Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1984. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-73).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Waikato, 2008. / Title from PDF cover (viewed May 5, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 249-268)

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-159).

Orientador: Jose Euclides Stipp Paterniani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T17:15:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarceloJacominiMoreirada_D.pdf: 4911036 bytes, checksum: 621ab01f5e1f061dd69cb5599e64882b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: presente trabalho estudou a melhoria da qualidade de esgoto sanitário tratado com a utilização de pré-filtração em pedregulho, filtração lenta com e sem carvão ativado, cloração, radiação ultravioleta (UV) e radiação solar em fluxo contínuo (SODIS). A unidade piloto constituía um pré-filtro de pedregulho em camadas com fluxo ascendente cujo efluente é destinado a dois filtros lentos com meio filtrante composto de areia com 40cm de espessura (num dos filtros foi inserida, uma camada de 10cm de espessura de carvão vegetal ativado granulado) e 3 camadas de mantas sintéticas não tecidas instaladas no topo da camada de areia seguindo de desinfecção foi realizada em três sistemas paralelos: cloração com hipoclorito de sódio; radiação UV com reator do tipo tubular e lâmpada bactericida submersa; radiação SODIS em fluxo contínuo. O pré-filtro de pedregulho apresentou eficiência de remoção de sólidos em suspensão, atenuou ainda, os picos de concentração de sólidos em suspensão e turbidez no efluente, garantido ao afluente dos filtros lentos menor variabilidade das suas características qualitativas. Os filtros lentos, com e sem carvão granulado, tiveram comportamentos semelhantes com relação a evolução da perda de carga e os resultados mostraram que a utilização do carvão ativado proporciona melhor remoção das impurezas, avaliadas pelos parâmetros adotados. A desinfecção com radiação UV atingiu eficiência próxima a cloração sendo um processo alternativo com menor risco de formação de produtos carcinogênicos, como os trialometanos. A radiação solar (SODIS) não atingiu valores adequados, uma vez que a temperatura no efluente não chegou à 50ºC, e apresentou problemas relativos à proliferação de algas. Concluiu-se que a utilização de tais tecnologias, além de serem de custo baixo e de simples operação e manutenção, conferem ao efluente melhores características físicas e biológicas, de tal modo que se pode adequar o efluente para o reúso em atividades de irrigação e o lançamento em corpos d'água / Abstract: The current work demonstrates the viability of domestic wastewater quality improvement by the slow filtration preceded roughing filtration and disinfection by ultraviolet and solar radiation. The pilot plant is constituided of two slow sand filters with 40 cm sand layer thickness and 3 layers of synthetic non woven fabrics installed in the top of the sand layer. Besides, in one of the filters there was inserted 10 cm thickness of granulated vegetal coal. The roughing filter presented efficiency of 22.5% in suspended solids removal, and 22.8% in turbidity removal. The slow filter with granulated coal s, had similar behaviors with the slow sand filter with only sand, regard to evolution of the head loss, so the initial average value was 6.2cm and 7.1cm, respectively. The average of the filtration run was of 40days. The results showed that the use of granulated coal better provides removal of the water impurities. The disinfections systems are installed after the filters. The efficiencies of removal in the slow filter with sand and blanket and of the slow filter I only contend sand coal and weaveeed blanket had not been, respectively: 28% and 36% for solids in suspension, 33% and 43% for turbidez, 26% and 39% for apparent color, 57% and 74% for total coliformes and 70% and 73% for E.coli. The chlorination has done with pump whose applies 2mg_-1 NaOHCl. The UV reactor has tubular layout. The SODIS reactor has continuous flow, TDH = 4hours. The use of such technologies was concluded that, beyond being of cost low e of simple operation and maintenance, confers to effluent the better physical and biological characteristics, being possible still to increase this efficiency with the use of granulated coal. The use of any insumo chemical is still standed out not during the treatment of the effluent one, becoming the applicable process in communities whose infrastructure is precarious. The evaluated system if still gives to adjust the water for reúso in activities that do not demand potable quality / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

A rural-urban divide in health status and healthcare infrastructure has been well-documented in the U.S., where populations residing in census regions classified as rural often exhibit more negative health outcomes, adverse health behaviors, and have reduced access to affordable and proximal health services, compared to their urban and peri-urban counterparts. However, it is important to note that such disparities vary based on specific rural regions and individual circumstances. Rural areas may face elevated risk factors for infectious diseases such as increased proximity to wildlife and livestock and disproportionately high reliance on private, non-federally regulated, primary drinking water sources. Chronic conditions prevalent in rural communities such as diabetes and hypertension are frequently linked with longer duration and higher severity of symptoms than in urban areas; this association suggests that the risk of exposure to infectious diseases and the likelihood of progression to serious illness and hospitalization may be elevated, although this is not universally the case across all rural settings. Alongside documented urban-rural health disparities, there also exist disparities in the nature and quality of data on health-related behaviors, outcomes, and service provision in rural areas compared to urban and peri-urban regions. In this dissertation, two key environmental matrices –drinking water and wastewater– were highlighted as vectors of information to better estimate levels of contaminant exposures and health outcomes in rural communities. First, baseline data on drinking water contaminant levels and associated health outcome data were highlighted as crucial for refining holistic exposure estimates as well as understanding drinking water related health burdens in rural communities where a larger proportion of households use private drinking water sources, such as well water, that are not federally regulated. Second, systematic sampling and testing of pathogen biomarkers in wastewater to non-invasively measure population-level health status, also known as wastewater based surveillance (WBS) and, depending on the context, wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) is not constrained by disadvantages of clinical testing, e.g., limited health-care access, long travel times to testing facilities, delay between symptom-onset and testing. Thus, expanded implementation of WBS in rural communities is proposed here as a strategy to address data disparities in clinical testing for infectious diseases. Collectively, this dissertation advances knowledge on estimated drinking water contaminant levels, exposures, and associated public health outcomes and corresponding research gaps in rural Appalachian U.S., and elucidates pathways toward best practices and considerations for public-health focused wastewater testing adoption in rural communities. For the latter, the question of whether WBS challenges unique to rural wastewater systems hinder application of WBS in small, rural communities was explored, as well as methods to advance best-practices for rural WBS. To summarize existing publicly available peer-reviewed literature on drinking water contaminants in rural Appalachian U.S., in Chapter 2, a systematic review and meta-analysis of microbial and chemical drinking water contaminants was performed. Key contaminants were identified as being elevated beyond regulatory, health-based, maximum contaminant levels in our meta-analyses from rural drinking water sources in Appalachia, including E coli, lead, arsenic, uranium. Overall, we found data on drinking water source quality under baseline conditions (i.e., rather than post anomalous contamination events such as chemical spills) in rural Appalachian U.S. was sparse relative to widespread media coverage on the issue. Epidemiologic-based research studies that collected both drinking water exposure data and paired health outcome data were also limited. As a result, although some instances of anomalously high levels of drinking water contaminants were identified in rural Appalachia from the published literature, we could not obtain a clear picture of baseline exposures to drinking water contaminants in most rural Appalachian communities, highlight need to address these knowledge gaps. In Chapter 3, to evaluate whether wastewater could serve as a reliable metric for estimating community circulation of viruses and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, even when sourced from aging and low-resource sewer collection networks, a 12-month wastewater monitoring study was conducted in a small, rural sewer conveyance system with pronounced infrastructural challenges. Specifically, the field site under study was compromised with heavy inflow and infiltration (IandI). Detection rates and concentrations of viral, AMR, and human fecal markers were grouped by levels of IandI impact across the sewershed, and location-, date-, and sample- specific variables were assessed for their relative influence on viral, AMR, and human fecal marker signal using generalized linear models (GLMs). We found that while IandI likely adversely impacted the magnitude of wastewater biomarker signal to some extent throughout the sewershed, especially up-sewer at sites with more pronounced IandI, substantial diminishment of wastewater signal at WWTP influent was not observed in response to precipitation events. Thus, our data indicated that WWTP influent sampling alone can still be used to assess and track community circulation of pathogens in heavily IandI impacted systems, particularly for ubiquitously circulating viruses less prone to dilution induced decay. Delineations were also made for what circumstances up-sewer sampling may be necessary to better inform population shedding of pathogens, especially where IandI is prevalent. Various normalization strategies have been proposed to account for sources of variability for deriving population-level pathogen shedding from wastewater, including those introduced by IandI-driven dilution. Thus, in Chapter 4, we evaluated the temporal and spatial variability of viral and AMR marker signal in wastewater at different levels of IandI, both unnormalized and with the adoption of several normalization strategies. We found that normalization using physicochemical-based wastewater strength metrics (chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, phosphate, and ammonia) resulted in higher temporal and site-specific variability of SARS-CoV-2 and human fecal biomarker signal compared to unnormalized data, especially for viral and AMR marker signal measured in wastewater from sites with pronounced IandI. Viral wastewater signal normalized to physicochemical wastewater strength metrics and flow data also closely mirrored precipitation trends, suggesting such normalization approaches may more closely scale wastewater trends towards precipitation patterns rather than per capita signal in an IandI compromised system. We also found that in most cases, normalization did not significantly alter the relationship between wastewater trends and clinical infection trends. These findings suggest a degree of caution is warranted for some normalization approaches, especially where precipitation driven IandI is heightened. However, data and findings largely supported the utility of using human fecal markers such as crAssphage for normalizing wastewater signal to address site-specific differences in dilution levels, since viral signal scaled to this metric did not result in strong correlations between precipitation and wastewater trends, higher spatial and temporal variation was not observed, and strong correlations were observed between viral signal and viral infection trends. Finally, in chapter 5, we assessed the relationship between monthly Norovirus GII, Rotavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 wastewater trends with seasonal infection trends for each of the viruses to ascertain whether WBE could be used in a rural sewershed of this size with substantial IandI impacts to track and potentially predict population level infection trends. Though up-sewer, or near-source sampling, at sites with permanent IandI impacts did not exhibit a clear relationship with seasonal infection trends for Rotavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and Norovirus GII, WWTP influent signal and consensus signals aggregated from multiple up-sewer sites largely mirrored expected seasonal trends. Findings also suggested that for more ubiquitous viral targets, such as SARS-CoV-2, viral trends measured at WWTP influent in a small IandI impacted system may still provide a sufficiently useful measure of infection trends to inform the use of WBE (assuming appropriate normalization to sewershed population). These findings elucidate the potential utility and relative robustness of wastewater testing to ascertain community-level circulation of pathogens in small, rural sewersheds even those compromised by extensive IandI inputs. Overall, this dissertation examined drinking water and wastewater as critical metrics for assessing contaminant exposures and infectious disease trends in rural communities, particularly in the context of small, rural communities which tend to have more limited health infrastructure and lower-resource wastewater systems. Overall, findings underscore the need for baseline data on drinking water quality by identifying gaps in current knowledge and calling for further research to better understand drinking water contaminant exposure levels in rural areas. Wastewater as a non-invasive, population-level health metric was evaluated in the context of a small, rural sewer system overall, and by varying observed levels of IandI, as well as associated tradeoffs for normalization adoption. By evaluating these environmental surveillance metrics using both desk-based and field-based research study designs, findings from this dissertation offer valuable insights and practical recommendations for improving baseline drinking water quality monitoring and wastewater pathogen testing, all with the overarching goal of supporting more targeted public health interventions in rural settings. / Doctor of Philosophy / In the United States, there is a significant health and healthcare gap between rural and urban areas. Rural communities often face worse health outcomes, poorer health behaviors, and have less access to affordable and nearby healthcare services compared to their urban and peri-urban counterparts. Additionally, rural areas are exposed to higher risks for infectious diseases due to closer proximity to wildlife and livestock and proportionately lower access to regulated drinking water sources. Chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension, which are more common in rural populations, can exacerbate the severity and duration of symptoms for infectious diseases, potentially leading to more serious illness and hospitalizations. Despite these heightened risks, data on health behaviors, outcomes, and healthcare services in rural areas is often lacking and less comprehensive compared to urban regions. This dissertation investigates two promising avenues of improving monitoring to provide information needed to better understand and address contaminant exposures and health trends in rural communities: drinking water and wastewater. Firstly, this dissertation underscores the importance of establishing baseline data on drinking water quality. This is essential for accurately estimating exposure levels and understanding the health impacts associated with elevated levels of drinking water contaminants, particularly in rural areas where a higher share of primary drinking water sources is unregulated by the federal government compared to urban areas. This study reveals significant gaps in current knowledge and highlights the need for more research to provide a clearer picture of drinking water quality in these communities. Secondly, this dissertation explores the use of wastewater as a non-invasive tool for assessing community health. This method, known as wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) or wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), offers a way to measure population-level health trends without relying on clinical testing, which can be limited by factors such as access to healthcare and delays in testing. The dissertation evaluates how effective wastewater monitoring can be in small, rural sewer systems, even when these systems face challenges like aging infrastructure and significant inflow and infiltration (IandI) from groundwater and surface water. It examines how different normalization strategies for wastewater data can influence the reliability of this method and how wastewater testing can be adapted to account for varying levels of IandI. Overall, the dissertation provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of using drinking water and wastewater as environmental metrics for informing public health intervention strategies in rural settings. It offers justifications for improving drinking water quality monitoring and wastewater testing practices, aiming to support more targeted and effective public health interventions in rural communities. By addressing the challenges and limitations associated with these environmental monitoring strategies this research contributes to a better understanding of how to reduce health data disparities in rural areas.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-09T12:53:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cristiane Silva e Souza - 2016.pdf: 6081152 bytes, checksum: d1da13adb81642c007e53d31fc27c1ca (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-09T12:54:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cristiane Silva e Souza - 2016.pdf: 6081152 bytes, checksum: d1da13adb81642c007e53d31fc27c1ca (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-09T12:54:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cristiane Silva e Souza - 2016.pdf: 6081152 bytes, checksum: d1da13adb81642c007e53d31fc27c1ca (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This research aimed to systematization of state and federal forest legislation, in particular that in State of Goiás, with regard to the informations that must be included in the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and presents the contributions of this tool to operationalize the Forest Code and, at the same time, its inconsistencies. The use and occupation of land in State of Goiás should be understood as a determining factor for intensifying landscape artificialization1. In State of Goiás the favorable physical aspects and public policy were determining factors for intensification of land use and increased deforestation. With the publication of law 12.651, on May 25th, 2012, which was designed to protect the native vegetation, the instrument of CAR, became mandatory for all rural properties. This instrument, CAR, is a strategic tool in helping environmental regularization of rural property and whose main objective is monitoring and control of deforestation. The state and federal Forest Codes committed environmental injustices to treat different the small and large landowners, grant amnesty to the owners that have established areas (environmental liabilities that occurred before July 22th, 2008), allow smaller legal reserve areas and permanent preservation to properties with up to four fiscal modules, and broad legalization opportunities in the Environmental Adjustment Program (PRA), in contrast to the defense of the balanced environment. The methodology involves applied research regarding the classification of its nature. Through the prism of how to approach the problem, it is a qualitative and quantitative research. As for the goals, it has an exploratory and explanatory research at the same time. With regard to technical procedures, research is classified as bibliographic and documental. In this research was done an exploratory historical approach and of cartographic base, resulting in a explanatory text, the achievement of interpretations, readings and correlations of images, tables, maps, and other products that will serve as a theoretical framework for future studies on the territorial environmental planning. It was observed that within two years, 2014-2016, were recorded in State of Goiás, 101,943 properties in the CAR, approximately 44% of rural properties in the state. Declarations of areas of permanent preservation, legal reserves and surplus vegetation to environmental servitude totaling 4,117,485 hectares, equivalent to 12.11% of the total area of the state, while 3.63% of its territory is protected in the form of conservation units, without considering the municipal protected areas. Approximately 21,469 of the registered properties recognized a deficit of native vegetation in legal reserve, in which 20.32% have chosen to settle with compensation, 20.07% with replanting and 12.56% with natural regeneration of the vegetation. The artificiality in State of Goiás countryside is evident in the declared registers, since joining the PRA was 43.16% of registered properties. Of the 18,086,334 hectares of declared properties, 3,140,972 hectares are legal reserves, equivalent to 17.37% of the area of the registered properties, so an approximate deficit of 2.63%. 2,438,985 hectares of legal reserve was recorded with remaining native vegetation, since the areas of permanent preservation of registered 976,513 hectares, 611,397 hectares have declared vegetation. / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo a sistematização da legislação ambiental florestal federal e goiana, no que diz respeito às informações que devem ser inseridas no Cadastro Ambiental Rural (CAR) e apresenta as contribuições desta ferramenta para operacionalização do Código Florestal e, ao mesmo tempo, as suas incongruências (legais, operacionais etc). O uso e ocupação das terras no estado de Goiás devem ser entendidos como fatores determinantes para a intensificação da artificialização da paisagem. Em Goiás os aspectos físicos favoráveis e as políticas públicas foram fatores determinantes para intensificação no uso do solo e aumento nos desmatamentos. Com a publicação da Lei 12.651, de 25 de maio de 2012, que dispõe sobre a proteção da vegetação nativa, tornou-se obrigatório para todos os imóveis rurais o CAR, um instrumento estratégico no auxílio da regularização ambiental do imóvel rural e que tem como principal objetivo o monitoramento e o controle de desmatamentos. Os códigos florestais, federal e goiano, cometeram injustiças ambientais ao tratar diferente o pequeno e o grande proprietário, anistiar os proprietários que possuem áreas consolidadas (passivos ambientais ocorridos antes de 22 de julho de 2008), permitir áreas menores de reserva legal e preservação permanente aos imóveis com até quatro módulos fiscais, e amplas possibilidades de legalização no Programa de Regularização Ambiental (PRA), contrapondo-se à defesa do meio ambiente equilibrado. A metodologia utilizada envolve pesquisa aplicada no que tange à classificação quanto à natureza desta. Pelo prisma da forma de abordagem do problema, trata-se de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa. Quanto aos objetivos, tem-se uma pesquisa exploratória e ao mesmo tempo explicativa. No que se refere aos procedimentos técnicos, à pesquisa classifica-se como bibliográfica e documental. Na pesquisa é feita uma abordagem histórica exploratória e de base cartográfica, resultando em um texto explicativo, fruto de interpretações, leituras e correlações de imagens, tabelas, mapas entre outros produtos que servirão de referencial teórico para futuros estudos de planejamento ambiental territorial. Observou-se que no prazo de dois anos, de 2014 a 2016, foram registradas em Goiás, 101.943 propriedades e posses no CAR, aproximadamente 44% dos imóveis rurais do estado. As declarações de áreas de preservação permanente, reserva legal e vegetação excedente para fins de servidão ambiental somam 4.117.485 hectares, equivalentes a 12,11% da área total do estado, enquanto que 3,63% do seu território é protegido na forma de unidades de conservação, sem considerar as áreas de proteção municipais. Aproximadamente 21.469 dos imóveis cadastrados reconheceram déficit de vegetação nativa em reserva legal, nos quais 20,32% optaram por regularizar com compensação, 20,07% com recomposição e 12,56% com regeneração natural. A artificialização da paisagem rural goiana ficou evidenciada nos cadastros declarados, pois a adesão ao PRA foi de 43,16% dos imóveis cadastrados. Dos 18.086.334 hectares de imóveis declarados, 3.140.972ha são de reservas legais, equivalentes a 17,37% da área dos imóveis cadastrados, portanto um déficit aproximado de 2.63%. Foram registradas 2.438.985 hectares de reserva legal com remanescente de vegetação nativa, já as áreas de preservação permanente dos 976.513ha cadastrados, 611.397ha possuem vegetação declarada.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning