Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-07-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_jpg_dr_jabo.pdf: 336350 bytes, checksum: b7c430f6a886cefb0db991d9ccbc1c6e (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O Consumo de matéria seca (CMS), de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN), o enchimento físico ruminal, as taxas de passagem no rúmen e pós-rúmen e o efeito da suplementação com concentrado sobre o consumo de MS da forragem foram avaliados com o objetivo de identificar os fatores limitantes do consumo de vacas leiteiras, em confinamento, que receberam capim-elefante picado e cortado com 30, 45 e 60 dias de crescimento. O CMS (8,0 kg/vaca/dia) e CFDN (5,3 kg/vaca/dia) obtidos com o capim cortado com 30 dias, foram inferiores (P<0,05) àqueles obtidos com 45 dias (10,0 e 6,6 kg/vaca/dia) e 60 dias (11,0 e 7,3 kg/vaca/dia), respectivamente. O CMS dos tratamentos com 30 e 45 dias foram semelhantes (P>0,05). O conteúdo máximo ruminal de FDN ocorreu às 4h22 (7,40 kg), 3h55 (7,60 kg) e 3h49 (7,57 kg) após o oferecimento do capim cortado com 30, 45 e 60 dias de idade, respectivamente. A taxa de passagem das partículas de FDN, com o tamanho de 2,38 mm do capim-elefante suplementado com 4 kg (3,7%/h), foi superior (P<0,05) ao capim sem suplementação (3,1%/h). O capim suplementado com 2 kg (3,4%/h) foi semelhante (P>0,05) aos outros dois tratamentos. Ocorreu efeito associativo combinado entre o CMS do capim e do suplemento. O enchimento físico do rúmen não limitou o consumo FDN, entretanto o teor de umidade do capim afetou o enchimento físico, limitando o consumo de MS do capim-elefante. / Dry matter intake (DMI), neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI), rumen fill, NDF rumen and post-rumen rates of passages and the effect of the concentrate supplementation on forage DMI were evaluated to determine the limiting factors intake of crossbred dairy cows managed in a free stall system fed chopped elephantgrass harvested at 30, 45 and 60 days of growth. The average DMI (8.0 kg/cow/day) and NDFI (5.3 kg/cow/day) values were lower (P<.05) for the 30 days elephantgrass than those for the 45 days (10.0 and 6.6 kg/cow/day) and 60 days (11.0 and 7.3 kg/cow/day) for the DMI and NDFI, respectively. The average DMI of the 45 and 60 days treatments were similar (P>.05). The maximum NDF rumen fill content was observed at 4h22 (7.40 kg), 3h55 (7.60 kg) and 3h49 (7.57 kg) after feeding for the treatments with 30, 45 and 60 days of growth, respectively. NDF rumen passage rate for particles sizes with 2.38 mm of elephantgrass supplemented with 4 kg (3.7%/h) was higher (P<.05) to 2 kg (3.1%/h). There was no treatment effect (P>.05) in the NDF rumen passage rate without concentrate supplementation (3.4%/h) and the two supplemented treatments. A combined associative effect on the DMI was observed on the two levels of concentrate. There was no treatments effect (P>.05) in the rumen fill for the NDF intake of cows, probably due to the low dry matter content of the forage.

Resumo: O Consumo de matéria seca (CMS), de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN), o enchimento físico ruminal, as taxas de passagem no rúmen e pós-rúmen e o efeito da suplementação com concentrado sobre o consumo de MS da forragem foram avaliados com o objetivo de identificar os fatores limitantes do consumo de vacas leiteiras, em confinamento, que receberam capim-elefante picado e cortado com 30, 45 e 60 dias de crescimento. O CMS (8,0 kg/vaca/dia) e CFDN (5,3 kg/vaca/dia) obtidos com o capim cortado com 30 dias, foram inferiores (P<0,05) àqueles obtidos com 45 dias (10,0 e 6,6 kg/vaca/dia) e 60 dias (11,0 e 7,3 kg/vaca/dia), respectivamente. O CMS dos tratamentos com 30 e 45 dias foram semelhantes (P>0,05). O conteúdo máximo ruminal de FDN ocorreu às 4h22 (7,40 kg), 3h55 (7,60 kg) e 3h49 (7,57 kg) após o oferecimento do capim cortado com 30, 45 e 60 dias de idade, respectivamente. A taxa de passagem das partículas de FDN, com o tamanho de 2,38 mm do capim-elefante suplementado com 4 kg (3,7%/h), foi superior (P<0,05) ao capim sem suplementação (3,1%/h). O capim suplementado com 2 kg (3,4%/h) foi semelhante (P>0,05) aos outros dois tratamentos. Ocorreu efeito associativo combinado entre o CMS do capim e do suplemento. O enchimento físico do rúmen não limitou o consumo FDN, entretanto o teor de umidade do capim afetou o enchimento físico, limitando o consumo de MS do capim-elefante. / Abstract: Dry matter intake (DMI), neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI), rumen fill, NDF rumen and post-rumen rates of passages and the effect of the concentrate supplementation on forage DMI were evaluated to determine the limiting factors intake of crossbred dairy cows managed in a free stall system fed chopped elephantgrass harvested at 30, 45 and 60 days of growth. The average DMI (8.0 kg/cow/day) and NDFI (5.3 kg/cow/day) values were lower (P<.05) for the 30 days elephantgrass than those for the 45 days (10.0 and 6.6 kg/cow/day) and 60 days (11.0 and 7.3 kg/cow/day) for the DMI and NDFI, respectively. The average DMI of the 45 and 60 days treatments were similar (P>.05). The maximum NDF rumen fill content was observed at 4h22 (7.40 kg), 3h55 (7.60 kg) and 3h49 (7.57 kg) after feeding for the treatments with 30, 45 and 60 days of growth, respectively. NDF rumen passage rate for particles sizes with 2.38 mm of elephantgrass supplemented with 4 kg (3.7%/h) was higher (P<.05) to 2 kg (3.1%/h). There was no treatment effect (P>.05) in the NDF rumen passage rate without concentrate supplementation (3.4%/h) and the two supplemented treatments. A combined associative effect on the DMI was observed on the two levels of concentrate. There was no treatments effect (P>.05) in the rumen fill for the NDF intake of cows, probably due to the low dry matter content of the forage. / Orientadora: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Coorientador: Luiz Junuário Magalhães Aroeira / Banca: Luís Roberto de Andrade Rodrigues / Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Fermino Deresz / Banca: Alexandre Vaz Pires / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 279216 bytes, checksum: a66e23d65aa8145d75ebfa9db2199407 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds on intake, digestibility, and transit and degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber in cattle fed low-quality tropical forage. Five crossbred heifers, with average live weight of 209 kg and fitted with ruminal cannulae, were used. The animals were fed ad libitum with signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) hay, which had crude protein (CP) content of 5.08% of dry matter (DM). The five treatments were defined according to the increasing level of CP in the diet (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 percentile points above the CP level of the roughage). The supplement was a mixture of urea, ammonium sulfate, and albumin (4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively). The experiment was carried out according to a 5 x 5 Latin square design, with five experimental periods. The average CP levels in the diets were: 5.28, 8.08, 9.82, 11.87, and 13.63% in DM basis. The intakes of DM, OM, NDF, and NDFom(n) showed a quadratic response according to CP levels in the diet (P<0.10), with maximum responses on 10.83%, 10.78%, 10.43%, and 10.37% of CP, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of OM and NDF showed a linear-response-plateau (LRP) according to CP levels (P<0.10), with plateau beginning (maximum response) on 7.93% and 7.55% of CP, respectively. The average daily concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) was positively related with CP levels (P<0.10). The RAN estimate associated with the maximum DM intake was 15.33 mg/dL. It was observed that intestinal flow of microbial nitrogenous compounds and nitrogen intake become equivalent each other on 7.13% of CP. There was no relationship between CP levels and efficiency of microbial synthesis (P>0.10). The potentially degradable fraction of NDF was linearly increased (P<0.10) according to CP levels in diet until 8.62% CP. From this point, there was stabilization of estimates (47.92% of NDF). On the other hand, the degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF showed a quadratic response (P<0.10) to CP levels, with maximal response on 13.39% of CP. The rumen rate of passage of fibrous particles, the mean retention time in the rumen, and the rumen fill effect of undegradable NDF showed a LRP (P<0.10) according to CP levels in the diet, with plateau beginning on 7.59, 7.68, and 8.00% of CP, respectively. / Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de compostos nitrogenados suplementares sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade, a síntese de proteína microbiana e as dinâmicas de trânsito e degradação da fibra em detergente neutro em bovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade. Foram utilizadas cinco novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, com peso vivo médio inicial de 209 kg, fistuladas no rúmen. A alimentação volumosa basal dos animais foi constituída por feno de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) (5,08% de PB, com base na MS), fornecido ad libitum. Os cinco tratamentos avaliados foram definidos de acordo com o nível de suplementação protéica (0, 3, 5, 7 e 9 pontos percentuais acima do nível de PB da forragem). Como fonte de compostos nitrogenados empregou-se mistura de uréia, sulfato de amônia e albumina, nas proporções de 4,5:0,5:1,0, respectivamente. O experimento foi constituído de cinco períodos experimentais, segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os níveis médios observados de PB nas dietas foram de 5,28, 8,08, 9,82, 11,87 e 13,63%, com base na MS. Verificou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,10) dos níveis de PB na dieta sobre os consumos de MS, MO, FDN e FDNcp (kg/dia), com respostas máximas sobre os níveis de 10,83%, 10,78%, 10,43% e 10,37% de PB, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MO e FDN apresentaram relação do tipo linear-response-plateau (LRP) com os níveis de PB na dieta (P<0,10), com início de platô (resposta máxima) em 7,93% e 7,55% de PB, respectivamente. A concentração média diária de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P<0,10) em função dos níveis de PB da dieta, com valor estimado de 15,33 mg/dL equivalente ao máximo consumo de MS. A avaliação da relação entre consumo de nitrogênio e fluxo intestinal de nitrogênio microbiano indicou que as estimativas destas variáveis tornam-se equivalentes sobre o nível de 7,13% de PB na dieta. Observou-se falta de relação (P>0,10) entre os níveis de PB e a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana. Verificou-se elevação linear (P<0,10) da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN até o nível de 8,62% de PB, com platô estimado de 47,92% da FDN. Em contrapartida, verificou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,10) para a taxa de degradação da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN em função dos níveis de PB da dieta, com máxima resposta estimada sobre 13,39% de PB. Em função dos níveis de PB na dieta, o fluxo ruminal de partículas fibrosas, o tempo médio de retenção no rúmen-retículo e o efeito de repleção ruminal atribuído à fração indegradável da FDN apresentaram relação LRP (P<0,10), com pontos críticos para o início do platô localizados sobre os níveis de 7,59%; 7,68% e 8,00% de PB, respectivamente.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 283092 bytes, checksum: 26a551be6ca2a30c3d887ce7b402e49f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with nitrogenous compounds on intake, digestibility, nitrogenous compounds balance, efficiency of microbial synthesis, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) rumen dynamics in cattle fed low-quality forage. Five crossbred heifers, with average live weight of 191 kg and fitted with rumen canullae, were used. The animals were fed ad libitum with signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) hay, which had crude protein (CP) content of 4.86% of dry matter (DM). The five treatments were defined according to the level of CP in the diet (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 percentile points above the CP level of the roughage). The supplement was a mixture of urea, ammonium sulfate, and albumin (4.5:0.5:1.0, respectively). The experiment was carried out according to a 5 x 5 Latin square design, with five experimental periods. The average CP levels in the diets were: 5.19, 7.11, 8.60, 11.67, and 13.02% in DM basis. The intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), NDF, and NDF corrected for ash and nitrogenous compounds (NDFom(n)) showed a quadratic profile according to CP levels in the diet (P<0.10) with maximum responses on 10.24%, 10.27%, 10.12%, and 10.05% of CP, respectively. The digestibility coefficients of DM and NDFom(n) were not affected by CP levels (P>0.10). The average concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) was linearly increased with CP levels (P<0.10). The RAN estimate associated with the maximum DM intake was 9.64 mg/dL. The microbial nitrogen flow in small intestine was linearly increased with the CP level in the diet (P<0.10). The efficiency of microbial synthesis was not affected by supplementation (P>0.10). The potentially degradable NDF was linearly increased (P<0.10) according to CP levels in diet until 6.97% CP. From this point, there was stabilization of estimates (47.87% of NDF). The degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF has been increased linearly with CP levels in diet (P<0.10). The rumen flow of fibrous particles (L) had a linear response-plateau according to CP levels in the diet (P<0.10). The plateau (maximum) for the estimates has begun on 7.24% of CP. The mean retention time in rumen-reticulum and the rumen fill effect of undegradable NDF was affect by CP levels similarly to (L) (P<0.10), with plateau (minimum) beginning on 6.90 and 6.97% of CP, respectively. / Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com compostos nitrogenados sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade, o balanço dos compostos nitrogenados, a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana e sobre a dinâmica ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em bovinos alimentados com forragem de baixa qualidade. Foram utilizadas cinco novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, com peso vivo médio inicial de 191 kg, fistuladas no rúmen. A alimentação volumosa basal dos animais foi constituída por feno de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) com 4,86% de proteína bruta (PB) com base na matéria seca (MS), fornecido ad libitum. Os cinco tratamentos avaliados foram definidos de acordo com o nível de suplementação protéica (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 pontos percentuais acima do nível de PB da forragem). Como fonte de compostos nitrogenados empregou-se mistura de uréia, sulfato de amônia e albumina, nas proporções de 4,5:0,5:1,0, respectivamente. O experimento foi constituído de 5 períodos experimentais, segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os níveis médios de PB nas dietas foram de 5,19, 7,11, 8,60, 11,67 e 13,02%, com base na MS. Verificou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,10) dos níveis de PB na dieta sobre os consumos de MS, matéria orgânica (MO), FDN e FDN corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp) (kg/dia), com respostas máximas sobre os níveis de 10,24%, 10,27%, 10,12% e 10,05% de PB, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS e da FDNcp não foram afetados pelos níveis de PB na dieta (P>0,10). A concentração média diária de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P<0,10) em função dos níveis de PB na dieta, com valor estimado de 9,64 mg/dL equivalente ao máximo consumo de MS. O fluxo de compostos nitrogenados microbianos no intestino delgado relacionou-se linear e positivamente (P<0,10) com os dos níveis de PB da dieta. Observou-se falta de relação (P>0,10) entre os níveis de PB e a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana. Verificou-se elevação linear (P<0,10) da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN até o nível de 6,97% de PB, com platô em 47,87% da FDN. A taxa de degradação da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN elevou-se linearmente (P<0,10) com os níveis de PB da dieta. O fluxo ruminal de partículas fibrosas (L) apresentou relação linear response-plateau (P<0,10), com estabelecimento do platô (máximo) em 7,24% de PB. O tempo médio de retenção no rúmen-retículo e a repleção ruminal da fração indegradável da FDN apresentaram comportamento semelhante a L (P<0,10), com ponto crítico para o início do platô (mínimo) em 6,90 e 6,97% de PB, respectivamente.

The research presented in this thesis focuses on an innovative use of digital imaging, and the machine learning techniques to assess the body rumen fill scoring in dairy cows. This study aims to enhance the efficiency of monitoring and managing dairy cow health, which is crucial for the dairy industry's productivity and sustainability. The primary objective was to develop an automated annotation system fore valuating rumen fill status in dairy cows using digital images extracted from recorded videos. This system leverages advanced machine learning algorithms and neural networks, aiming to mimic manual assessments by veterinarians and specialists on farms. To achieve the above objectives, this thesis made use of already existing video records from a Swedish dairy farm hosting mainly the Swedish Redand the Swedish Holstein breeds. A subset of these images were then processed, manually classified using a modified rumen fill scoring system based on visual assessment, and supervised classification algorithms were trained on 277 manually annotated images. The thesis explored various machine learning techniques for classifying these images, including Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and a Deep Neural Network using the VGG16 architecture. These models were trained, validated, and tested with a dataset that included variations in cow color patterns, aiming to determine the most effective approach for automated rumen fill scoring.The results indicated that while each model had its strengths and weaknesses, the simple logistic model was performing the best in terms of test accuracy and F1 score. This research contributes to the field of precision livestock farming, particularly in the context of dairy farming. By automating the process of rumen fill scoring, the study aims to provide dairy farmers with a reliable, efficient, and cost-effective tool for monitoring cow health. This tool has the potential to enhance dairy cow welfare, improve milk production, and support the sustainability of dairy farming operations. However, at the current state, the model accuracy of the best model was only moderate. There is a need for further improvement of the prediction performance possibly by adding more cow images, using improved image processing, and feature engineering.