DUARTE, R.L.R. Cultivo de variedade de tagetes erecta linn na Chapada do Apodi(Ce), em diferentes densidades e época de plantio. 2006. 79 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Fitotecnia) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2006. / Submitted by Aline Nascimento (vieiraaline@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-04-29T20:23:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Tese_rlrduarte.pdf: 1760985 bytes, checksum: 8d20920980aa78a48a38ec4c07b3952b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Nascimento(vieiraaline@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-04-29T20:27:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Tese_rlrduarte.pdf: 1760985 bytes, checksum: 8d20920980aa78a48a38ec4c07b3952b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-29T20:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Tese_rlrduarte.pdf: 1760985 bytes, checksum: 8d20920980aa78a48a38ec4c07b3952b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / The specie Tagetes erecta, commonly known as marigold, it is native of Mexico. The flowers are cultivated, picked and processed in an important one scale industrial as source of high color value, of the family of the carotenoids. The form of use of the marigold is as dehydrated petals and concentrated, that are used as addictive in the feeding for improvement of the skin pigmentation and eggs of poultry. An experiment field conditions was carried out from June to November 2003, in the Plated of Apodi, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil. The treatments consisted of three hybrid varieties and two varieties of open pollination, constituting the plots, in four planting densities (0,10m; 0.15; 0,20m and 0,25m) x 0,50m, constituted the split-plot and evaluated in six planting, with three repetitions. The variety V1 (hybrid F150011) it was on average the most productive, with 25,47 t /ha. In all of the planting period, the variety F1 50011 presented the largest number of flowers for hectare and the variedades V4 (A5893 P) and V5 (A0861P) presented the smallest number of flowers for hectare (0,48 million flowers /ha and 0,53 million flowers /ha, respectively). To cultivate V2 (F1 80447) he/she obtained the largest height, with average of 88,92cm. The variedade F1 50011 showed to smallest plant height, although the plant height doesn't have influences on the total weight of flowers This same variety also presented the largest diameter medium of flower (70,66mm). Concluded that as smaller the number of flowers, larger it individual weight, with larger consequent production of petals for flower. The variety F1 50011 presented the largest number of flowers /ha in all of the planting densities studied, where in the planting densities (200.000 and 133.333 plants/ha), were almost obtained 2,0 million flowers. It was verified that in the 5a. and 6a. planting (rainy period) the 20cm and 25cm spacing among plants, best for the variety F1 50011 (20,22 t /ha and 19,78 t /ha, respectively) and in the dry (1st, 2nd and 3rd) period, the largest productions of flowers, were obtained in the smaller densities (200.000 e 133.333 plants/ha). / A espécie Tagetes erecta Linn, vulgarmente conhecida como Tagetes, é nativa do México. Suas flores são cultivadas, colhidas e processadas numa importante escala industrial como fonte de alto valor de corante, da família dos carotenóides. A forma de utilização do Tagetes é como pétalas desidratadas e concentrados, que são usados como aditivos na alimentação para melhoria da pigmentação de pele e ovos de galinhas. Conduziu-se um experimento na Chapada do Apodi (CE), nos meses de junho, julho, agosto, setembro, outubro e novembro de 2003. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial (6x5x4), sendo seis épocas, cinco tipos (três híbridos e duas variedades) de Tagetes com quatro espaçamentos de plantio (0,10 m; 0,15 m; 0,20 m e 0,25 m) nas seguintes densidades de (200.000; 133.333; 100.000; 80.000), respectivamente, com três repetições por tratamento. A variedade V1 (híbrido F150011) foi em média a mais produtiva, com 25,47 t/ha. Em todas as épocas de plantio, o híbrido F150011 foi o que mostrou o maior número de flores por hectare e seguidas das variedades V4 (A5893 P) e V5 (A0861P) com o número de flores por hectare de (0,48 milhões de flores/ha e 0,53 milhões de flores/ha). A maior altura foi encontrada na variedade V2(F1 80447) com média de 88,92 cm. O híbrido F1 50011 obteve o maior diâmetro médio de flor (7,06 cm). Diante disso, constatou-se que, quanto menor o número de flores, maior o seu peso individual, com conseqüente maior produção de pétalas por flor. O híbrido F1 50011 foi superior sobre as demais com o maior número de flores/ha em todas as densidades de plantio estudadas. Verificou-se que na 5ª e 6ª época de plantio (período chuvoso) os espaçamentos 20cm e 25cm entre plantas, mostraram-se mais adequado para o híbrido F150011 (20,22 t/ha e 19,78 t/ha) e no período seco ( 1ª, 2ª e 3ª épocas) as maiores produções de flores, para a mesma variedade, foram obtidas nas densidades maiores (200.000 e 133.333 plantas/ha) nos espaçamentos 10 e 15 cm. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar, nas condições climáticas do semi-árido nordestino, diferentes variedades híbridas e de polinização aberta de Tagetes, em diferentes densidades e épocas de plantio, para obtenção de maior produtividade de flores.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la composición química del extracto acuoso y etanólico de las hojas frescas de Tagetes elliptica Sm. “chincho” y determinar su actividad antibacteriana, antifúngica in vitro y su aplicación en un alimento andino. La especie vegetal fue obtenida en el centro poblado de Molinos de la provincia de Jauja de la Región Junín. El extracto etanólico se obtuvo por maceración con etanol de 96°y la determinación de la composición química se realizó por el método de Cromatografía de Gases/Espectrómetría de Masas (CG/EM), determinándose los siguientes componentes químicos: dianhydrodulcitol, ceanothine c, resorcinol, pirocatecol, 2-(2-butinil)ciclohexanona, z, z-6,24-tritricontadien-2-ona y 5-hexil-2,4-dimetiloxazol, Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica in vitro del extracto acuoso demostrándose que no tiene actividad antibacteriana frente a las bacterias: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa en ninguna de las concentraciones ensayadas de 100, 50 y 25 mg/mL respectivamente. El extracto etanólico de Tagetes elliptica Sm. “chincho” mostró actividad frente a Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25933 y Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, en las tres concentraciones trabajadas, pero no presenta actividad contra Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 y Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. La actividad mostrada frente a Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa no es significativa, ya que a la concentración de 25 mg/mL, el halo de inhibición presentado fue menor de 18 mm. La actividad antifúngica del extracto etanólico frente a Candida albicans ATCC 10231 fue inactivo. El extracto acuoso y etanólico de Tagetes elliptica Smith, debe su fragancia a la composición química que posee su aceite esencial y ejerce actividad antibacteriana debido al resorcinol y pirocatecol; compuestos fenólicos a los que se les atribuiría la actividad antibacteriana, predominando su aroma y sabor en el alimento integrado en el potaje andino denominado pachamanca. / The objective of the study was to evaluate the composition chemistry of aqueous and alcoholic extract and fresh leaves of Tagetes elliptica Sm. ethanolic “chincho” and determine the antibacterial and antifungal activity in vitro and its application in an andean food. The plant species was obtained in the town of mills in the province of Jauja in the Region Junín. The summary was obtained by the method of maceration with ethanol of 96°. The chemical composition is determined by the Mass Spectrometer/gas Chromatograph (GC /MS). The determination of the antibacterial and antifungal activity was determined by the method of diffusion in agar, against the strains of the following microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25933, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 , Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853; also against the yeast Candida albicans ATCC 10231. With the aqueous extract was its application in an andean food. The analysis GC/MS determined the following chemical components: dianthydrodulcitol, ceanothine c, resorcinol, pirocatecol, 2-(2-butynyl)cyclohexanone, -, z, z-6, 24-tritriacontadien-2one, and 5-hexyl-2,4-dimethyl oxazole, Evaluation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity in vitro of the aqueous extract not showed antibacterial activity against S.aureus, B.subtillis, E.coli and P.aeruginosa at any of the concentrations tested of 100, 50 and 25 mg/mL respectively. Ethanolic extract of Tagetes elliptica Sm. "chincho" showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25933, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 worked three concentrations and not having any activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The activity shown against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not significant, since the concentration of 25 mg/mL, the zone of inhibition presented wasn't more than 18 mm. The antifungal activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract was inactive, the aqueous extract and Tagetes elliptica Sm, ethanolic should its fragrance chemical composition which has its essential oil and antimicrobial activity because of resorcinol and pirocatecol; phenolic compounds that it would endow them antimicrobial activity, dominate aroma and flavor in the andean food integrated into the Andean stew called pachamanca. Key words. Tagetes elliptica Smith, pachamanca, Antibacterial, antifungal.

Tagetes minuta L. is a weedy herb that has been a rich source of fragrant oils, used as in the perfume and flavour industry. T. minuta achenes germinate erratically under field conditions. However, at the optimal germination temperature of 25 °C, 100 % germination is attained within 48 h of imbibition. The achenes are thermoinhibited at 35 °C. The aims of this project were to assess the role of cytokinins (CKs) in normal germination at 25 °C, and to investigate the factors that regulate thermoinhibition at 35 °C. CKs were extracted from achenes germinating at 25 °C at 0, 24; 48; 96 and 144 h after imbibition. Two different purification techniques were used, namely Dowex cation exchange resin followed by paper chromatography, or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). CK-like activity was tested with the soybean callus bioassay. With both techniques, a peak in CK-like activity appeared 24 h after imbibition, which coincides with the period during which most of the achenes germinated. For quantitative analysis, HPLC\mass spectrometry (MS) techniques were used. The isoprenoid CKs were far more abundant in T. minuta achenes than the aromatic CKs. cis-Zeatin (cZ) and its derivatives were the most abundant CKs. In total, 19 CK compounds were detected, including 4 free bases and a number of corresponding conjugates. Benzyladenine (BA) was the only aromatic CK detected. There was no common time at which active free base maximal concentrations were detected, suggesting that different CKs may have specific roles in the germination process, and thus peak at different times. This in turn suggests that germination is not a single process, but rather a correlative process involving a number of events, with specific CKs having specific roles relating to these correlative events. There is sufficient evidence obtained from both the soybean callus bioassay and HPLC/MS analysis to suggest that CKs have an active role in T. minuta germination. A decline in free BA during germination without corresponding conjugation, suggests that BA is actively used in early germination processes, possibly in the stimulation of DNA synthesis. Secondly, there was a distinct dihydrozeatin (DHZ) peak obtained at 24 h. Roughly 75 % of the achenes germinate between 16 and 26 h, thus it is likely that DHZ has an active role during the germination of T. minuta. Although CKs are probably not involved in the breaking of dormancy per se, the distinct peak in CK-like activity obtained in the bioassays, 24 h after imbibition, suggests that CKs have an active role in the germination of T. minuta. With respect to the regulation of thermoinhibition, a number of exogenous treatments were applied, including hormones [gibberellins (GA₄₊₇), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene and a number of CKs], adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and incubation in 100 % oxygen. ABA was extracted from thermoinhibited and germinating achenes to assess the role of ABA in thermoinhibition and germination. While exogenous 0.1 mg L¯¹ GA₄₊₇ application slightly improved normal germination at 25°C, no treatments were effective in alleviating thermoinhbibition in T. minuta achenes. Thermoinhibition in T. minuta achenes may be under hormonal regulation, as there is strong evidence for the role of ABA in the maintenance of dormancy and thermoinhbition. High ABA levels were found in dry control samples. Additionally, exogenous ABA application inhibited normal germination, and the commencement of germination was accompanied by a decrease in endogenous ABA levels. A number of experiments relating to the imposition of thermoinhibition were carried out. Thermoinhibition appears to be very rapidly imposed. Germination is rapidly inhibited following shifting to higher thermoinhibitory temperatures, even after prolonged exposure to optimal germination temperatures. Results suggest active de novo biosynthesis of ABA in thermoinhibited achenes. Active biosynthesis of ABA during thermoinhibition suggests that this phytohormone is essential in the maintenance of thermoinhibition of T. minuta achenes. It thus appears that ABA is synthesized in the achenes in response to elevated temperatures that are unfavourable for germination to proceed. Unfavourable environmental conditions result in an achene-mediated inhibition of germination, which appears to be initiated and maintained by elevated levels of endogenous ABA. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

As an alternative to testing nutrient components separately, four common media formulations were used: Murashige and Skoog (MS), Driver and Kuniyuki (DKW), woody plant medium (WPM) and Anderson's revised medium (AND). Each medium was tested separately. Then high salts formulation (MS and DKW) were mixed with low salts formulation (WPM and AND) at a half and half concentration. In total, eight different media were tested spanning high, intermediate and low nutrient salts concentrations. To test the media two different plant species were chosen, a woody species Hydrangea quercifolia (oakleaf hydrangea) and an herbaceous species Tagetes erecta (African marigold). Nodal explants were harvested from H. quercifolia `Dayspring' stock plants grown in raised beds in a greenhouse. After being disinfested, explants were placed on the eight treatment media, along with 1.0 µM benzyladenine (BA) and 1.0 µM indolebutryic acid (IBA). In addition to the plant growth regulators (PGR's), 10 ppm Orthene insecticide and 150 ppm Benlate fungicide were included in the tested media to prevent contamination from a spider mite infestation. Explants placed on WPM were significantly different than explants on other media. WPM explants initiated growth the most, but elongation was sluggish and leaves showed signs of deficiencies after 8 to 10 weeks in vitro. Intermediate salts media DKW/WPM and DKW/AND had fewer explants initiate growth then explants on WPM, but the few that did elongated. These explants had the maximum lengths of any other explant on all other treatments. Tagetes erecta `Marvel Orange' seeds were sown in polyethylene flats in a lab under cool white fluorescent lamps. After about a month apical shoot tips were harvested, surface disinfested, and placed in vitro on the eight treatment media, with the same PGR's and additives as the hydrangea experiment. Tagetes explants responded substantially faster than the Hydrangea explants, with growth initiating on all treatments within a week. Initially there were significant differences between treatments, but after 3 months in vitro there were no differences between treatments. Although no data was taken, there was observed differences between the treatment media. Explants on low salts media of WPM and AND show signs of nutrient deficiencies, with high salt media showed no deficiencies. Overall the best growth of axillary shoots was seen on high salt media of MS and DKW.

A espÃcie Tagetes erecta Linn, vulgarmente conhecida como Tagetes, à nativa do MÃxico. Suas flores sÃo cultivadas, colhidas e processadas numa importante escala industrial como fonte de alto valor de corante, da famÃlia dos carotenÃides. A forma de utilizaÃÃo do Tagetes à como pÃtalas desidratadas e concentrados, que sÃo usados como aditivos na alimentaÃÃo para melhoria da pigmentaÃÃo de pele e ovos de galinhas. Conduziu-se um experimento na Chapada do Apodi (CE), nos meses de junho, julho, agosto, setembro, outubro e novembro de 2003. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial (6x5x4), sendo seis Ãpocas, cinco tipos (trÃs hÃbridos e duas variedades) de Tagetes com quatro espaÃamentos de plantio (0,10 m; 0,15 m; 0,20 m e 0,25 m) nas seguintes densidades de (200.000; 133.333; 100.000; 80.000), respectivamente, com trÃs repetiÃÃes por tratamento. A variedade V1 (hÃbrido F150011) foi em mÃdia a mais produtiva, com 25,47 t/ha. Em todas as Ãpocas de plantio, o hÃbrido F150011 foi o que mostrou o maior nÃmero de flores por hectare e seguidas das variedades V4 (A5893 P) e V5 (A0861P) com o nÃmero de flores por hectare de (0,48 milhÃes de flores/ha e 0,53 milhÃes de flores/ha). A maior altura foi encontrada na variedade V2(F1 80447) com mÃdia de 88,92 cm. O hÃbrido F1 50011 obteve o maior diÃmetro mÃdio de flor (7,06 cm). Diante disso, constatou-se que, quanto menor o nÃmero de flores, maior o seu peso individual, com conseqÃente maior produÃÃo de pÃtalas por flor. O hÃbrido F1 50011 foi superior sobre as demais com o maior nÃmero de flores/ha em todas as densidades de plantio estudadas. Verificou-se que na 5 e 6 Ãpoca de plantio (perÃodo chuvoso) os espaÃamentos 20cm e 25cm entre plantas, mostraram-se mais adequado para o hÃbrido F150011 (20,22 t/ha e 19,78 t/ha) e no perÃodo seco ( 1Â, 2 e 3 Ãpocas) as maiores produÃÃes de flores, para a mesma variedade, foram obtidas nas densidades maiores (200.000 e 133.333 plantas/ha) nos espaÃamentos 10 e 15 cm. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar, nas condiÃÃes climÃticas do semi-Ãrido nordestino, diferentes variedades hÃbridas e de polinizaÃÃo aberta de Tagetes, em diferentes densidades e Ãpocas de plantio, para obtenÃÃo de maior produtividade de flores. / The specie Tagetes erecta, commonly known as marigold, it is native of Mexico. The flowers are cultivated, picked and processed in an important one scale industrial as source of high color value, of the family of the caroteno ids. The form of use of the marigold is as dehydrated petals and concentrated, that are used as addictive in the feeding for improvement of the skin pigmentation and eggs of poultry. An experiment field conditions was carried out from June to November 2003, in the Plated of Apodi, Limoeiro do Norte, CearÃ, Brazil. The treatments consisted of three hybrid varieties and two varieties of open pollination, constituting the plots, in four planting densities (0,10m; 0.15; 0,20m and 0,25m) x 0,50m, constituted the split-plot and evaluated in si x planting, with three repetitions. The variety V1 (hybrid F150011) it was on average the most productive, with 25,47 t /ha. In all of the planting period, the variety F1 50011 presented the largest number of flowers for hectare and the variedades V4 (A5893 P) and V5 (A0861P) presented the smallest number of flowers for hectare (0,48 million flowers /ha and 0,53 million flowers /ha, respectively). To cultivate V2 (F1 80447) he/she obtained the largest height, with average of 88,92cm. The variedade F1 50011 showed to smallest plant height, although the plant height doesn't have influences on the total weight of flowers This same variety also presented the largest diameter medium of flower (70,66mm). Concluded that as smaller the number of flowers, larger it individual weight, with larger consequent production of petals for flower. The variety F1 50011 presented the largest number of flowers /ha in all of the planting densities studied, where in the planting densities (200.000 and 133.333 plants /ha), were almost obtained 2,0 million flowers. It was verified that in the 5a. and 6a. planting (rainy period) the 20cm and 25cm spacing among plants, best for the variety F1 50011 (20,22 t /ha and 19,78 t /ha, respectively) and in the dry (1st, 2nd and 3rd) period, the larg est productions of flowers, were obtained in the smaller densities (200.000 e 133.333 plants/ha).

This diploma thesis deals with description and evaluation of Tagetes L. varieties, according to predetermined descriptors. It also deals with its historical, morphological, cultivating and introductory historical aspects. A total of 28 varieties of taxaTagetes patula L., 7 varieties of taxa Tagetes erecta L. and 6 varieties of taxa Tagetes tenuifolia Cav., were evaluated. Their seeds were obtained from the gene resources of VÚRV Prague - Ruzyně (Gene Bank), from breeding companies Volmary (Germany), SEMO a.s. (Czech Republic) and Petunia Černý (Czech Republic). The observation results are summarized in the commented tables, which are recording the monitored characters of the varieties in the descriptor point scale as well as in the specific found values. The comparison of the individual varieties can be the basis for the recommendations of the best varieties for both breeders or gardeners as well as for use in public greenery.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Determina los componentes químicos del aceite esencial de Tagetes elliptica y su actividad anti-Trypanosoma cruzi. Utiliza el aceite esencial (AE) que se obtuvo por destilación de arrastre con vapor de agua. La elucidación estructural fue por CG-FID y por CG-SM Hewlett-Packard 6890 computarizado. La actividad anti-Trypanosoma cruzi (a-Tc) in vitro se ensayó a concentraciones de 50, 100, 250 y 500 μg/mL de AE, en epimastigotes cultivados en medio LIT, incubados a 37°C/48 horas, como control positivo se usó cristal violeta. La actividad a-Tc in vivo, se determinó en ratones albinos infectados con tripomastigotes sanguíneos, a 100 y 250 mg/kg de AE y con 100 mg/kg de benznidazol. La actividad citotóxica del AE contra células mamíferas se evaluó en células RAW 264,7 y la toxicidad aguda oral a dosis límite en ratones albinos. La elucidación reportó 40 estructuras moleculares del AE, siendo los principales: cis/trans-epoxymirceno (56,84%), myrceno (8,06%), dihidrotagetona (5,43%), trans-tagetona (2,21%), cis-tagetona (1,54%) y citral (0,20%). El AE inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de los epimastigotes, con una CI50=93,33 μg/mL. La parasitemia en ratones a 250 mg/kg/día de AE se redujo significativa desde 113,92 ± 25,66 hasta 74,60 ± 12,37 tripomastigotes/mL (p<0,05), y a 100 mg/kg/día con una reducción hasta 77,40 ± 14,93 tripomastigotes/mL (p<0,05). No hubo variación significativa de la concentración de óxido nítrico y tampoco se evidenció citotoxicidad. A dosis límite de AE no provocó signos ni síntomas de toxicidad. Discusión: el mecanismo molecular anti-Trypanosoma cruzi del AE, apunta a sus blancos moleculares del parásito: cruzipaína, acidocalcisomas, biosíntesis de esteroles de membrana, trans-sialidasa y tripanotiona reductasa. Concluye que el AE de T. elliptica tiene efecto anti-Trypanosoma cruzi debido a sus componentes bioactivos, tanto in vitro como in vivo, y califica como “no tóxica” para las células mamíferas. / Tesis

When imbibed at their optimum germination temperature of 25°C, achenes of Tagetes minuta L. germinate over a period of approximately 48 h. At temperatures of between 35°C and 39°C, the achenes do not germinate but enter into a state of thermoinhibition. These supra-optimal conditions do not harm the achenes, however, and when the temperature is reduced below 35°C radicle emergence may be observed within 4 h. Achenes which have been thermoinhibited for periods of 24 h or more show "accelerated germination" which takes only 24 h, although the actual germination curve is identical to that of normally germinated achenes. This suggests that the achenes are metabolically active at thermoinhibitory temperatures and undergo most of the processes of normal germination, but that at some point any further development is halted, preventing radicle emergence. When the temperature is reduced, this block on germination is removed and since the achenes are already primed for germination, this occurs within a short time. An analysis of the proteins produced by germinating and thermoinhibited achenes was conducted using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). This procedure was able to resolve approximately 40 different protein bands, but no differences were observed between thermoinhibited and germinating achenes. Two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (20-PAGE) was able to resolve approximately 200 individual polypeptides. The vast majority of polypeptides in T. minuta achenes are acidic, although the number of neutral to basic polypeptides increases as germination progresses. Ten polypeptides were identified which were specific to thermoinhibited achenes. These formed two distinct groups on the twodimensional gels. The larger group contained seven proteins, ranging in size from 22 kDa to 26.7 kDa and with isoelectric points of between 3.0 and 4.0. The smaller group contained three polypeptides with molecular weights of about 14 kDA and a pi of approximately 3.0. These polypeptides were all extremely specific to thermoinhibited achenes and declined rapidly when the incubation temperature was reduced, in a manner which correlated with an increase in the germinability of the achenes. Several characteristics of the expression of these polypeptides were similar to characteristics of embryo-dormancy in seeds where dormancy is thought to be actively imposed by the expression of specific dormancy-associated genes. This, along with the very tightly-regulated nature of these 10 polypeptides, suggests that thermoinhibition in T. minuta may be regulated through gene expression and that these ten polypeptides may represent the products of genes responsible for preventing radicle emergence at unfavourable temperatures. Since these polypeptides were only resolved using silver-staining and could not therefore be used for amino acid sequence analysis, this hypothesis was further investigated using differential display of mRNA to isolate genes which are expressed specifically in thermoinhibited achenes. A large number of cDNA fragments which were specific to either germinating or thermoinhibited achenes were identified and extracted from the differential display gels. Those cDNAs specific to the thermoinhibited achenes were taken for further analysis. Of the 62 fragments excised from the gels, 25 could be reamplified to generate single bands of the correct size on agarose gels. A further 22 cDNAs produced multiple bands, where one band was much brighter than the others and correlated with the size of the original fragment. Thirteen of the cDNAs which' generated single bands were cloned into the plasmid vector pGEM®-T Easy and transformed into either Escherichia coli JM109 or E. coli XL1-Blue. Recombinant colonies were identified using blue-white colour selection and the presence of the insert confirmed by colony blotting and restriction analysis. Three clones were chosen for each of the cDNAs. Reverse northern analysis confirmed that all 39 clones were specific to the mRNA pool of thermoinhibited achenes. High quality sequence data were obtained for 27 of the cDNA samples, the remainder appeared to have been degraded in transit. Alignment of the various sequences revealed that a total of 14 different sequences had been cloned, indicating that several of the bands isolated from the differential display gels contained multiple sequences. Electronic homology searches tentatively identified three of the sequences, whilst the remainder did not show significant homology to any known sequences. Of the cDNAs identified in this way, one may encode a plant transcription factor-like or nuclear RNA-binding protein whilst the other two may encode an RNase-L Inhibitor-like protein and a miraculin homologue. The potential roles of such genes in the imposition or maintenance of the thermoinhibited state are discussed. Although further research needs to be conducted to isolate full length cDNA sequences and to determine their exact expression patterns in germinating and thermoinhibited achenes, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that thermoinhibition in T. minuta achenes is under positive genetic control in a manner analogous to embryo dormancy. This thesis represents the first molecular study of thermoinhibition as well as the first report of active control over this phenomenon in any species. Since thermoinhibition, unlike dormancy, can be rapidly imposed and released under strictly controlled conditions without the need for any dormancy breaking treatment, T. minuta achenes represent an excellent model system for studies on the molecular control of seed germination. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 boueri_ma_dr_botfca.pdf: 1482518 bytes, checksum: df61b62b867cede173d8788a6d059095 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / The objective of this work was to apply the energy balance method partition of the available solar energy, in the processes of evaporation (latent heat), heating of air and the plants (sensible heat) and in the heating of the ground (flux of heat in the ground), in the Tagetes patula crop, inside and outside a greenhouse; and to compare the values of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) measured in water table lysimeters, with that estimated by the energy balance method, in two environments. The experiment was carried on the experimental area of the Department of Natural Resources - Section Environmental Sciences of the College of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, in the period from 21/05 to 09/08/02. The experimental area was constituted of two areas of 280m2, being one at field conditions and the other in greenhouse arch type, with covering of polyethylene of low density (HDPE), light spreading, with 150ìm of thickness, and polypropylene screen with 50% reduction of the solar radiation in the laterals. The results showed that the net radiation was distributed in 102% for LE, 2% for H and 9% for G inside a greenhouse. In the field condition, the distribution was of 95%, 14% and 13% for LE, H and G, respectively. The values of LE/Rn above of 100% must it the advection effect, having lateral transport of energy of the neighboring area for the culture, representing additional source of energy (lateral profit) for the evapotranspiration. Although the constructive characteristics of the water table lysimeters sheet allow that the superficial irrigations can be excused, in these conditions not the evaporation of the ground or the slowness in the hair ascension for interruption of the capillarity in the first centimeters of ground, more transpiration occurs. The evapotranspiration for the Bowen ratio method, presented average values of 50 and 55% greaters to the measured ones for the lysimeters... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_diane_bender_schiavon.pdf: 500386 bytes, checksum: 48fa2cd250b94f5f938cb28a34fe2107 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Bovine Mastitis is a disease that causes high damage to milk production. Phytotherapy is the basis of Tagetes minuta L. can be used for disease control agroecological production units. The study aimed to evaluate application of antiseptics from medicinal plant from the postmilking teat disinfection. The treatments consisted of commercial iodine with treatment 1, used as teat pos-dipping on the right side, and hydro alcoholic extract from leaves of Tagetes minuta and macerated seeds Linum usitatissimum L., both at 10%, used on teats left as pos-dipping, cows in a commercial production unit that had, in average of 60 milking animals during the experiment that lasted 12 weeks. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was evaluated using the CMT test once a week. Test mug of dark background was done at all milking. Sample of milk from all quarters was collected weekly for the isolation and characterization of present microorganisms . The incidence of new intramammary infections was calculated using the number of infection-free days by quarters, counted by weekly analysis of milk from all quarters in blood agar culture, as the denominator and the number of new cases as the numerator, defined as culture positive by Staphylococcus spp. or Streptococcus spp. in Sampling of milk per room. The index was corrected to 1000 / 4 days. Exclusion criteria: infection with Streptococcus spp or Staphylococcus spp in early labor and up to two weeks after a collection microbiologically positive. Animals with two successive collections negative after a positive were considered cured and reintroduced in the counting of days without infection. The chi-square test was used to compare the frequency of events between treatments. The CMT's weekly prevalence ranged in group 1 between 29.5% and 17.1%, and group 2 from 29.7% to 19.6%, not significantly different in any of weeks. The incidence of positive cultures for Staphylococcus / Streptococcus was 3.93 and 6.96 / 1000 / 4 / day for Groups 1 and 2 respectively, p = 0.057. There were four cases of mastitis clinic during the experiment, two in each treatment. We concluded the use of plant extracts for the disinfection of teats pos-dipping can be useful systems for milk production agro ecological. / Mastite bovina é a doença que causa os maiores prejuízos na produção leiteira. A fitoterapia a base de Tagetes minuta pode ser utilizada para controle da enfermidade em unidades de produção agroecológicas. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a aplicação de anti-sépticos obtidos de planta medicinal na desinfecção de tetos pós-ordenha. Os tratamentos consistiram em iodo comercial como tratamento 1, utilizado como pós-dipping nos tetos do lado direito, e extrato hidroalcoolico de folhas de Tagetes minuta L. e macerado de sementes de Linum usitatissimum L., ambos à 10%, utilizados nos tetos esquerdos como pos-dipping de vacas em uma unidade de produção comercial que possuía, em média, 60 animais em ordenha durante o experimento que teve duração de 12 semanas. A prevalência de mastite sub-clínica foi avaliada utilizando o teste de CMT uma vez por semana. Teste da caneca de fundo escuro foi realizado em todas as ordenhas. Amostra de leite de todos os quartos foi coletada semanalmente para isolamento e caracterização dos microrganismos presentes. A incidência de novas infecções intra-mamárias foi calculada utilizando o número de dias livres de infecção por quarto, contados pela análise semanal de leite de todos os quartos em cultura de Agar sangue, como denominador, e o número de casos novos como numerador, definido como cultura positiva para Staphylococcus spp. ou Streptococcus spp. na amostragem do leite por quarto. O índice foi corrigido para 1000 quartos dia. Foram critérios de exclusão: infecção por Streptococcus spp ou Staphylococcus spp no início do trabalho e até duas semanas após uma coleta microbiologicamente positiva. Animais com duas coletas sucessivas negativas após uma positiva foram considerados curados e reintroduzidos na contagem de dias sem infecção. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparação das frequências dos eventos entre os tratamentos. A prevalência semanal do CMT variou no grupo 1 entre 29,5% e 17,1%, e no grupo 2 de 29,7% a 19,6%, não diferindo significativamente em nenhuma das semanas. A incidência de cultura positiva para Staphylococcus/Streptococcus foi de 3,93 e 6,96/1000 quartos/dia para os grupos 1 e 2 respectivamente, com p=0,057. Houve quatro casos de mastite clínica durante o experimento, dois em cada tratamento. Concluímos que o uso de extratos de plantas na desinfecção de tetos pós-ordenha pode ser útil aos sistemas de produção de leite agroecológico.