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Large scale rural out-migration has gained momentum over the past four decades in Iran, contributing to urbanization at unprecedented rates. In the wake of the Islamic Revolution, it was recognized that in order to reduce reliance on oil revenues and foster self-sufficiency and social equity, it was essential to ensure the viability of agriculture and rural settlements. As a part of this new strategy, a rural infrastructure provision policy (RIPP) was undertaken in order to bring about rural prosperity and to curb out-migration. Yet, the plight of villagers and out-migration persist. This dissertation focuses on the village end of the problem, and on permanent outmigration in post-revolutionary Iran. It investigates the causes of rural out-migration and their impacts on the remaining rural households. Further, it examines the potential of RIPP to reduce out-migration and enhance village viability. In terms of methodology, a cross-analysis was conducted at the levels of individual, household, and community. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. While the latter served analysis needs at the macro-level, the former, which included case studies in five villages in Hamadan Province, served those at the micro- and meso-levels. The macro-level analysis reveals population pressure on agricultural resources and rural-urban disparities as the overriding causes of rural out-migration in Iran. Correspondingly, the micro- and meso-level analyses: (a) highlight the critical importance of the middle strata (MS) for the future viability of rural Iran; (b) identify household insecurity, resulting from precarious and uncertain rural livelihoods as the root cause of out-migration for MS; and (c) suggest that the ongoing migration of youth from MS must be contained to ensure the next generation of farmers. Finally, five roles are identified for RIPP to target the overriding causes as well as those pertaining specifically to MS. While there is need for policy changes in the macro-economic sphere in Iran, RIPP has the potential to reduce rural out-migration. More fundamentally, it suggests that it is not merely the presence of physical infrastructure and its direct role, but rather an effectively functioning social infrastructure and its intermediary roles that are vital to curbing excessive out-migration and ensuring village viability.

Large scale rural out-migration has gained momentum over the past four decades in Iran, contributing to urbanization at unprecedented rates. In the wake of the Islamic Revolution, it was recognized that in order to reduce reliance on oil revenues and foster self-sufficiency and social equity, it was essential to ensure the viability of agriculture and rural settlements. As a part of this new strategy, a rural infrastructure provision policy (RIPP) was undertaken in order to bring about rural prosperity and to curb out-migration. Yet, the plight of villagers and out-migration persist. This dissertation focuses on the village end of the problem, and on permanent outmigration in post-revolutionary Iran. It investigates the causes of rural out-migration and their impacts on the remaining rural households. Further, it examines the potential of RIPP to reduce out-migration and enhance village viability. In terms of methodology, a cross-analysis was conducted at the levels of individual, household, and community. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. While the latter served analysis needs at the macro-level, the former, which included case studies in five villages in Hamadan Province, served those at the micro- and meso-levels. The macro-level analysis reveals population pressure on agricultural resources and rural-urban disparities as the overriding causes of rural out-migration in Iran. Correspondingly, the micro- and meso-level analyses: (a) highlight the critical importance of the middle strata (MS) for the future viability of rural Iran; (b) identify household insecurity, resulting from precarious and uncertain rural livelihoods as the root cause of out-migration for MS; and (c) suggest that the ongoing migration of youth from MS must be contained to ensure the next generation of farmers. Finally, five roles are identified for RIPP to target the overriding causes as well as those pertaining specifically to MS. While there is need for policy changes in the macro-economic sphere in Iran, RIPP has the potential to reduce rural out-migration. More fundamentally, it suggests that it is not merely the presence of physical infrastructure and its direct role, but rather an effectively functioning social infrastructure and its intermediary roles that are vital to curbing excessive out-migration and ensuring village viability. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Poon Fung Ting. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-166). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.ix / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Questions --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Definitions --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Design --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline of the Thesis --- p.11 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AND THE LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Background of the Study --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Literature Review --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.38 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SPATIAL PATTERNS OF NON-HUKOU MIGRANTS IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Proportion of Non-hukou Migrants --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- Distribution of Migrants --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4 --- Sources of Migrants --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5 --- The PRD as a Destination --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6 --- Gender Ratio of Non-hukou Migrants --- p.64 / Chapter 3.7 --- Spatial Patterns and Correlation of Migration Indicators --- p.67 / Chapter 3.8 --- Summary --- p.79 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- ANALYZING THE DETERMINANTS OF NON-HUKOU POPULATION IN COUNTY-LEVEL AREAS --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2 --- Method --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3 --- Variables --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Results --- p.90 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.102 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- IMPACTS OF NON-HUKOU MIGRANTS AND THE POLICY RESPONSES --- p.104 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Trend of Non-hukou Migrants in PRD --- p.106 / Chapter 5.3 --- Positive Impacts --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- Negative Impacts --- p.115 / Chapter 5.5 --- Policy Responses --- p.121 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.139 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.142 / Chapter 6.1 --- Non-hukou Migration in PRD --- p.142 / Chapter 6.2 --- Policy Responses --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3 --- Suggestions for Further Research --- p.150 / REFERENCES --- p.152

Thesis. 1977. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / No leaf 54; 2 leaves numbered 56. / Bibliography : leaves 106-108. / by Ernesto E. Rodriguez. / M.C.P.

This study evaluates some possible agricultural household responses to changes in output prices due to Portugal's entry into the EC. The patterns of interest were, continuing expansion in farming, continuing part-time farming and leaving farming. Farm accounts were used to model different farm types and evaluate their farm returns. Simulations were performed, using different technologies, levels of family labor availability, and land area. The results show that part-time farming is a viable alternative in the northwest region and that there are strong economic incentives for traditional farms to specialize and adopt more modern technologies. The dairy system exhibits the highest returns. Traditional farms that do not have some available fixed family labor will face pressures to leave farming; but since family labor with low opportunity cost is more available on the small traditional farms, farm size is not expected to expand rapidly because leaving farming is not likely in a great way. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

This study was an attempt to explore the relationship between migration and adjustment. The specific problem was to seek the answer to the question of how ethnic group identity facilitates or hinders the adjustment of the student migrants and the families in the area of destination.Ethnic identity was considered as an independent variable, adjustment as a dependent variable, and five factors made up one intervening variable. Adjustment (dependent variable) consisted of six indicators: Neighborhood Involvement, Extent of Happiness, Nostalgia for Home, Extent of Worry, Anxiety, and Anomie. The intervening variable consisted of five indicators: Achievement, Aspiration, Peer Group Involvement, Relation to Relatives, and Fatalism.Two hundred and eighty students from five different universities, institutes, and academies in Bandung participated. The instrument used was a questionnaire. Data was collected in February, 1973. Statistical procedures utilized were: Chi-Square, analyses of variance, t-test and the Pearson product moment correlation.The main hypothesis tested was: Ethnic group identity will significantly influence the adjustment of the migrants (students) and the families in the area of destination. Eleven sub-hypotheses were also tested. The related hypothesis tested was: There will be a correlation between the intervening variables and the Independent variables. The data was organized and analyzed utilizing the SPSS system of programming and implemented by an IBM 360-50 computer.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1957 T31 / Master of Science

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries