químicas foram realizadas com manipueira caseira e industrial. As amostras de manipueira industrial foram coletadas em três fecularias do Oeste Paranaense e as de manipueira caseira foram extraídas de quatro cultivares de mandioca brava. As análises químicas revelaram teores variados de macro e micronutrientes como N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe e Mn nas amostras analisadas. O pH das amostras variou de 6,0 a 6,6, a DBO de 1.600 a 1.986 mg L-1 e o teor de CN- de 25 a 40 mg L-1. A ação nematicida da manipueira sobre M. incognita foi testada em ensaios in vitro, em vasos em casa de vegetação e a campo. Ensaios in vitro seguiram o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 12 repetições. Os tratamentos foram manipueira industrial 100%, e diluições em água a 75%, 50%, 25%, 15%, 10%, 8%, 6%, 4% e 2%, além da testemunha com água e o nematicida Carbofuran a 50 mg L-1. Cada repetição foi constituída por um tubo eppendorf contendo 1 ml das respectivas soluções e 500 formas infestantes J2 de M. incognita raça 3. Após 24 h da montagem do experimento, procedeu-se à contagem de nematóides vivos e mortos e a inoculação em vasos contendo duas plantas de tomate Santa Cruz Kada para os tratamentos até 25% de diluição. Foram inoculados 1.500 J2/vaso em quatro repetições. As avaliações em vaso ocorreram 45 dias após a inoculação, tendo-se contado o número total de galhas por sistema radicular de tomateiro. Os resultados demonstraram que os tratamentos com manipueira até 10% de diluição foram superiores aos demais, não diferindo estatisticamente ente si e apresentando 100% de mortalidade in vitro. A suspensão nematicida mostrou-se superior à testemunha com água. Os ensaios em vasos, contendo plantas de tomate Sta Cruz Kada, previamente inoculadas com M. incognita, foram realizados com os tratamentos manipueira a 10%, 25% e 50%, além da testemunha com água e o nematicida Carbofuran 2 g por vaso. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado com 4 repetições. Foram analisadas variáveis como altura de plantas, massa seca da parte aérea, comprimento de raízes, número de galhas e de ovos por raiz e o fator de reprodução (FR) em vasos. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos com manipueira foram superiores aos demais para a maioria das variáveis avaliadas. Os melhores tratamentos em vaso para o controle de M. incognita foram manipueira a 10 e 25%. No entanto, manipueira a 50% foi superior aos demais como fonte nutricional. O ensaio a campo foi realizado no período de maio a agosto de 2007 em área infestada com M. incognita e cultivada com tomateiro cv. Sta Cruz Kada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições. As variáveis avaliadas a campo foram altura de plantas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, número galhas e ovos por raiz e peso de frutos (g). Os melhores tratamentos a campo no controle de M. incognita foram manipueira a 10 e 25%. O tratamento manipueira 50% foi o mais relevante como fonte nutricional. Em termos de produtividade a campo, não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos com manipueira, mas sim dos mesmos em relação à testemunha com água. Os resultados sugerem que em futuros ensaios sejam intercaladas aplicações de manipueira a 10 ou 25% com manipueira mais concentrada a 50%, com o objetivo de maximizar o efeito da mesma no controle de M. incognita em tomateiro

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilmar_Franzener.pdf: 521065 bytes, checksum: a750f49965ab340e0084ddc88e2023d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-03 / The aim of this work was evaluate the potential of the aqueous extract (EA) of Tagetes patula against Meloidogyne incognita in tomato plants. EA of flowers, leaves and roots were obtained by infusion in the proportion of 50 g of vegetable dehydrated material in 1000 mL of distilled water. EA was tested in vitro on eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita without dilution and diluted 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 (extract:water, v/v) and in plants of tomato cv. "Kadá" cultivated in pots, without dilution and diluted 1:1. For in vivo assays, EA were sprayed in the leaves, soil or both, and weekly for eight weeks, just in the transplanting (one week before inoculation with pathogen), and together or one week after inoculation. EA of flowers, leaves and roots inhibited the hatching, the mobility, and caused mortality of J2 in vitro. Greater effect nematicide was obtained with roots extract that promoted the mortality of up to 68% of J2. In tomato plants were not obtained satisfactory results with just an application of EA, independent of the time and application forms, so much in the development of plants as in the galling and M. incognita reproduction. Weekly applications promoted increase in the plants development and inhibited the galling and the nematode population. Greater results were obtained by flower EA, following by leaves and smaller or non results with root EA. EA of flower without dilution inhibited in up to 62.2% the galling and 61.5 and 52.8% the number of J2 in the soil and eggs in the roots, respectively. Applications in the soil and in the aerial part presented similar results. These results indicate the potential of T. patula EA, maily of flowers, in tomato plants protection to M. incognita, and that, possibly, besides of nematicide or nematostatic effect, involves the enhances resistance of the plants to nematode / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito protetor do extrato aquoso (EA) de Tagetes patula em tomateiro a Meloidogyne incognita. EA de flores, folhas e raízes foram obtidos por infusão na proporção de 50 g de material vegetal desidratado em 1000 mL de água destilada. O EA foi testado in vitro sobre ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita sem diluição e diluído 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 e 1:4 (extrato:água, v/v) e em plantas inoculadas de tomateiro cv. Kadá cultivadas em vasos, sem diluição e diluído 1:1. In vivo os EAs foram aplicados somente na parte aérea, no solo ou em ambos, semanalmente até oito semanas, somente no transplante (uma semana antes da inoculação), somente na inoculação e uma semana após a inoculação. Os EAs de flores, folhas e raízes inibiram a eclosão e a motilidade, e causaram mortalidade de J2 in vitro. Maior efeito nematicida foi obtido com extrato de raíz que promoveu a mortalidade de até 68% dos J2. Em plantas de tomateiro não foram obtidos resultados expressivos com apenas uma aplicação de EA, independente da época e forma de aplicação, tanto no desenvolvimento de plantas como na formação de galhas e reprodução de M. incognita. Aplicações semanais promoveram efeito positivo no desenvolvimento das plantas e negativo na formação de galhas e na população do nematóide. Melhores resultados foram obtidos pelo EA de flor, seguido de folhas e menores ou nenhum com EA de raiz. EA de flor sem diluição inibiu em até 62,2% a formação de galhas e 61,5 e 52,8% o número de J2 no solo e de ovos nas raízes, respectivamente. Aplicações no solo e na parte aérea apresentaram resultados semelhantes. Estes resultados indicam o potencial do EA de T. patula, sobretudo de flores, em proteger tomateiro a M. incognita, e que, possivelmente, além de efeito nematicida e/ou nematostático, envolve o aumento da resistência das plantas ao nematóide.

Submitted by SAMARA AZEVEDO DE OLIVEIRA null (samaranematologia@gmail.com) on 2016-01-26T15:36:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira, S.A. Dissertação._pdf: 2425906 bytes, checksum: e8dd0c0a0c5a8d3577dc7b76b4e8f071 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-28T17:15:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_sa_me_bot.pdf: 2425906 bytes, checksum: e8dd0c0a0c5a8d3577dc7b76b4e8f071 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T17:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_sa_me_bot.pdf: 2425906 bytes, checksum: e8dd0c0a0c5a8d3577dc7b76b4e8f071 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O cultivo de gramas no Brasil está em expansão. O maior mercado consumidor de gramados é a indústria do esporte, principalmente campos de futebol e golfe. A qualidade do gramado nessas áreas esportivas é fundamental, principalmente quando se trata de campos de golfe, nos quais, qualquer imperfeição pode prejudicar o resultado do jogo. Os nematoides parasitos de plantas do gênero Meloidogyne, também conhecidos como nematoides formadores de galhas, são considerados os de maior importância econômica devido à intensidade dos danos que causam às plantas cultivadas. As principais espécies associadas às gramas em campos de golfe são M. graminicola, M. graminis, M. marylandi, M. naasi, M. minor e M. sasseri. No Brasil, a ocorrência de espécies de Meloidogyne associadas a gramas restringe-se aos relatos de Meloidogyne sp. em raízes de grama esmeralda (Zoysia japonica) no Estado do Paraná e M. graminicola em raízes de arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. No ano de 2006, a espécie M. graminis foi detectada pela primeira vez na América do Sul, parasitando raízes de grama Tifdwarf bermuda em campo de golfe na Venezuela. Até o momento esta espécie ainda não foi relatada no Brasil. Assim, o objetivo foi identificar o nematoide das galhas encontrado parasitando raízes de gramas de campos de golfe no Estado de São Paulo. Visando a correta diagnose dessa espécie, foram realizados estudos detalhados englobando o conceito de taxonomia integrativa, que incluiu estudos de morfologia, morfometria, biologia, estudos bioquímicos, moleculares e filogenéticos. Todas as análises realizadas confirmaram que a espécie presente nos campos de golfe das cidades de Araras e São Paulo - SP trata-se de M. graminis, que caracteriza o primeiro relato desta espécie no Brasil. / Currently, the grasses growing in Brazil is expanding. The biggest consumer market for lawns is the industry of sports, especially football and golf courses. The quality of the lawn in these sports areas is crucial, especially when it comes to golf courses, where any imperfection can prejudice the outcome of the game. The nematode parasites of plants of the genus Meloidogyne, also known the root-knot nematodes, are considered the most economically important because of the intensity of the damage they cause to crops. The main species associated with grasses on golf courses are M. graminicola, M. graminis, M. marylandi, M. naasi, M. minor and M.sasseri. In Brazil Meloidogyne sp. has been reported in esmerald grass roots (Zoysia japonica) in the State of Paraná. The species M. graminicola was detected in rice roots in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. In 2006 the species M. graminis, was first detected in South America parasitizing grass roots Tifdwarf shorts on golf course in Venezuela. So far this species has not been reported in Brazil. The objective of this project is to identify the root-knot nematodes found parasitizing roots of grasses of golf courses in the state of Sao Paulo. For this were carried out detailed studies of integrative taxonomy, including morphological and morphometric studies, biology, biochemical, molecular and phylogenetic. All analyzes have confirmed that the species in golf courses in São Paulo state is M. graminis, that characterized the first report of the species in Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:26:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_bff_me_jabo.pdf: 705710 bytes, checksum: b580c7d1b1347b4684db02e1630e42ee (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No Brasil, Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne javanica e M. incognita são as espécies-chave para a cana-de-açúcar. Em dois experimentos conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em Jaboticabal, um com duração de 12 meses e outro de 75 dias, foram estudadas as inter-relações de M. incognita, M. javanica e P. brachyurus, envolvendo 10 variedades de cana-de-açúcar. A resistência das variedades variou expressivamente em relação aos nematóides estudados. Conquanto a taxa de multiplicação de M. javanica, na variedade SP911049, tenha sido muito menor que a de M. incognita, os dados sugerem que M. javanica é mais agressiva. O parasitismo de Meloidogyne javanica e M. incognita a ‘SP911049’ predispõe essa variedade ao ataque da cochonilha Saccharicoccus sacchari. As variáveis biométricas utilizadas no presente estudo, a massa de matéria fresca de parte aérea e raízes confirmam maior agressividade de M. javanica à variedade SP911049, em relação a M. incognita. Entre as variedades testadas, a SP891115 é a única resistente à M. incognita e nenhuma delas é resistente a M. javanica. Entre essas, a RB855453 é a menos suscetível a M. javanica, e a SP801816 é a mais suscetível às três espécies de nematóides incluídas no estudo. As variedades CTC2, SP832847, RB855156, SP803280, CTC9, SP911049, SP891115 e RB855453 são resistentes a P. brachyurus, e somente a SP801816, entre as nove variedades testadas, é suscetível, sendo que o nematóide influenciou negativamente nos valores de todas as variáveis consideradas nas avaliações. / In Brazil, Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne javanica and M. Incognita are the key species for sugar cane. In two experiments carried out in pots in a greenhouse in Jaboticabal city, one with duration of 12 months another for 75 days, the relationships of M. incognita, M. javanica and P. brachyurus, involving 10 varieties of sugar cane were studied. The resistance of the varieties varied significantly in relation to the nematodes. While the rate of increase of M. javanica in SP911049 variety has been lower than that of M. incognita, the data suggest that M. javanica is more aggressive. The parasitism of M. javanica and M. incognita to ‘SP911049’ predisposes that variety to attack of Saccharicoccus sacchari. The biometric variables used in this study, the mass of fresh matter of the above ground part and the mass of fresh matter of roots confirm the greater aggressiveness of M. javanica to the variety SP911049, than M. incognita. Among the varieties tested, SP891115 is the only resistant to M. incognita and none of them are resistant to M. javanica. Among these, RB855453 is the least susceptible to M. javanica and SP801816 is the most susceptible to the three species of nematodes included in the study. The varieties CTC2, SP832847, RB855156, SP803280, CTC9, SP911049, SP891115 and RB855453 are resistant to P. brachyurus and only the variety SP801816, among the nine varieties tested is susceptible. Also, the nematode adversely affected the values of all variables considered in the evaluations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_bff_dr_jabo.pdf: 1978509 bytes, checksum: 4c72b11295f0f3a1d5f49894d1883b90 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Empresa Agrolatino / Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne javanica e M. incognita são nematoides-chave na cana-de-açúcar, no Brasil, mas P. brachyurus também é frequentemente encontrado. Três experimentos foram conduzidos para o estudo. No primeiro, comparou-se a agressividade de P. brachyurus e P. zeae a cultura. No segundo e no terceiro, buscaram-se alternativas de controle. O primeiro e o segundo experimentos foram em vasos de 100 L, a céu aberto e o terceiro em soqueira de quarto a quinto cortes. No primeiro foram inoculados 10, 100, 1.000, 10.000 e 100.000 espécimes/planta, isoladamente. No segundo foram testados Agrolmin® (ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos extraídos de turfa), Agrolmin + Fungos nematófagos (FN), Pochonia chlamydosporia, FN, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Carbofurano e Testemunha sem e com nematoides. No terceiro, testaram-se: Agrolmin 10:0:10 [Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1)], Agrolmin Nitro (600 L.ha-1), FN (0,5 L.m linear-1)], FN (1 L.m linear-1), Formulação de FN (FFN) no Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1), FFN no Agrolmin Nitro (600 L.ha-1), Carbofurano (6 L.ha-1) e a Testemunha. Nos três experimentos foi avaliada a dinâmica da população das pragas e avaliações biométricas e quantitativas das plantas, ao final. Observou-se que a variedade CTC2 é suscetível à P. zeae e intolerante à P. brachyurus, que foi mais agressivo. Os FN incrementaram a produtividade, principalmente quando associados ao Agrolmin. O parasitismo de H. dihystera reduziu o de M. javanica, mas causou danos à cultura. A FFN no Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1) reduziu as populações de P. zeae e de M. javanica e elevou a produtividade em 14,6 Mg.ha-1, em relação a testemunha / Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita are the key nematodes in sugar cane in Brazil, but P. brachyurus is also frequently found. Three experiments were conducted. In the first one, the aggressiveness of P. brachyurus and P. zeae to the crop was compared. In the second and third ones alternatives for the control were sought. The first and second experiments were carried out in 100 L pots, in open area and, the third experiment in ratoon of fourth to fifth cropping. In the first one levels of 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 and 100,000 specimens/plant were inoculated, individually. In the second one it was tested Agrolmin ® (humic and fulvic acids extracted from peat), Agrolmin plus nematophagous fungi (FN), Pochonia chlamydosporia, FN, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Carbofuran and the Control with and without nematodes. In the third experiment were tested: Agrolmin 10:0:10 [Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1)], Agrolmin Nitro (600 L.ha-1), FN (0.5 L.m linear -1)], FN (1 L.m linear-1) Formulation of FN (FFN) in Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1), FFN in Agrolmin Nitro (600 L.ha-1), Carbofuran (6 L.ha-1) and Control. In the three experiments it was analyzed the population dynamics of the nematodes as well biometric and quantitative assessments of the plants at the end. It was observed that the variety CTC2 is susceptible to P. zeae and intolerant to P. brachyurus which was more aggressive. The FN increased productivity, especially when associated with Agrolmin. The parasitism of H. dihystera reduced M. javanica population, but caused damage to the crop. The FFN in Agrolmin Nitro (300 L.ha-1) reduced populations of P. zeae and M. javanica and increased productivity by 14.6 Mg.ha-1, compared to control