Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is widely produced in Africa, parts of Asia, the Caribbean and tropical America. In Brazil, yam production areas are confined in the Northeast region with greatest production in the states of Pernambuco, Paraíba and Bahia. Among the constraints to yams, the dry rot disease caused by the nematodes Scutellonema bradys and Pratylenchus spp. is the most important on commercial and seed tubers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the soil-incorporated organic amendment on the population densities of the causal agents of dry rot disease of yam, under greenhouse and field conditions. In the first experiment the above ground parts of Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca, Tagetes erecta and T. patula were incorporated to the soil. Healthy sprouting yam tubers were planted and 20 days later the plants were inoculated with a mixed population of S. bradys and P. coffeae. Pots were arranged on greenhouse benches in a completely randomized design with six treatments (including the control) and eight replications. Five months after yam planting, the nematode populations were assessed. The second experiment was carried out in naturally infested field with a mixed population of P. coffeae and S. bradys, in Quebrangulo county (Alagoas state, Brazil) in a randomized block design with five treatments and five replications. The organic matter sources used as soil amendments were: coconut husk powder, castor bean cake, cow dung and chicken manure. Non amended soil was used as a control. At nine months after planting date the tubers were harvested. No control was achieved through the soil amendment in both experiments. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O inhame (Dioscorea spp.) é produzido em larga escala em países da África Ocidental, do Extremo Oriente, do Caribe e da América Tropical. No Brasil, é produzido principalmente no Nordeste. Pernambuco, Paraíba e Bahia são os principais produtores, onde são cultivadas as espécies D. cayenensis e D. alata para alimentação humana. Entre os principais problemas fitossanitários da cultura, a casca preta ou podridão seca, causada pelos nematoides Scutellonema bradys e Pratylenchus spp., destaca-se como o mais importante, incidindo em túberas comerciais e túberas-semente. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar a influência da incorporação de materiais orgânicos ao solo sobre a densidade populacional dos nematoides causadores da casca preta. A primeira etapa do trabalho foi conduzida em casa de vegetação, no CECA/UFAL, sendo que foram incorporadas ao solo, as partes aéreas de Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca, Tagetes erecta e T. patula. Após essa etapa, foi efetuado o plantio de inhame e, decorridos 20 dias, as plantas foram inoculadas com uma população mista de S. bradys e P. coffeae. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos (incluindo a testemunha) e oito repetições. A avaliação das populações dos nematoides foi realizada cinco meses após o plantio do inhame. A segunda etapa foi realizada em campo, no município de Quebrangulo, Estado de Alagoas, onde foram aplicados ao solo naturalmente infestado com população mista de S. bradys e P. coffeae, os seguintes tratamentos: pó de coco, torta de mamona, esterco bovino, esterco de galinha, além da testemunha. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Nove meses após o plantio, foi efetuada a colheita das túberas. Os diferentes tratamentos não foram eficientes no controle da casca preta nos dois experimentos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValdeniseCarbonari.pdf: 1055775 bytes, checksum: e976999256cd5a4f5688e399dc339522 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-03 / The experiment was carried out in the medicinal garden of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados- UFGD, in Dourados-MS, from the period of March 2005 to September 2006.The aim was to evaluate the yield of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen in the mono-crop system and inter-cropped with Tagetes erecta L. and Ocimum basilicum L in red distroferric latossol with or without semi-decomposed poultry litter. The study objects were Suma-F, Tagetes-C and Basil-M in mono-crops and the consortia of two Suma, three Tagetes - F2C3 and three Basil - F2M3 lines, all of them with and without semi-decomposed poultry litter soil. Ten experimental designs were arranged in randomized blocks, with four repetitions. The two Suma spacing rows were of 0,50 cm and the three Basil and Tagetes rows were of 0,35 cm. Suma aerial parts fresh and dry masses productions were higher (13,22 t ha-1 and 4,39 t ha-1, respectively) in mono-crops, independently on the use of poultry litter. Nevertheless, none of the experimental designs influenced the dry and fresh masses and root number in Suma which were on average 10,02 e 2,07 t ha-1 and 41.7916 roots ha-1, respectively. Roots diameter was higher (23,5 mm) in the inter-crop with Basil. Tagetes floral capitula dry and fresh masses productions were higher (14,28 t ha-1and 12,78 t ha-1, respectively) inter-cropped with Suma but only the capitula fresh masses productions were higher with the use of poultry litter. Basil aerial parts productions were higher in consortium, independently on which species; however, they were not influenced by the use of the poultry litter. Equivalent area rate EAR for the Suma consortium with Tagetes was 2, 15 with the poultry litter and 1, 99 without the poultry litter and for Basil it was 2, 44 with the poultry litter and 3,08 without the poultry litter. As the values were higher than 1, 0, they indicate that the consortia were effective / O experimento foi conduzido no Horto de Plantas Medicinais, da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados- UFGD, em Dourados-MS, no período de março de 2005 a setembro de 2006. O objetivo foi avaliar a produção da Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen nos sistemas de cultivo solteiro e consorciado com Tagetes erecta L. e Ocimum basilicum L, em solo Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sem e com incorporação de cama-de-frango semidecomposta. Os fatores em estudo foram a fáfia-F, o cravo-C e o manjericão-M solteiros e os consórcios com duas fileiras de fáfia e três de cravo-F2C3 e duas fileiras de fáfia e três de manjericão - F2M3, todos sem e com incorporação ao solo de cama-de-frango de corte semidecomposta. Os dez tratamentos foram arranjados no delineamento blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os espaçamentos entre as duas fileiras de fáfia foram de 0,50 m e entre as três fileiras de manjericão ou cravo, de 0,35 m. As produções de massas frescas e secas da parte aérea da fáfia foram maiores (13,22 t ha-1 e 4,39 t ha-1, respectivamente) no cultivo solteiro, independente do uso da cama-de-frango. Por outro lado, nenhum dos tratamentos influenciou as massas frescas e secas e o número de raízes da fáfia, que foram, em média, de 10,02 e 2,07 t ha-1 e 41.7916 raízes ha-1, respectivamente. O diâmetro das raízes foi maior (23,5 mm) no consórcio com o manjericão. As produções de massas frescas e secas dos capítulos florais do cravo foram maiores (14,28 t ha-1e 12,78 t ha-1, respectivamente) no consórcio com a fáfia, mas apenas as produções de massas frescas dos capítulos foram maiores com o uso da cama. As produções de partes aéreas do manjericão foram maiores no consórcio, independente com qual espécie; porém, não foram influenciadas pelo uso da cama. A razão de área equivalente - RAE para o consórcio da fáfia com o cravo foi de 2,15 com cama e de 1,99 sem cama e com o manjericão, foi 2,44 com cama e de 3,08 sem cama. Como os valores foram maiores que 1,0, indicam que os consórcios foram efetivos

The diploma thesis deals with content substances with antioxidant effects in green spice. In the literary part, green spices, antioxidants are defined, and lesser known species are introduced, as well as the determination methods used in the practical part. In the practical part are given the individual determinations. The DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant capacity, to determine the nitrate content ISE method was used, the flavonoids were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteaue reagent, and the standard in the phenols was gallic acid. Vitamin C was determined by liquid chromatography.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 waldemirpereiralima_tese.pdf: 266828 bytes, checksum: 4d3bfe97aba0900f9364737e7267f696 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-18 / Tropical diseases have been a phenomenon of global concern, and among them the Dengue, because the mosquito that transmits the virus, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), became out of control, and new outbreaks have been discovered each day. Several means have been used in an attempt to control the insect life cycle. However, the indiscriminate use of many agents took the insect to develop some resistance to them. New perspectives are emerging as we find in nature means to control these mosquitoes. Is the case of essential oil of Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) which, according to recent studies, plays an important role in the control of insects, including the Aedes aegypti. Objectives: develop a procedure for feeding female Aedes aegypti that does not cause stress in Swiss Balb/C mice, evaluate the toxicity and residual effect of essential oil of Tagetes minuta L (Asteraceae) on populations of Aedes aegypti. Methods: Swiss Balb/C mice were anesthetized arranged in the cage for feeding female mosquitoes for a period of one hour, three times a week. The essential oil was used in concentrations of 0,2 mL L-1; 0,225 mL L-1; 0,25 mL L-1; 0,275 mL L-1 and 0,3 mL L-1 starting from an initial dilution of 200mL L-1 in acetone, in one hundred third-stage larvae coming from Bauru-SP, São José do Rio Preto-SP, respectively, sensitive and resistant to temephos, and one hundred larvae of Rockefeller-USA. The tests were performed in four times, with three replicates for three consecutive days. Results: There was no pain or stress observed in mice during blood feeding by Ae aegypti. There was no difference between populations for susceptibility to Tagetes minuta L. and tests showed LC50 of 0,24; 0,25 and 0,21 mL L-1 and CL99, 9 at 0,35; 0,39 and 0,42 mL L- 1, respectively, for Rockefeller, Bauru and São José do Rio Preto. There was no residual effect of the oil. Conclusions: Sedation of Swiss Balb/C mice has provided it serve as a food source for female Aedes aegypti without pain or stress, and can be used by other researchers, since it was approved by the Ethics Committee of Animal Experiments (CEEA) of this institution. The LC50 of Tagetes minuta L. were equal, respectively, for larvae of the Rockefeller strain, Bauru, São José do Rio Preto, and the CL99, 9 were equal, respectively, for larvae of the Rockefeller strain, Bauru, São José do Rio Preto. The resistance of larvae to temephos had no effect on lethal action exerted by the essential oil of Tagetes minuta L. Tests for evaluation of a residual oil after a week of contact, had zero mortality. The essential oil of Tagetes minuta L can be used as an alternative larvicide against Aedes aegytpi, however new studies are needed in order to isolate the fraction of larvicidal oil and incorporate other ingredients to increase their stability so that the product can have the residual effect. / As doenças tropicais têm sido um fenômeno de preocupação mundial, e entre elas a dengue, uma vez que o mosquito transmissor dos vírus, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), tornou-se fora de controle, e novos focos têm sido descobertos a cada dia. Vários meios já foram utilizados na tentativa de controlar o ciclo de vida inseto. Entretanto, o uso indiscriminado de muitos agentes levou o inseto a desenvolver certa resistência aos mesmos. Novas perspectivas estão surgindo já que podemos encontrar na própria natureza meios de controlar esses Culicideos. É o caso do óleo essencial de Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) que, de acordo com estudos recentes, desempenha importante papel no controle de insetos, inclusive do Aedes aegypti. Objetivos: Desenvolver um procedimento de alimentação de fêmeas de Aedes aegypti que não cause estresse em camundongo Swiss Balb/C; avaliar a toxicidade e o efeito residual do óleo essencial de Tagetes minuta L (Asteraceae) em populações de Aedes aegypti. Material e métodos: Camundongos Swiss Balb/C anestesiados e sedados foram dispostos em gaiola para alimentação de fêmeas do mosquito por um período de uma hora três vezes por semana. O óleo essencial, foi utilizado nas concentrações de 0,2mL L-1; 0,225mL L-1; 0,25mL L-1; 0,275mL L-1 e 0,3mL L-1 partindo-se de uma diluição inicial de 200mL L-1 em Acetona, em cem larvas de terceiro estágio procedentes de Bauru-SP e São José do Rio Preto-SP, respectivamente, sensíveis e resistentes ao temephos, e, cem larvas de Rockefeller-EUA. Os testes foram realizados em quadriplicata, com três repetições, por três dias consecutivos. Resultados: Não foi observado dor ou estresse dos camundongos durante hematofagia pelas fêmeas de Ae aegypti. Não houve diferença entre as populações quanto à susceptibilidade a Tagetes minuta e os ensaios demonstraram CL50 de 0,24, 0,25 e 0,21mL L-1 e CL99,9 em 0,35, 0,39 e 0,42mL L-1, respectivamente, para Rockfeller, Bauru e São José do Rio Preto. Não foi observado efeito residual do óleo. Conclusões: A anestesia do camundongo Swiss Balb/C propiciou que este servisse como fonte alimentar para fêmeas de Aedes aegypti sem sofrer dor ou estresse, podendo este ensaio ser utilizado por como modelo, uma vez que foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Experimentação Animal (CEEA). As CL50 de Tagetes minuta L. foram iguais, respectivamente, para larvas da cepa Rockefeller, Bauru e São José do Rio Preto, assim como as CL99,9 que foram iguais, respectivamente, para larvas de da cepa Rockefeller, Bauru e São José do Rio Preto. A resistência das larvas do Culicideo ao temephos, não interferiu na ação letal exercida pelo óleo essencial de Tagetes minuta L. Os testes para avaliação do período residual do óleo após uma semana de contato, apresentaram mortalidade zero. O óleo essencial de Tagetes minuta L pode ser utilizado como larvicida alternativo contra Aedes aegytpi, entretanto novos estudos devem ser desenvolvidos com o objetivo de isolar a fração larvicida do óleo e incorporar outros componentes visando aumentar sua estabilidade, de maneira que o produto tenha efeito residual.

Cette étude a pour objectif d'une part, de développer une méthode d'analyse des huiles essentielles basée sur la combinaison du couplage CPG/SM et de la RMN du carbone-13, avec ou sans fractionnement, en utilisant les données de la littérature, en reconstruisant les spectres de molécules absentes de nos bibliothèques et d'autre part, de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de l'huile essentielle de diverses plantes de Madagascar, endémiques ou introduites, en les caractérisant et en décrivant une éventuelle variabilité chimique. Ces analyses nous ont permis d'identifier efficacement des composés délicats à analyser par les techniques conventionnelles (stéréoisomères, molécules thermosensibles). Nous avons également étudié six échantillons de Cedrelopsis grevei et réalisé un fractionnement poussé de l'un d'entre eux, ce qui nous a permis d'identifier de très nombreux sesquiterpènes. Enfin, nous avons montré la variabilité interspécifique des huiles essentielles du genre Helichrysum.

Pine tree substrate (PTS) is a relatively new substrate for container crop production. There are no detailed studies that elucidate how storage time impacts PTS chemical, physical, and biological aspects. The objective of this research was to determine how PTS storage time influenced PTS chemical and physical properties, nitrification, and plant growth. Pine tree substrate was manufactured by hammer-milling chips of loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) through two screen sizes, 4.76 mm (PTS) and 15.9 mm amended with peat (PTSP). PTS and PTSP were amended with lime at five rates. A peat-perlite mix (PL) served as a control treatment. Prepared substrates were placed in storage bags and stored in an open shed in Blacksburg, Virginia. Subsamples were taken at 1, 42, 84, 168, 270, and 365 days. At each subsampling day, twelve 1-L containers were filled with each substrate. Six containers were left fallow and six were planted with marigold (Tagetes erecta L. "Inca Gold") seedlings. Substrate was also collected from select treatments for Most Probable Number assays to estimate density of nitrifying microorganisms, and for chemical and physical property analyses. Pour-through extracts were collected from fallow containers at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, and from marigold containers at harvest for determination of pH, electrical conductivity, ammonium-N and nitrate-N. At harvest, marigold height, width, and dry weight were measured. At least 1 kg·m-3 lime for PTS, and 2 to 4 kg·m-3 lime for PTSP were needed to maintain pH values ≥ 5.5 for 365 days. Bound acidity of unlimed PTS increased but cation exchange capacity for unlimed PTS and PTSP decreased over 365 days. Carbon to nitrogen ratio and bulk density values were unchanged over time in all treatments. There were minor changes in particle size distribution for limed PTS and unlimed and limed PTSP. Marigold growth in PTS and PTSP was ≥ PL in all limed treatments, except at day 1. Nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms were present and nitrification occurred in PTS and PTSP at all subsampling days. Pine tree substrate is relatively stable in storage, but pH decreases, and lime addition may be necessary to offset this decrease. / Ph. D.

Der Beitrag der arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilze zur Nährstoffaufnahme und zum Wachstum von Pflanzen ist vom Genotyp des Pilzes und der Pflanze abhängig, sowie von den Umweltbedingungen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Mykorrhizapilze unterschiedlicher Herkunft verwendet. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit stand die Untersuchung der Rolle der Mykorrhiza bei der Reaktion der Pflanze auf räumlich unterschiedliches Nährstoffangebot im Boden. Als Versuchspflanzen wurden Süßkartoffel und Tagetes verwendet. Für die Arbeit wurden verschiedene Modellexperimente durchgeführt. In speziell für diese Arbeit konstruierten Gefäßen wurden nicht-mykorrhizierte und mykorrhizierte Süßkartoffelpflanzen mit organischer Substanz versorgt, die entweder gleichmäßig oder heterogen im Substrat verteilt war. In weiteren Experimenten wurde mit Hilfe von "split-root" Systemen die Wirkung arbuskulärer Mykorrhizapilze auf ein lokales Angebot von mineralischem Phosphor und Stickstoff im Boden untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurde in Versuchen Kompost räumlich konzentriert im Substrat angeboten. Die Messungen umfassten den Mykorrhizierungsgrad der Wurzel, die Entwicklung des extraradikalen Myzels, die Trockenmasse der Pflanze sowie die Konzentrationen an Phosphor und Stickstoff in der Pflanze. Eine Besiedlung der Wurzeln mit arbuskulären Mykorrhizapilzen führte in den meisten Versuchsansätzenzu einer erhöhten Nährstoffaufnahme der Pflanze und zu einem verbesserten Wachstum. Ein besonders starkes Hyphenwachstum in Bodenzonen mit viel organischer Substanz wurde jedoch nicht beobachtet. Zugabe von Kompost führte teilweise zu einem Rückgang des Mykorrhizierungsgrades. Die Verwendung von organischem Material oder Kompost im Gartenbau kann sinnvoll sein und zur Verminderung von Mineraldüngung beitragen. Optimales Pflanzenwachstum und Mykorrhizawirkung erfordern jedoch eine gute Balance zwischen Art und Menge des organischen Stoffes bzw. Komposts, den Substrateigenschaften und den Pflanzen- und Pilzgenotypen. / The actual contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to plant nutrient uptake depends on the fungal and plant genomes, and on environmental conditions. In the present study, AM fungi of different origin, for example isolated from plots with different long-term fertilizer application history, were used to quantify their contribution to plant nutrient uptake under situations of spatially heterogeneous soil nutrient distribution. Test plants for this study were sweet potato and marigold. Several model experiments were carried out. In specifically constructed growth containers, non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal sweet potato plants were supplied with organic matter either homogeneously or heterogeneously distributed in the substrate. Bacteria from a long-term organically fertilized soil were also added as a treatment. In other experiments using a split-root approach, the influence of AM fungi on the plant response to localized mineral phosphorus and nitrogen supply was studied. In a further experiment, the effects of localized compost supply on marigold plants inoculated with Glomus mosseae were investigated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased nutrient uptake and growth of plants under most conditions, also when nutrients were heterogeneously distributed in soil. However, there was no indication of increased hyphal proliferation or activity in soil spots with high organic matter. Plant phosphorus status regulated the extent of AM root colonization. The extent of AM root colonization was partly decreased by application of organic matter and of compost to the substrate. Application of organic matter and/or compost can be beneficial in horticulture and can replace mineral fertilizer use. However, optimum plant growth and mycorrhizal function require a good balance between type and amount of organic matter or compost, growth substrate properties and plant and AM fungal genotype.

El exceso de metales pesados en suelos y agua es uno de los problemas actuales más relevantes por el riesgo de toxicidad que implica su ingreso a las cadenas tróficas. El uranio (U) es un constituyente natural de todos los suelos y la mayoría de las aguas naturales, pero se encuentra en mayor concentración en algunas rocas y minerales, que pueden ser explotados para obtener concentrados de U utilizables en la generación de energía. El uso potencial de plantas para la limpieza de suelos y aguas contaminados con niveles excesivos de Uranio derivados de su manipulación está en estudio, habiéndose llegado en un caso a una instalación de rizofiltración por girasol a escala piloto. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo general la contribución al conocimiento sobre la absorción de U en plantas terrestres y sobr el comportamiento de las mismas en medios contaminados con este metal pesado. Se ha subdividido en dos objetivos específicos: 1. Estudiar la capacidad potencial de absorción de U in situ de algunas especies vegetales de aparición espontánea en un área minera; 2. Estudiar el comportamiento y tolerancia de la remolacha roja (Beta vulgaris) a distintas concentraciones de U en condiciones de hidroponía en laboratorio. El coirón (Stipa sp) fue la única especie vegetal que se encontró en todos los suelos, incluyendo las escombreras de colas de mineral, tolerando concentraciones de U en el sustrato de hasta 280 mgU kg-1. Tagetes minuta (chin-chil o chil-chil) se encontró en sustratos de hasta 280 mgU kg-1. Las dos especies de jarilla, Larrea divaricata y Larrea nitida, en cambio, sólo estuvieron presentes en sustratos con baja contaminación. En todos los casos la acumulación de U y el factor de transferencia sustrato-planta o factor de bioacumulación (FB) fueron bajos. En el cultivo hidropónico, la remolacha sobrevivió en solución nutritiva con distintas concentraciones de U agregado entre 0 y 5 mgU L-1 durante 15 días. La tolerancia al U estaría asociada a la presencia de P, e / López, SC. (2009). Estrés por uranio en plantas. Acumulación en especies vegetales de zonas mineras y estudio de respuestas fisiológicas en remolacha (Beta vulgaris) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/5764 / Palancia