Biosolids Drying is the process of producing a fertilizer product for beneficial reuse from solids produced during municipal wastewater treatment. The drying of biosolids involves the evaporation of water to stabilize the material and produce a product for beneficial use. Thermal energy needs to be transferred to the biosolids to evaporate the water and heat the solids. Energy can be provided by combustion of fuels, re-use of waste heat or solar radiation (WEF, 2014). The most common technology for biosolids drying in the United States utilizes rotary drum dryers. In these systems, fines and crushed oversized pellets produced during the drying system are mixed with dewatered biosolids upstream of the dryer to create a 55% - 65% dry biosolid in the form of pellets. Reducing the percentage of fines generated during the drying process can potentially reduce the amount of energy required for drying. In earlier research completed by Zhang (2018) it was shown that energy modifying amendments, specifically cationic polyelectrolytes, can reduce the zeta potential of biosolids in solution and possibly promote aggregation of the fines. One of the tested amendments, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC), was also shown to increase the particle size of the biosolids in solution. In this work, a bench scale drying system was designed and developed to apply the polyelectrolyte amendments to biosolids during the mixing phase, and to gauge the impact on the pellet size distribution and the percentage of fines generated after drying. It was shown that PDADMAC, which is a high charge density cationic polyelectrolyte, had a measurable, though inconsistent, impact on pellet size when applied during the mixing phase. This work also highlights the varying characteristics of biosolids and the recycled biosolids produced during the drying process. Both PDADMAC, and polyallyamine, another cationic polyelectrolyte, when applied to biosolids during the mixing phase limited the increase in fines production as the mixing time was increased prior to drying.

abstract: Rotary drums are commonly used for their high heat and mass transfer rates in the manufacture of cement, pharmaceuticals, food, and other particulate products. These processes are difficult to model because the particulate behavior is governed by the process conditions such as particle size, particle size distribution, shape, composition, and operating parameters, such as fill level and rotation rate. More research on heat transfer in rotary drums will increase operating efficiency, leading to significant energy savings on a global scale. This research utilizes infrared imaging to investigate the effects of fill level and rotation rate on the particle bed hydrodynamics and the average wall-particle heat transfer coefficient. 3 mm silica beads and a stainless steel rotary drum with a diameter of 6 in and a length of 3 in were used at fill levels of 10 %, 17.5 %, and 25 %, and rotation rates of 2 rpm, 6 rpm, and 10 rpm. Two full factorial designs of experiments were completed to understand the effects of these factors in the presence of conduction only (Case 1) and conduction with forced convection (Case 2). Particle-particle friction caused the particle bed to stagnate at elevated temperatures in Case 1, while the inlet air velocity in Case 2 dominated the particle friction effects to maintain the flow profile. The maximum heat transfer coefficient was achieved at a high rotation rate and low fill level in Case 1, and at a high rotation rate and high fill level in Case 2. Heat losses from the system were dominated by natural convection between the hot air in the drum and the external surroundings. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Chemical Engineering 2019

A conversão biológica de biomassa celulósica em combustíveis e produtos químicos oferece elevados rendimentos de produtos para a o sucesso da economia e futuramente o potencial de custos muito baixos. A hidrólise enzimática, que converte a biomassa lignocelulósica a açúcares fermentáveis é uma etapa complexa do processo. Um requisito importante no custo-eficiente no processamento de biomassa lignocelulósica é empregar um reator que assegure, ou até mesmo promova uma elevada conversão de celulose para glicose com uma mínima dosagem de enzima. O objetivo da utilização do reator é também de processar um elevado teor de matéria seca e, consequentemente, elevados níveis de celulose que conduzem a um aumento na concentração do produto. No entanto, nos processos que empregam altas cargas de sólidos, além da viscosidade elevada do meio reacional, outros fatores afetam o processo, além da inibição do produto, sendo estes as limitações decorrentes da transferência de massa e a agitação e mistura do meio. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi projetar um biorreator do tipo tambor rotativo para ser empregado no processo, em grande escala, de hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Para alcançar este objetivo foram realizados experimentos, em escala de bancada, em um protótipo já existente no laboratório. Neste equipamento foi adicionado uma carga de sólidos de 10% (p/v) (bagaço de cana de açúcar, in natura e pré-tratado) e enzima celulase (Accellerase 1500® (Danisco)). Os resultados dos experimentos no reator mostraram um aumento na concentração de glicose (L⁻&#185) convertida quando comparado com os realizados em frascos Erlenmeyer (controle). Isto ocorreu devido a melhor transferência de massa e de mistura no reator, sendo este mais eficiente, pois permite uma maior área de contacto da enzima com o substrato (bagaço). / The biological conversion of cellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals offers high yields of products for the success of the economy and future the potential for very low costs. Enzymatic hydrolysis that converts fermentable sugars in lignocellulosic biomass is a complex step in this process. An important requirement in cost-efficient in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass is to employ a reactor that will ensure, or even promote, maximal conversion of cellulose to glucose with a minimum dosage of enzyme. The purpose of using the reactor is also for to process of high dry matter contents and therefore higher levels of cellulose that will also drive up the product concentration. However, the processes that emply high solid loadings, in addition to the high viscosity of the reaction mixture and other factors than product inhibition, notably mixing and mass transfer limitations. Within this context, the aim of this work was to design a bioreactor rotary drum to be used in the process, with largescale enzymatic hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse. To achieve this objective were performed in a bench scale, with prototype already existing in the laboratory. In this equipment was added a solids loading of 10% (w/v) (sugar cane bagasse, raw and pretreated) and cellulose enzyme (Accellerase 1500® (Danisco)). The results of the reactor experiments showed an increase in glucose concentration (L⁻&#185) converted when compared with those realized in Erlenmeyer flasks (control). This occurred because the mass transfer and mixing in the reactor is more efficient because it allows greater contact area of the enzyme with the substrate (sugarcane bagasse).

A conversão biológica de biomassa celulósica em combustíveis e produtos químicos oferece elevados rendimentos de produtos para a o sucesso da economia e futuramente o potencial de custos muito baixos. A hidrólise enzimática, que converte a biomassa lignocelulósica a açúcares fermentáveis é uma etapa complexa do processo. Um requisito importante no custo-eficiente no processamento de biomassa lignocelulósica é empregar um reator que assegure, ou até mesmo promova uma elevada conversão de celulose para glicose com uma mínima dosagem de enzima. O objetivo da utilização do reator é também de processar um elevado teor de matéria seca e, consequentemente, elevados níveis de celulose que conduzem a um aumento na concentração do produto. No entanto, nos processos que empregam altas cargas de sólidos, além da viscosidade elevada do meio reacional, outros fatores afetam o processo, além da inibição do produto, sendo estes as limitações decorrentes da transferência de massa e a agitação e mistura do meio. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi projetar um biorreator do tipo tambor rotativo para ser empregado no processo, em grande escala, de hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Para alcançar este objetivo foram realizados experimentos, em escala de bancada, em um protótipo já existente no laboratório. Neste equipamento foi adicionado uma carga de sólidos de 10% (p/v) (bagaço de cana de açúcar, in natura e pré-tratado) e enzima celulase (Accellerase 1500® (Danisco)). Os resultados dos experimentos no reator mostraram um aumento na concentração de glicose (L⁻&#185) convertida quando comparado com os realizados em frascos Erlenmeyer (controle). Isto ocorreu devido a melhor transferência de massa e de mistura no reator, sendo este mais eficiente, pois permite uma maior área de contacto da enzima com o substrato (bagaço). / The biological conversion of cellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals offers high yields of products for the success of the economy and future the potential for very low costs. Enzymatic hydrolysis that converts fermentable sugars in lignocellulosic biomass is a complex step in this process. An important requirement in cost-efficient in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass is to employ a reactor that will ensure, or even promote, maximal conversion of cellulose to glucose with a minimum dosage of enzyme. The purpose of using the reactor is also for to process of high dry matter contents and therefore higher levels of cellulose that will also drive up the product concentration. However, the processes that emply high solid loadings, in addition to the high viscosity of the reaction mixture and other factors than product inhibition, notably mixing and mass transfer limitations. Within this context, the aim of this work was to design a bioreactor rotary drum to be used in the process, with largescale enzymatic hydrolysis from sugarcane bagasse. To achieve this objective were performed in a bench scale, with prototype already existing in the laboratory. In this equipment was added a solids loading of 10% (w/v) (sugar cane bagasse, raw and pretreated) and cellulose enzyme (Accellerase 1500® (Danisco)). The results of the reactor experiments showed an increase in glucose concentration (L⁻&#185) converted when compared with those realized in Erlenmeyer flasks (control). This occurred because the mass transfer and mixing in the reactor is more efficient because it allows greater contact area of the enzyme with the substrate (sugarcane bagasse).

In 2006 resin accounted for approximately 17% of the direct manufacturing costs for oriented strand board (OSB). Because of their increased dependency on pMDI-resins, this percentage is likely greater for oriented strand lumber (OSL) and laminated strand lumber (LSL). The cost of PF- and pMDI-resins is expected to face upward pressure as the cost of their primary constituents, natural gas and crude oil, continue to reach new highs. Therefore, there is strong economic incentive to optimize the use of resin in the production of these three products. This can be accomplished by addressing two key issues: reducing resin wastage and optimizing resin distribution on the strands. Both issues will be overcome by focusing on the blending process, where resin is applied to the strands. This work focused on development and use of a discrete element model (DEM) for simulating strand flow in a rotary drum blender using the EDEM software package. EDEM required the input of three material and three interaction properties. Development of the model involved creating the simulated environment (i.e. physical dimensions) and assigning appropriate material and interaction properties given this environment and the assumptions that were made. This was accomplished in two steps, completing baseline bench-top experiments and a literature review to determine appropriate parameters and initial value ranges for these properties, and then fine-tuning these values based on a validation process. Using the validated model, an exploratory study was conducted to determine the effect of four blender design and operating parameters (flight height, number of flights, blender rotational speed, and blender fill level) on bulk strand flow. The results were analyzed with regards to overall trends and by focusing on two perspectives, end users and blender manufacturers. It was found that there was a strong relationship between these key parameters and bulk strand flow. These results suggest that operating parameters of a blender, namely rotational speed and tilt angle, should be linked directly to the blender feed rate to ensure an optimal blending environment is maintained. In addition, manufacturers of blenders must take into consideration the range in final operating conditions when designing and positioning flights.

In 2006 resin accounted for approximately 17% of the direct manufacturing costs for oriented strand board (OSB). Because of their increased dependency on pMDI-resins, this percentage is likely greater for oriented strand lumber (OSL) and laminated strand lumber (LSL). The cost of PF- and pMDI-resins is expected to face upward pressure as the cost of their primary constituents, natural gas and crude oil, continue to reach new highs. Therefore, there is strong economic incentive to optimize the use of resin in the production of these three products. This can be accomplished by addressing two key issues: reducing resin wastage and optimizing resin distribution on the strands. Both issues will be overcome by focusing on the blending process, where resin is applied to the strands. This work focused on development and use of a discrete element model (DEM) for simulating strand flow in a rotary drum blender using the EDEM software package. EDEM required the input of three material and three interaction properties. Development of the model involved creating the simulated environment (i.e. physical dimensions) and assigning appropriate material and interaction properties given this environment and the assumptions that were made. This was accomplished in two steps, completing baseline bench-top experiments and a literature review to determine appropriate parameters and initial value ranges for these properties, and then fine-tuning these values based on a validation process. Using the validated model, an exploratory study was conducted to determine the effect of four blender design and operating parameters (flight height, number of flights, blender rotational speed, and blender fill level) on bulk strand flow. The results were analyzed with regards to overall trends and by focusing on two perspectives, end users and blender manufacturers. It was found that there was a strong relationship between these key parameters and bulk strand flow. These results suggest that operating parameters of a blender, namely rotational speed and tilt angle, should be linked directly to the blender feed rate to ensure an optimal blending environment is maintained. In addition, manufacturers of blenders must take into consideration the range in final operating conditions when designing and positioning flights.

In 2006 resin accounted for approximately 17% of the direct manufacturing costs for oriented strand board (OSB). Because of their increased dependency on pMDI-resins, this percentage is likely greater for oriented strand lumber (OSL) and laminated strand lumber (LSL). The cost of PF- and pMDI-resins is expected to face upward pressure as the cost of their primary constituents, natural gas and crude oil, continue to reach new highs. Therefore, there is strong economic incentive to optimize the use of resin in the production of these three products. This can be accomplished by addressing two key issues: reducing resin wastage and optimizing resin distribution on the strands. Both issues will be overcome by focusing on the blending process, where resin is applied to the strands. This work focused on development and use of a discrete element model (DEM) for simulating strand flow in a rotary drum blender using the EDEM software package. EDEM required the input of three material and three interaction properties. Development of the model involved creating the simulated environment (i.e. physical dimensions) and assigning appropriate material and interaction properties given this environment and the assumptions that were made. This was accomplished in two steps, completing baseline bench-top experiments and a literature review to determine appropriate parameters and initial value ranges for these properties, and then fine-tuning these values based on a validation process. Using the validated model, an exploratory study was conducted to determine the effect of four blender design and operating parameters (flight height, number of flights, blender rotational speed, and blender fill level) on bulk strand flow. The results were analyzed with regards to overall trends and by focusing on two perspectives, end users and blender manufacturers. It was found that there was a strong relationship between these key parameters and bulk strand flow. These results suggest that operating parameters of a blender, namely rotational speed and tilt angle, should be linked directly to the blender feed rate to ensure an optimal blending environment is maintained. In addition, manufacturers of blenders must take into consideration the range in final operating conditions when designing and positioning flights. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis deals with the drying of biomass, especially drying of small wood mass. The various drying methods, such as belt drying, fluidized bed drying and drum drying are compared including their advantages and disadvantages. It is suggested basic technological scheme of drying line. The last part of the thesis deals with a calculation of drum dryer of specified performance and economic balance is made.

abstract: The current research is based on the principles of three-dimensional discrete element method (3D – DEM) through simulations, by using heat transfer models in EDEM, to investigate the effects of fill level, rotation rate and particle size on the steady-state conduction heat transfer in rotary drums. The high heat and mass transfer rates obtained through rotary drums make them very useful for powder mixing and heating processes in metallurgical, cement, mining, pharmaceutical, detergent and other particulate processing applications. However, these complex processes are difficult to model and operate since the particles can have a wide range of properties, and there is currently no way to predict the optimal operating conditions for a given material. Steady-state heat transfer by conduction forms the basis for understanding other steady-state and unsteady-state heat transfer in a rotary drum – conduction, convection and radiation. Statistical analysis is carried out to determine the effects of these process parameters and find optimal operating conditions, which will thereby improve the heat transfer efficiency in rotary drums. A stainless-steel drum with a diameter of 6 inches and a length of 3 inches was modeled in EDEM with silica beads of sizes 2 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm at fill levels of 10%, 17.5% and 25%, and at rotation rates of 2 rpm, 5 rpm and 10 rpm. It was found that the heating uniformity increased with decreasing particle size, decreasing fill level and increasing rotation rate. This research is the first step towards studying the other heat transfer modes and various other process parameters. Better understanding of the various heat transfer modes, when used in combination for heating the particles, will be beneficial in improving the operating efficiency, reducing material costs and leading to significant energy conservation on a global scale. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Chemical Engineering 2020

This research aims to provide a full view of knowledge in charcoal production for fossil coal replacement. Charcoal from biomass is a promising material to replace fossil coal, which is using as heating source or reactant in the industrial sector. Nowadays, charcoal with quality comparable to fossil coal is produced by high-temperature pyrolysis, but efficiency of the production is relatively low due to the trade-off between charcoal property and yield by pyrolysis temperature. Increasing charcoal yield by means of secondary char formation in pyrolysis of large wood particles is the primary method considering in this work. This research has explored increasing efficiency of charcoal production by bio-oil recycling and CO2 purging. These proposed techniques significantly increase concentration and extend residence time of volatiles inside particle of woodchip resulting extra charcoal. Characterization of charcoals implies negligible effect of these methods on charcoal properties such as elemental composition, heating value, morphological structure, and chemical structure. Besides, reactivity of charcoal slightly increased when these methods were applied. A numerical model of pyrolysis in a rotary kiln reactor has been developed to study the effect of design parameters and conditions in reactor scale. The simulation results showed fair prediction of temperature profiles and products distribution along the reactor length. Nonetheless, to deliver full knowledge in charcoal production, further works are planned to be done at the end of this doctoral research.