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A espÃcie Tagetes erecta Linn, vulgarmente conhecida como Tagetes, à nativa do MÃxico. Suas flores sÃo cultivadas, colhidas e processadas numa importante escala industrial como fonte de alto valor de corante, da famÃlia dos carotenÃides. A forma de utilizaÃÃo do Tagetes à como pÃtalas desidratadas e concentrados, que sÃo usados como aditivos na alimentaÃÃo para melhoria da pigmentaÃÃo de pele e ovos de galinhas. Conduziu-se um experimento na Chapada do Apodi (CE), nos meses de junho, julho, agosto, setembro, outubro e novembro de 2003. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial (6x5x4), sendo seis Ãpocas, cinco tipos (trÃs hÃbridos e duas variedades) de Tagetes com quatro espaÃamentos de plantio (0,10 m; 0,15 m; 0,20 m e 0,25 m) nas seguintes densidades de (200.000; 133.333; 100.000; 80.000), respectivamente, com trÃs repetiÃÃes por tratamento. A variedade V1 (hÃbrido F150011) foi em mÃdia a mais produtiva, com 25,47 t/ha. Em todas as Ãpocas de plantio, o hÃbrido F150011 foi o que mostrou o maior nÃmero de flores por hectare e seguidas das variedades V4 (A5893 P) e V5 (A0861P) com o nÃmero de flores por hectare de (0,48 milhÃes de flores/ha e 0,53 milhÃes de flores/ha). A maior altura foi encontrada na variedade V2(F1 80447) com mÃdia de 88,92 cm. O hÃbrido F1 50011 obteve o maior diÃmetro mÃdio de flor (7,06 cm). Diante disso, constatou-se que, quanto menor o nÃmero de flores, maior o seu peso individual, com conseqÃente maior produÃÃo de pÃtalas por flor. O hÃbrido F1 50011 foi superior sobre as demais com o maior nÃmero de flores/ha em todas as densidades de plantio estudadas. Verificou-se que na 5 e 6 Ãpoca de plantio (perÃodo chuvoso) os espaÃamentos 20cm e 25cm entre plantas, mostraram-se mais adequado para o hÃbrido F150011 (20,22 t/ha e 19,78 t/ha) e no perÃodo seco ( 1Â, 2 e 3 Ãpocas) as maiores produÃÃes de flores, para a mesma variedade, foram obtidas nas densidades maiores (200.000 e 133.333 plantas/ha) nos espaÃamentos 10 e 15 cm. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar, nas condiÃÃes climÃticas do semi-Ãrido nordestino, diferentes variedades hÃbridas e de polinizaÃÃo aberta de Tagetes, em diferentes densidades e Ãpocas de plantio, para obtenÃÃo de maior produtividade de flores. / The specie Tagetes erecta, commonly known as marigold, it is native of Mexico. The flowers are cultivated, picked and processed in an important one scale industrial as source of high color value, of the family of the caroteno ids. The form of use of the marigold is as dehydrated petals and concentrated, that are used as addictive in the feeding for improvement of the skin pigmentation and eggs of poultry. An experiment field conditions was carried out from June to November 2003, in the Plated of Apodi, Limoeiro do Norte, CearÃ, Brazil. The treatments consisted of three hybrid varieties and two varieties of open pollination, constituting the plots, in four planting densities (0,10m; 0.15; 0,20m and 0,25m) x 0,50m, constituted the split-plot and evaluated in si x planting, with three repetitions. The variety V1 (hybrid F150011) it was on average the most productive, with 25,47 t /ha. In all of the planting period, the variety F1 50011 presented the largest number of flowers for hectare and the variedades V4 (A5893 P) and V5 (A0861P) presented the smallest number of flowers for hectare (0,48 million flowers /ha and 0,53 million flowers /ha, respectively). To cultivate V2 (F1 80447) he/she obtained the largest height, with average of 88,92cm. The variedade F1 50011 showed to smallest plant height, although the plant height doesn't have influences on the total weight of flowers This same variety also presented the largest diameter medium of flower (70,66mm). Concluded that as smaller the number of flowers, larger it individual weight, with larger consequent production of petals for flower. The variety F1 50011 presented the largest number of flowers /ha in all of the planting densities studied, where in the planting densities (200.000 and 133.333 plants /ha), were almost obtained 2,0 million flowers. It was verified that in the 5a. and 6a. planting (rainy period) the 20cm and 25cm spacing among plants, best for the variety F1 50011 (20,22 t /ha and 19,78 t /ha, respectively) and in the dry (1st, 2nd and 3rd) period, the larg est productions of flowers, were obtained in the smaller densities (200.000 e 133.333 plants/ha).

The objective this present study was developed a protocol of surface disinfection of marigold seeds; through immersion of seeds in etanol solution 70%, for 30 s. followed by different times of immersion in 2,5% sodium hypoclorite solution (0, 10, 20 e 30 min) plus one drop of detergent commercial; selected a methodology by break barries to germination of marigold seeds of calendula in vitro (immersion in sulfuric acid absolute during 5 min; immersion in cloridric acid absolute during 5 min; removal of tegument and imbibiton of seeds in water destilled, during 12 h; imbibiton of seeds in water destilled, during 12 h; control). Beyond tested growth regulators concentrations (absence of growth regulators; 0,01 mg L-1 of ANA; 0,5 mg L-1 of BAP; 1 mg L-1 of BAP; 1,5 mg L-1 of BAP, in a factorial model) what induce the induction of calli in leaf segments from ex vitro and in vitro culture; evaluate the regeneration potential in vitro culture from marigold seeds in presence and absence of growth regulators (absence of growth regulators; 0,5 μ mol of ANA; 2μ mol of BAP; 3μ mol of BAP; 4 μ mol of BAP; 5 μ mol of BAP; 6μ mol of BAP; 7μ mol of BAP, in a factorial model); evaluate the influences of in vitro culture time in calli regeneration formed under growth regulators concentrations and different concentration of growth regulators (absence of growth regulators; 2μ mol of BAP and 0,5 μ mol of ANA; 5 μ mol of BAP and 0,5 μ mol of ANA; 6 μ mol of BAP and 0,5 μ mol of ANA; 7μ mol de BAP and 0,5 μ mol of ANA; containing old calli; containing young calli, in a factorial model) in regeneration and type formed. Verified was that the immersion in 2,5% sodium hypoclorite solution for 30 min coupled with the removal of tegument promoted the in vitro germination of marigold seeds and making a surface disinfection satisfactory of seeds; not is necessary of supplementation with cytokinins to promote the rhizogenesis in marigold; is necessary the addiction of BAP the nutrient medium to occur calogenesis in leaf segments from the in vitro culture and in seeds, need to be great concentration that growth regulator if the culture is made in the ANA presence; for calogenesis in leaf segments coming of ex vitro culture, not is necessary increase the BAP concentration in ANA presence; for regeneration of aerial parts from seeds not is necessary the BAP supplementation or ANA; for regeneration of roots from seeds not is necessary BAP presence or ANA, however with ANA addiction become necessary BAP supplementation; the calogenesis is favored the use of BAP; calli more tumid were verified in growth regulators presence; young calli in ANA and BAP absence and presence induced formation of spongy calli and of green calli; young calli are more efficient to regenerate aerial parts. / Constituíram objetivos desse trabalho: desenvolver um protocolo de desinfestação superficial de sementes, através da imersão das sementes em solução de etanol a 70%, por 30 s.,seguido de diferentes tempos de imersão em solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% (0, 10, 20 e 30 min) acrescida de uma gota de detergente comercial; selecionar uma metodologia para a superação da barreira para a germinação de sementes de calêndula in vitro; utilizando-se diferentes métodos de superação dessa barreira (imersão em Ácido Sulfúrico absoluto durante 5 min; imersão em Ácido Clorídrico absoluto durante 5 min; retirada do tegumento e embebição das sementes em água destilada, durante 12 h; embebição das sementes em água destilada, durante 12 h; controle). Além de testar concentrações de fitorreguladores (ausência de fitorreguladores; 0,01 mg L-1 de ANA; 0,5 mg L-1 de BAP; 1 mg L-1 de BAP; 1,5 mg L-1 de BAP, em esquema bifatorial)que induzam à formação de calos em segmentos foliares oriundos de cultivo in vitro e ex vitro de calêndula; avaliar o potencial de regeneração no cultivo in vitro a partir de sementes de calêndula utilizando diferentes concentrações de fitorreguladores (ausência de fitorreguladores; 0,5 μ mol de ANA; 2μ mol de BAP; 3μ mol de BAP; 4 μ mol de BAP; 5 μ mol de BAP; 6μ mol de BAP; 7μ mol de BAP, em esquema bifatorial) e avaliar a influência do tempo de cultivo e das diferentes concentrações de fitorreguladores (ausência de fitorreguladores; 2μ mol de BAP e 0,5 μ mol de ANA; 5 μ mol de BAP e 0,5 μ mol de ANA; 6 μ mol de BAP e 0,5 μ mol de ANA; 7μ mol de BAP e 0,5 μ mol de ANA; contendo calos velhos; contendo calos jovens, em esquema bifatorial) na regeneração e no tipo de calo formado. Foi verificado que a imersão em solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% por 30 min aliada à remoção do tegumento promovem a germinação in vitro de sementes de calêndula efetuando uma desinfestação superficial satisfatória das sementes utilizadas; não há necessidade de suplementação com citocininas para promover a rizogênese em calêndula; é necessária a adição de BAP ao meio nutritivo para ocorrer a calogênese em segmentos foliares oriundos de cultivo in vitro e em sementes, devendo ser maior a concentração desse fitorregulador se o cultivo for efetuado na presença de ANA; no caso de calogênese em segmentos foliares advindos de cultivo ex vitro, não é necessário aumentar a concentração de BAP na presença de ANA; para a regeneração de partes aéreas a partir de sementes não é necessária a suplementação de BAP nem de ANA; para a regeneração de raízes a partir de sementes não é necessária a presença de BAP nem de ANA, contudo com a adição de ANA torna-se necessária a suplementação com BAP; a calogênese é favorecida pela utilização de BAP; calos mais intumescidos foram verificados na presença de fitorreguladores; calos, na presença de ANA e de BAP, induzem à formação de calos esponjosos e de calos verdes; calos jovens são mais eficientes para regenerar partes aéreas.

<p>Savremene svetske tendencije upućuju na sve &scaron;iru primenu<br />ekstrakata lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja, kako u prehrambenim<br />proizvodima&ndash; funkcionalna hrana, tako i u proizvodima<br />farmaceutske i kozmetičke industrije. Ekstrakti biljnog<br />materijala, dobijeni primenom ugljendioksida pod pritiskom,<br />sadrže termički nepromenjene aktivne komponente, te se<br />poslednjih godina sve vi&scaron;e primenjuju u farmaceutskoj i<br />prehrambenoj industriji.<br />Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je da se ispita mogućnost<br />inkorporiranja ekstrakta nevena (<em>Calendula officinalis</em> L.), kao<br />farmakolo&scaron;ki aktivne materije, u mikrokapsule sa ciljem za&scaron;tite<br />od spolja&scaron;njih uticaja, produžetka njegovog delovanja i<br />pro&scaron;irenja mogućnosti primene.<br />Za dobijanje ekstrakata nevena primenjeni su postupci<br />ekstrakcije ugljendioksidom u tečnom i superkritičnom stanju.<br />Definisani su uslovi pri kojima je moguće dobiti ekstrakat sa<br />visokim sadržajem etarskog ulja, nosiocem gastro-intestinalnog<br />delovanja (200 bar, 40^oC). Totalni ekstrakt dobijen pod ovim<br />uslovima ekstrakcije je odabran za dobijanje mikrokapsula.<br />Ispitivana je mogućnosti primene polimer&ndash;PAM interakcije<br />nejonskih derivata celuloze- hidroksipropilmetil celuloze<br />(HPMC) i anjonske PAM- natrijum dodecilsulfata (SDS), za<br />formiranje omotača mikrokapsula. Primenom konduktometrijske<br />i viskozimetrijske metode, određene su karakteristične<br />koncentracije pri kojima HPMC&ndash;SDS interakcija započinje i<br />zavr&scaron;ava se. Definisan je uticaj osobina molekula HPMC<br />(molekulska masa, stepen supstitucije, vrsta supstituenta) i<br />temperature na &scaron;irinu intervala interakcije i obja&scaron;njeni<br />mehanizmi njihovog povezivanja, sa osvrtom na strukturu i<br />osobine formiranih HPMC/SDS komleksa. Reolo&scaron;kim<br />ispitivanjima pri različitim uslovima definisane su promene u<br />pona&scaron;anju sistema u zavisnosti od HPMC&ndash;SDS interakcije.<br />Ispitivan je uticaj interakcije na osobine 20% emulzija<br />suncokretovog ulja u vodi određivanjem njihovih reolo&scaron;kih<br />osobina, veličina i raspodela veličina kapi i praćenjem<br />stabilnosti. Utvrđeno je da se u oblasti najizraženije HPMC&ndash;SDS interakcije, odnosno kada se na granici faza ulje-voda<br />nalazi umrežen HPMC/SDS kompleks, dobijaju emulzije<br />najveće stabilnosti, sa njajmanjim srednjim prečnikom kapi.<br />Su&scaron;enjem emulzija, primenom spray drying postupka,<br />dobijene su mikrokapsule uljnog sadržaja, stabilizovane<br />kompleksom HPMC/SDS. Najbolje karakteristike mikrokapsula<br />(mehanička otpornost, morfolo&scaron;ke karakteristike, sposobnost<br />redispergovanja, veličina i raspodela veličina čestica i količina<br />inkapsuliranog ulja), dobijene u oblasti najizraženije interakcije.<br />Dodatak odabranog CO₂ ekstrakta nevena u uljnu fazu<br />emulzija ne menja značajno njihove osobine, kao ni osobine iz<br />njih dobijenih mikrokapsula.<br />Ispitivanja sprovedena u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji<br />pokazala su da se osobine kompleksa polimer/PAM mogu<br />iskoristiti za mikrokapsulaciju ulja kao nosača farmakolo&scaron;ki<br />aktivnih materija.</p> / <p>Contemporary global trends in food- functional food,<br />pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry as well have been<br />focused on a wider medical plants extracts application during<br />the recent decade. Plant extracts obtained by means of carbon<br />dioxide under high pressure contained all unchanged active<br />compounds from plant, so that they have became more<br />popular for application in food and pharmaceuticals recently.<br />The aim of this thesis was to investigate the possibility to<br />incorporate marigold extract (<em>Calendula officinalis</em> L.), as a<br />pharmacologicaly active compound, into microcapsules in<br />order to protect them from surrounding medium, improve<br />their activity and enlarge application.<br />Marigold extracts were obtained by means of carbon<br />dioxide- CO2 under subcritical and supercritical conditions.<br />Extraction conditions under which obtained extract has high<br />content of essential oil, responsible for gastrointestinal<br />activity, were determined (200bar and 40^oC). Total extract<br />obtained under such conditions, was chosen for microcapsule<br />preparation. Application possibility of polymer&ndash;surfactant<br />interaction between non-ionic cellulose derivativehydroxypropylmethyl<br />cellulose (HPMC) and anionic<br />surfactant- sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) to microcapsule<br />wall formation was investigated. Characteristic<br />concentrations at which interaction starts and ends were<br />determined by means of conductometric and viscometric<br />measurements. The influence of HPMC molecular<br />characteristics (molecular weight, degree of substitution and<br />substituents kind) and temperature on interaction were<br />determined and, considering the structure and characteristics<br />of HPMC/SDS complexes, binding mechanism was<br />explained. The changes in HPMC-SDS system caused by<br />their interaction were defined by rheological investigations<br />that took place under various conditions.<br />The influence of interaction on the properties of 20%<br />sunflower oil/water emulsion was investigated by rheology<br />measurement, particle size and particle size distribution<br />determination and stability testing. It was provided that<br />emulsions prepared in the region of pronounced HPMC&ndash;SDS<br />interaction, where HPMC/SDS complex is adsorbed at the</p><p>o/w interface, have highest stability and smallest particle<br />mean diameter.<br />Microcapsules were obtained by spray drying of<br />emulsions stabilized with HPMC/SDS complex. The best<br />characteristics (mechanical resistance, morphological<br />characteristics, redispersing ability, particle size and particle<br />size distribution and amount of encapsulated oil) have<br />microcapsules obtained in the region of most pronounced<br />interaction.<br />Addition of marigold CO₂ extract in to the oil phase of<br />emulsions has no significant influence neither on their, nor on<br />corresponding microcapsules characteristics<br />Investigations conducted in this thesis showed that<br />characteristics of polymer/surfactant complexes can be used<br />in microencapsulation of oil as carrier of pharmacologically<br />active compounds</p>

Ultraviolet colouration of flowers varies both among and within species. The significance of these patterns and differences among them was usually associated with a visual per- ception of pollinators. In this study we examine the variation of marsh marigold's (Caltha palustris) bull's-eye pattern on a basis of 289 observed individuals from 32 distinct locati- ons. The variation of this pattern is shown to be quite large within separate locations and the pattern is predictably changing according to latitude. This trend of darker colouration towards the equator is an another example of a more widely understood Gloger's rule in the plant kingdom. The effect of ultraviolet radiation appears to be one of the most likely causes of this phenomenon. Hereafter we analyse the weakness of this explanation, the gaps in current knowledge and propose possible directions of further research. Keywords: ultraviolet, bull's-eye, marsh marigold, Caltha palustris, Gloger's rule

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilmar_Franzener.pdf: 521065 bytes, checksum: a750f49965ab340e0084ddc88e2023d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-03 / The aim of this work was evaluate the potential of the aqueous extract (EA) of Tagetes patula against Meloidogyne incognita in tomato plants. EA of flowers, leaves and roots were obtained by infusion in the proportion of 50 g of vegetable dehydrated material in 1000 mL of distilled water. EA was tested in vitro on eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita without dilution and diluted 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 (extract:water, v/v) and in plants of tomato cv. "Kadá" cultivated in pots, without dilution and diluted 1:1. For in vivo assays, EA were sprayed in the leaves, soil or both, and weekly for eight weeks, just in the transplanting (one week before inoculation with pathogen), and together or one week after inoculation. EA of flowers, leaves and roots inhibited the hatching, the mobility, and caused mortality of J2 in vitro. Greater effect nematicide was obtained with roots extract that promoted the mortality of up to 68% of J2. In tomato plants were not obtained satisfactory results with just an application of EA, independent of the time and application forms, so much in the development of plants as in the galling and M. incognita reproduction. Weekly applications promoted increase in the plants development and inhibited the galling and the nematode population. Greater results were obtained by flower EA, following by leaves and smaller or non results with root EA. EA of flower without dilution inhibited in up to 62.2% the galling and 61.5 and 52.8% the number of J2 in the soil and eggs in the roots, respectively. Applications in the soil and in the aerial part presented similar results. These results indicate the potential of T. patula EA, maily of flowers, in tomato plants protection to M. incognita, and that, possibly, besides of nematicide or nematostatic effect, involves the enhances resistance of the plants to nematode / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito protetor do extrato aquoso (EA) de Tagetes patula em tomateiro a Meloidogyne incognita. EA de flores, folhas e raízes foram obtidos por infusão na proporção de 50 g de material vegetal desidratado em 1000 mL de água destilada. O EA foi testado in vitro sobre ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita sem diluição e diluído 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 e 1:4 (extrato:água, v/v) e em plantas inoculadas de tomateiro cv. Kadá cultivadas em vasos, sem diluição e diluído 1:1. In vivo os EAs foram aplicados somente na parte aérea, no solo ou em ambos, semanalmente até oito semanas, somente no transplante (uma semana antes da inoculação), somente na inoculação e uma semana após a inoculação. Os EAs de flores, folhas e raízes inibiram a eclosão e a motilidade, e causaram mortalidade de J2 in vitro. Maior efeito nematicida foi obtido com extrato de raíz que promoveu a mortalidade de até 68% dos J2. Em plantas de tomateiro não foram obtidos resultados expressivos com apenas uma aplicação de EA, independente da época e forma de aplicação, tanto no desenvolvimento de plantas como na formação de galhas e reprodução de M. incognita. Aplicações semanais promoveram efeito positivo no desenvolvimento das plantas e negativo na formação de galhas e na população do nematóide. Melhores resultados foram obtidos pelo EA de flor, seguido de folhas e menores ou nenhum com EA de raiz. EA de flor sem diluição inibiu em até 62,2% a formação de galhas e 61,5 e 52,8% o número de J2 no solo e de ovos nas raízes, respectivamente. Aplicações no solo e na parte aérea apresentaram resultados semelhantes. Estes resultados indicam o potencial do EA de T. patula, sobretudo de flores, em proteger tomateiro a M. incognita, e que, possivelmente, além de efeito nematicida e/ou nematostático, envolve o aumento da resistência das plantas ao nematóide.

<p>U ovom istraživanju je utvrđen uticaj primjene biostimulatora na morfolo&scaron;ke i fiziolo&scaron;ke parametre rasta i razvoja, te na mineralni sastav kod sezonskog cvijeća, kadifice i stalnocvjetajuće begonije.&nbsp; Uticaj biostimulatora je ispitan kroz tri godine istraživanja u za&scaron;tićenom prostoru i na otvorenom polju. Istraživanje je provedeno na mladim biljkama-rasadu prije presađivanja i na odraslim biljkama. U fazi rasada primjenjen je biostimulator Radifarm, a u fazi odraslih biljaka primjenjeni su biostimulatori Megafol, Kendal i Viva.&nbsp; Tretman sa primjenjenim biostimulatorima, u sve tri godine istraživanja i oba načina uzgoja, je značajno uticao na povećanje svježe i suhe mase korijena i nadzemnog dijela ispitivanih cvjetnih vrsta. Takođe, svi praćeni morfolo&scaron;ki parametri rasta i razvoja bili su pod pozitivnim uticajem tretmana biostimulatorima. Kod rasada kadifice i stalnocvjetajuće begonije, tretman Radifarmom je snizio sadržaj prolina u listovima te se i na taj način potvrdio pozitivan uticaj biostimulatora na smanjenje abiotskog stresa. Svi primjenjeni biostimulatori su značajno ubrzali cvjetanje i produžili vrijeme cvatnje u poređenju sa kontrolnim biljkama. Tretmani biostimulatorima su uticali na povećanje ukupnog sadržaja svih elemenata ishrane u cijelim biljkama kadifice i stalnocvjetajuće begonije. Rezultati pokazuju korist primjene biostimulatora u uzgoju sezonskog cvijeća u fazi rasada, ali i u fazi uzgoja na otvorenom polju, jer pozitivno utiču na procese rasta i razvoja kroz ublažavanje abiotskog stresa uzrokovanog presađivanjem. Na kraju, javlja se potreba za daljim istraživanjem mogućnosti primjene biostimulatora i na druge poljoprivredne kulture, kao preporučljive tehnolo&scaron;ke mjere za&scaron;tite životne sredine, jer primjenom biostimulatora ne dolazi do ispiranja azotnih materija u dublje slojeve zemlji&scaron;ta.</p> / <p>This research showed the effect of biostimulant application on morphophysiological growth and development indicators and plant mineral content of seasonal flowers, marigold and begonia.&nbsp; Biostimulant effect was investigated in three years, where plants were grown in greenhouse and in open field. Young seasonal plants before transplanting and adult plants after transplanting in open field were analysed to determine the influence of biostimulant application. Biostimulant Radifarm was applied before transplanting, and Megafol, Kendal and Viva after transplanting.&nbsp; Treatment with applied biostimulants, in three years of investigation and both growing conditions, significantly increased root and stem fresh and dry weight of seasonal flowers. Also, all morphological properties were under positive influence of biostimulants treatment. Furthermore, treatment with biostimulant Radifarm resulted by lower proline content in leaves, which confirmed positive effect biostimulant on abiotical stress conditions. All applied biostimulants, significantly increased earlier flowering and ensured longest flowering in marigold and begonia. The most significant influence of biostimulants application in role of plant nutrition was increased mineral nutrients total content in the whole plant in both sampling.&nbsp; Results showed advantage of biostimulants application in seasonal flowers seedlings production, but also after transplanting in open filed, because their application intensified growth process through damage reduction caused by abiotic stress during transplanting. At the end, there is a need for further investigation of biostimulant function, their application possibilities on others agricultural plants and their combinations in modern agriculture towards environmental friendly production strategy.</p>

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på om Bollywoodfilmer innehåller korta eller långa sekvenser med mindre ingående eller mer ingående sekvenser med religiöst innehåll. Detta har genomförts genom att jag först har skaffat en bakgrundskunskap om filmindustrin Bollywood, om Indien, och om hinduismen.</p><p>                      För att genomföra undersökningen studerades fem Bollywoodfilmer och alla sekvenser med religiöst innehåll antecknades. Dessa sekvenser analyserades sedan och fick antingen stämpeln kort, mindre ingående eller längre, mer ingående.</p><p>                       Resultatet blev att antalet sekvenser i filmerna varierar väldigt mycket från film till film. En film kunde innehålla endast kortare mindre ingående sekvenser eller många korta mindre ingående sekvenser och flera längre mer ingående sekvenser. Något som dock påverkade antalet sekvenser i filmerna var speltiden, de längre filmerna innehåller fler sekvenser än de kortare filmerna.</p><p>Slutresultatet är att de kortare, mindre ingående sekvenserna är klart dominerande i Bollywoodfilmer.</p><p> </p><p>Nyckelord: Bollywood, hinduismen, Indien, Tid av glädje tid av sorg, Paheli, Lagaan, Marigold, Devdas.</p>

Abstract Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på om Bollywoodfilmer innehåller korta eller långa sekvenser med mindre ingående eller mer ingående sekvenser med religiöst innehåll. Detta har genomförts genom att jag först har skaffat en bakgrundskunskap om filmindustrin Bollywood, om Indien, och om hinduismen.                       För att genomföra undersökningen studerades fem Bollywoodfilmer och alla sekvenser med religiöst innehåll antecknades. Dessa sekvenser analyserades sedan och fick antingen stämpeln kort, mindre ingående eller längre, mer ingående.                        Resultatet blev att antalet sekvenser i filmerna varierar väldigt mycket från film till film. En film kunde innehålla endast kortare mindre ingående sekvenser eller många korta mindre ingående sekvenser och flera längre mer ingående sekvenser. Något som dock påverkade antalet sekvenser i filmerna var speltiden, de längre filmerna innehåller fler sekvenser än de kortare filmerna. Slutresultatet är att de kortare, mindre ingående sekvenserna är klart dominerande i Bollywoodfilmer.   Nyckelord: Bollywood, hinduismen, Indien, Tid av glädje tid av sorg, Paheli, Lagaan, Marigold, Devdas.

This study investigated the potential of companion planting as a strategy to aid in the management of Helicoverpa armigera in tomato and capsicum cropping systems. The investigaitons showed that a companion planting type system is unlikely to confer any benefits to the management of H. armigera in these crops. The project has contributed to the understanding of H. armigera host selection and how the pest responds to a diversified environment. Companion planting and vegetational diversity are strategies for reducing pest incidence on crops. Many theories have been devised to explain how introducing more than one plant species to a cropping space may reduce the incidence of a pest. Five ecological theories formed the basis of experiments in this study: The resource concentration hypothesis - Herbivores are more likely to find and remain on hosts that are growing in dense or nearly pure stands (Root, 1973). Associational resistance/Plant apparency - Crop plants grown as monocultures are more apparent to herbivorous insects than plants in diverse natural systems (Tahvanainen and Root, 1972). Trap cropping – the use of plants within a cropping area to attract oviposition away from the main crop (Banks and Ekbom, 1999). The ability of H. armigera to learn in regard to host seleciton (Cunningham et al., 1998a). The natural enemies hypothesis - generalist and specialist natural enemies are expected to be more abundant in diverse rather than simple systems (Root, 1973) A tall variety of sorghum (the forage variety Chopper) was tested for its ability to disrupt host location. Sorghum was planted around plots of tomatoes to act as a screen to disrupt visual cues for host location by Helicoverpa spp. No difference was found in egg numbers on tomatoes with or without sorghum companions. However, significantly higher numbers of Helicoverpa spp. larvae were found in the sorghum at flowering than in the tomatoes. This suggested the sorghum was acting as a trap crop, diverting oviposition away from the tomato crop. However, due to a short period of flowering and therefore peak attractiveness to H. armigera, sorghum was not considered to be a suitable companion plant for inclusion in commercial tomato production systems. A host preference study was conducted to determine the preferences of H. armigera for crop plants and possible companions in the hope of finding a suitable trap crop species. Tomatoes were shown to be a highly preferred plant making it difficult to find a compatible trap crop species that would be more attractive than the main crop. However, capsicums were less prefered and therefore more suitable for this type of experimentation. Marigolds were also found to be a highly preferred plant and formed the basis for further investigations into trap cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted in successive years in two geographical locations to assess the suitability of marigolds as a trap crop for capsicums in a field situation. However, in both years H. armigera incidence was extremely and unusually low leading to inconclusive results. A glasshouse experiment was performed to assess if the ratio of capsicum plants to marigolds plants had an effect on which species H. armigera would choose for oviposition. It was found that as more capsicum plants were introduced, moths became less likely to oviposit on the supposedly more preferred marigold plant. The diminishing attractiveness of a more preferred host in the presence of other hosts is a new observation of H. armigera behaviour. This result suggests that marigolds would be unlikely to be a successful trap crop in a field situation. The ability of H. armigera to learn in regard to host selection and the influence of this on host selection in the field was investigated. No evidence of learning was found. This was the first study investigating the effect of learning in a field situation; previously the behaviour had only been investigated in a laboratory situation (Cunningham, et al. 1998a). The ability of the Australian assassin bug, Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to predate H. armigera larvae on capsicum plants was investigated. This predator has been sucessfully been used for H. armigera management in cotton (Grundy, 2000b), but had not been investigated in horticultural crops. Significant reductions in larvae were achieved in treatments where assassin bugs were introduced. This predator warrants further investigation for inclusion in commercial integrated pest managment programs for capsicums. Pest repellent plants were also considered. Previous to this study, very little research work had been conducted on repellent plants for H. armigera. The herbs investigated were catnip (Nepta cataria), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), basil (Ocium basilicum) and coriander (Coriander sativum). An olfactometer system was designed and built to test H. armigera moths’ responses to odours from the herbs. Glasshouse experiments were also conducted. No repellent activity was recorded with any of the herbs tested. The results of this study support the theory that Helicoverpa spp. employ a strategy of passive host selection as suggested by Firempong (1986). This means that all available plants in an area may be oviposited on with successful ovipostion and larval development leading to the future utilisation of a species as a host plant. The implication of this finding is that in-field trap cropping is unlikely to be a successful strategy for reducing H. armigera oviposition in tomato or capsicum production systems in Australia. In cotton crops in Australia, trap cropping is used as part of an area wide management strategy and aims to reduce the total Helicoverpa spp. population of a region. Such a strategy may also be successful in horticultural crops but only with the full participation of the growers of all crops that are attractive to H. armigera in a horticultural growing region. Due to the diverse nature of horticultural production this may be a difficult task.