Abstract : The objectives of this work were to prepare and characterize films of benzylic amide macrocycles and rotaxanes obtained by functionalisation of an acidterminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on gold, and thus to probe the aptitude of these surfaces for applications in the field of the nanotechnologies. We initially studied the self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and focused on its composition, structure and organization. We show that the molecules of alcanethiol are oriented with the acid group pointing out from the surface. The film is highly ordered with defect density below 0.2%. We investigated the functionalisation process with the covalently bound Mac-OH macrocycle, with the physisorbed Mac-pyridine macrocycle and with the naphtalimide rotaxane. The latter is also anchored to the SAM through a non-covalent interaction. We focused on the comprehension of both quantitative as qualitative characteristics of the films, such as the degree of functionalisation, their stability with respect to external constraints, their order and homogeneity, their structure and their orientation. By combining techniques such as X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, electrochemical and contact angle measurements, we demonstrated that the films of macrocycles reach a high degree of functionalisation. The layers are homogeneous and a preferential orientation of the macrocycle molecules with the plan of the ring tilted with respect to the surface and with the alkyl chains pointing-out from the films is observed. In addition, we studied the possibility of using the macrocycle films for molecular recognition, employing the Fc-Gly-Gly molecule as a model target. Through similar experiments and analysis, films of naphtalimide rotaxane were proven to give a good functionalisation of SAM. The molecule adsorbs with a preferential orientation of the linear axis parallel to the surface and the macrocycle unit normal to it. We characterized the fluorescent properties of the molecule due to the naphtalimide group and showed that when adsorbed on a gold substrate the presence of the self-assembled monolayer prevents total quenching. <br> Résumé : Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de caractériser des films de macrocycles et de rotaxanes de type amide benzylique obtenus par la fonctionnalisation de monocouches auto-assemblées d'alcanethiols, ayant un groupe acide terminal, sur une surface d'or, et ainsi de mettre en évidence certaines des potentialités de ces surfaces en vue d'applications éventuelles dans le domaine des nanotechnologies. Nous avons d'abord étudié la monocouche auto-assemblée de l'acide 11-mercaptoundecanoïque et particulièrement les aspects tels que la composition, la structure et l'organisation du film et nous avons mis en évidence que les molécules d'alcanethiol sont orientées dans le film avec le groupe acide vers l'extérieur de la surface, de façon à pouvoir interagir avec les molécules à greffer, et que le degré d'ordre de la monocouche est très élevé, en montrant celle-ci une fraction de défauts inférieure au 0.2% de l'aire totale du film. L'étude de la fonctionnalisation successive avec le macrocycle Mac-OH, lié de façon covalente, et le macrocycle Mac-pyridine ainsi que la rotaxane naphtalimide, ancrés à travers une interaction non-covalente à la monocouche auto-assemblée, a porté une attention particulière à la compréhension d'aspects tels que le degré de recouvrement de la surface, la stabilité vis-à-vis de contraintes externes, l'ordre et l'homogénéité, ainsi que la structure des films et l'orientation des molécules. Grâce à la combinaison de techniques telles que l'XPS, l'IRAS, les techniques électrochimiques, les mesures d'angle de contact et l'AFM, nous avons mis en évidence que les films de macrocycle atteignent un recouvrement élevé et homogène de la monocouche autoassemblée et qu'une orientation des molécules de macrocycle, avec une inclinaison du plan de l'anneau par rapport à la surface et pointant leurs chaînes alkyles vers l'extérieure du film, est observée. Ensuite, nous avons abordé la possibilité d'impliquer les films de macrocycle en tant que récepteurs moléculaires d'une molécule modèle, la Fc-Gly-Gly. Par une caractérisation similaire, les films de la rotaxane naphtalimide ont montré d'atteindre un recouvrement élevé de la surface de la monocouche avec une orientation privilégiée des molécules avec l'axe parallèle et le macrocycle perpendiculaire à la surface pour pouvoir interagir, à travers les fonctions pyridine du macrocycle, avec la monocouche. De plus, nous avons caractérisé les propriétés fluorescentes de la molécule, résidantes dans son groupe naphtalimide, lorsqu'elle est adsorbée sur un substrat métallique, l'or, affectées par la présence de la monocouche auto-assemblée.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la mise au point d'une machine moléculaire artificielle sous la forme d'un [1]rotaxane, capable de synthétiser différents polymères de façon autonome. Au cours de cette étude, nous avons réalisé la première synthèse hautement diastéréosélective de [1]rotaxanes par la méthode de reconnaissance active catalysée au cuivre(I). Nous avons montré qu'un frein moléculaire est nécessaire pour assurer la stabilité de l'architecture entrelacée. De plus, l'utilisation d'un macrocycle avec une chaine latérale courte est indispensable pour favoriser la synthèse de lassos moléculaires. Enfin, le centre asymétrique du frein moléculaire guide la stéréosélectivité de la réaction. Ceci permet de faire la synthèse stéréodivergente de [1]rotaxanes à partir de macrocycles énantiomériquement purs. La seconde partie du projet concerne et de la processivité potentielle de ce type d'architecture moléculaire. Dans ce cadre, nous avons construit un [2]rotaxane présentant un stoppeur labile et une fonction thiol protégée sur la chaine latérale du macrocycle. La libération contrôlée du thiol induit la formation d'un [1]rotaxane piégé in situ par un nucléophile indiquant le potentiel de cette approche pour la conception de machines moléculaires fonctionnant de façon itérative. / This thesis is devoted to the development of an artificial molecular machine in the form of [1]rotaxane, designed to synthesize different kind of polymers autonomously. During this study, we accomplished the first highly diastereoselective synthesis of [1]rotaxanes by the copper(I)-catalysed active template method. We showed that a molecular brake was necessary to ensure the stability of the interlocked architecture. Moreover, the use of a short lateral chain of the macrocycle is essential to promote the synthesis of molecular lassos. Finally, the asymmetric center of the molecular brake induces the stereoselectivity of the reaction. This allows us to accomplish the stereodivergent synthesis of [1]rotaxanes from enantiomerically pure macrocycles. The second part of this project concerns the study of the potential processivity of this kind of molecular architecture. In this context, we built a [2]rotaxane which has a labile stopper and a protected thiol moiety on the lateral chain of the macrocycle. The controlled release of the thiol leads to the formation of a [1]rotaxane trapped in situ by a nucleophile, showing the potential of this approach for the design of molecular machines working processively.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work presents the synthesis of three series of trifluoromethylated heterocycles by using ultrasound irradiation, nomely pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, 2,4- difluorophenylpyrazoles and pentafluorophenylpyrazoles. The reactions were performed between trifluoromethylated enones ([CF3C(O)CH=C(R)(OMe], where R = Me, Bu, i-Bu, Ph, 4-MeC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 4-ClC6H4, 4-BrC6H4, 4-IC6H4, thien-2-yl, naphthyl and biphenyl) with three different nucleophiles, nomely (3)(5)-amine-(5)(3)- methylpyrazole, 2,4-difluorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride and pentafluorophenylhydrazine. The trifluoromethylated pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines were obtained within 5 minutes, giving yields of 61-98 %. The series of 2,4- difluorophenylpyrazoles was obtained in good yields (54-85 %) within 15 minutes by acidifying the reaction medium with PTSA. In the case of the pentafluorophenylpyrazoles, two steps were needed: Firtly the respective 4,5- dihydropentafluorophenylpyrazoles were synthesised and then subsequently submitted to dehydration reactions using PTSA for 15 minutes, giving yields of 54-81 %. The synthesized compounds were identified by 1H and 13C, and by 19F NMR spectroscopy in the some case, mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. In some cases homo/heteronuclear spatial interactions involving fluorine atoms have been useful for confirming the identity of the obtained isomer. Another part of this tesis was the synthesis of four mechanically interlocked molecules. Two [2]rotaxanes carrying an ester group in the macrocycle unity were synthesized by using two threads (fumaramide and succinamide derivatives). Once synthesized these [2]rotaxanes were submmited to hydrolysis reactions to give [2]rotaxanes with acid carboxilic group. These macromolecules were synthesized aiming at the formation of MOFs (metal organic frameworks). The synthesis of this compound was carried out by using copper (II) and [2]rotaxane derivative fumaramide. This product was identified by X-ray diffractometry. / Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de três séries de heterociclos trifluorometilados, utilizando irradiação de ultrassom (pirazolo[1,5-a]pirimidinas, 2,4-difluorofenilpirazóis e pentafluorofenilpirazóis). As reações foram realizadas entre enonas trifluorometiladas ([CF3C(O)CH=C(R)(OMe], onde R = Me, Bu, i-Bu, Ph, 4-Me-C6H4, 4-F-C6H4, 4-Cl-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, 4-I-C6H4, tien-2-il, bifen-2-il e naftil) e três dinucleófilos diferentes 3-amino-5-metilpirazol, cloridrato de 2,4-difluorofenilhidrazina e pentafluorofenilhidrazina. As pirazolo[1,5-a]pirimidinas trifluorometiladas foram obtidas em 5 minutos de reação com rendimentos de 61-98 %. A série de 2,4- difluorofenilpirazóis foi obtida, acidificando-se o meio de reação com APTS em 15 minutos de reação, e obtendo-se bons rendimentos (54-85 %) no processo. No caso dos pentafluorofenilpirazóis, foram necessárias duas etapas de reação: a primeira a síntese de 4,5-di-idropentafluorofenilpirazóis, e seguida de posterior reação de desidratação utilizando APTS em 15 minutos de reação, obtendo-se produtos com rendimentos de 54-81 %. Após a síntese desses compostos, os mesmos foram identificados por técnicas de RMN de 1H e 13C e de 19F, em alguns casos, espectrometria de massas e difratometria de raios-X. Em alguns casos, através de RMN, foi possível observar interações espaciais do tipo homo/heteronuclear envolvendo átomos de flúor, úteis na confirmação do isômero obtido. Em outra etapa deste trabalho foi desenvolvida a síntese de quatro moléculas mecanicamente entrelaçadas. Foram sintetizados dois [2]rotaxanos com grupamento éster no macrociclo, utilizando dois filamentos lineares (derivados da fumaramida de succinamida). Após a síntese desses [2]rotaxanos, foi realizada a reação de hidrólise dos grupamentos ésteres do macrociclo em grupamento ácidos. Essas macromoléculas foram sintetizadas visando à formação dos MOFs (Redes de metais orgânicas). A síntese desse composto foi realizada utilizando cobre (II) e o [2]rotaxano derivado da fumaramida. Esse produto foi identificado através de difratometria de Raios-X.