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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

S?ntese enzim?tica de ?steres de a??car: surfactantes e pol?meros como novos materiais ambientalmente seguros

Borges, Maur?cio Rodrigues 12 March 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MauricioRB.pdf: 2052566 bytes, checksum: ecabe62a65c1b9db9e09054f3321c5b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-12 / Sugar esters are substances which possess surfactant, antifungical and bactericidal actions and can be obtained through two renewable sources of raw materials: sugars and vegetable oils. Their excellent biodegradability, allied to lhe fact that they are non toxic, insipid, inodorous, biocompatible, no-ionic, digestible and because they can resist to adverse conditions of temperature, pH and salinity, explain lhe crescent use of these substances in several sections of lhe industry. The objective of this thesis was to synthesize and characterize surfactants and polymers containing sugar branched in their structures, through enzymatic transesterification of vinyl esters and sugars, using alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis as catalyst, in organic medium (DMF).Three types of sugars were used: L-arabinose, D-glucose and sucrose and two types of vinyl esters: vinyl laurate and vinyl adipate. Aiming to reach high conversions from substrates to products for a possible future large scale industrial production, a serie of variables was optimized, through Design of Experiments (DOE), using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).The investigated variables were: (1) enzyme concentration; (2) molar reason of substrates; (3) water/solvent rale; (4) temperature and (5) time. We obtained six distinct sugar esters: 5-0-lauroyl L-arabinose, 6-0-lauroyl D-glucose, 1'-O-lauroyl sucrose, 5-0-vinyladipoyl L-arabinose, 6-0-vinyladipoyl D-glucose and 1 '-O-vinyladipoyl sucrose, being lhe last three polymerizable. The progress of lhe reaction was monitored by HPLC analysis, through lhe decrease of sugar concentration in comparison to lhe blank. Qualitative analysis by TLC confirmed lhe formation of lhe products. In lhe purification step, two methodologies were adopted: (1) chromatographic column and (2) extraction with hot acetone. The acylation position and lhe chemical structure were determined by 13C-RMN. The polymerization of lhe three vinyl sugar esters was possible, through chemical catalysis, using H2O2 and K2S2O8 as initiators, at 60?C, for 24 hours. IR spectra of lhe monomers and respective polymers were compared revealing lhe disappearance of lhe vinyl group in lhe polymer spectra. The molar weights of lhe polymers were determined by GPC and presented lhe following results: poly (5-0-vinyladipoyl L-arabinose): Mw = 7.2 X 104; PD = 2.48; poly (6-0-vinyladipoyl D-glucose): Mw = 2.7 X 103; PD = 1.75 and poly (1'-O-vinyladipoyl sucrose): Mw = 4.2 X 104; PD = 6.57. The six sugar esters were submitted to superficial tension tests for determination of the critical micelle concentrations (CMC), which varied from 122 to 167 ppm. Finally, a study of applicability of these sugar esters, as lubricants for completion fluids of petroleum wells was' accomplished through comparative analysis of lhe efficiency of these sugar esters, in relation to three commercial lubricants. The products synthesized in this thesis presented equivalent or superior action to lhe tested commercial products / ?steres de a??car s?o compostos que possuem a??o surfactante, antif?ngica e bactericida e podem ser obtidos a partir de duas fontes renov?veis de mat?ria-prima: a??cares e ?leos vegetais. Sua capacidade de se biodegradar, aliada ao fato de serem at?xicos, ins?pidos, inodoros, biocompat?veis, n?o-i?nicos, digest?veis e resistirem a condi??es severas de temperatura, pH e salinidade, explicam o crescente emprego destas subst?ncias em diversos setores da ind?stria. O objetivo desta tese foi sintetizar e caracterizar surfactantes e pol?meros, contendo a??cares ramificados em suas estruturas, atrav?s de transesterifica??o enzim?tica de ?steres vin?licos com a??cares, empregando-se protease alcalina de Bac?llus subtilis como catalisador, em meio org?nico (DMF). Foram empregados tr?s tipos de a??cares: L-arabinose, D-glicose e sacarose e dois tipos de ?steres vin?licos: laurato de vinila e adipato de vinila. Para a obten??o de altas convers?es de substratos em produtos, visando uma futura produ??o em larga escala, uma s?rie de vari?veis foram otimizadas, atrav?s de an?lise estat?stica experimental (DOE), por metodologia de resposta de superf?cie (RSM). As vari?veis investigadas foram: (1) a concentra??o de enzima; (2) a raz?o molar entre substratos; (3) a raz?o ?gua/solvente org?nico; (4) a temperatura e (5) o tempo. Foram obtidos seis ?steres de a??car: 5-0-lauroil L-arabinose, 6-0lauroil D-glicose, 1 '-O-Iauroil sacarose, 5-0-viniladipoil L-arabinose, 6-0viniladipoil D-glicose e 1 '-O-viniladipoil sacarose, sendo os tr?s ?ltimos polimeriz?veis. O progresso da rea??o foi monitorado por an?lise em HPLC, atrav?s do decr?scimo da concentra??o de a??car em rela??o ao branco. An?lises qualitativas, por TLC, confirmaram a forma??o dos produtos. Foram obtidas convers?es superiores a 98% na s?ntese do laurato de sacarose. Na purifica??o, foram adotadas duas metodologias: (1) coluna cromatogr?fica e (2) extra??o com acetona a quente. A posi??o de acila??o e a estrutura qu?mica foram determinadas por 13C-RMN. A polimeriza??o dos tr?s ?steres de a??car foi poss?vel, atrav?s de cat?lise qu?mica, empregando-se H2O2 e K2S2O8 como iniciadores, a 60?C, por 24 horas. Espectros de IR dos pol?meros foram comparados com os seus mon?meros, revelando o desaparecimento do grupo vinil. As massas molares dos pol?meros foram determinadas por GPC. Os pol?meros de a??car obtidos apresentaram as seguintes massas molares: poli (5-0-viniladipoil L-arabinose): Mw = 7,2 X 104; PD = 2,48; poli (6-0-viniladipoil D-glicose): Mw = 2,7 x 103; PD = 1,75 e poli (1 '-O-viniladipoil sacarose): Mw = 4,2 X 104; PD = 6,57. Os seis ?steres de a??car foram submetidos a ensaios de tens?o superficial para a determina??o das concentra??es micelares cr?ticas (CMC), que variaram de 122 a 167 ppm. Por fim, um estudo de aplicabilidade dos ?steres n?o polimeriz?veis, como lubrificantes para fluidos de completa??o de po?os de petr?leo foi realizado, atrav?s de an?lise comparativa da efici?ncia destes, em rela??o a tr?s lubrificantes comerciais. Os produtos sintetizados nesta tese apresentaram desempenho equivalente ou superior aos produtos comerciais testados
2

Estudo da imobiliza??o de proteases para a s?ntese de oligolisinas

Fagundes, Fabio Pereira 16 September 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioPF_TESE.pdf: 3376603 bytes, checksum: 15dfaa7fe12ca918fd7e1b98c4378dd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-16 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Enzymatic synthesis of peptides using proteases has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. One key challenge in peptide synthesis is to find supports for protease immobilization capable of working in aqueous medium at high performance, producing watersoluble oligopeptides. At present, few reports have been described using this strategy. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to immobilize proteases applying different methods (Immobilization by covalent bound, entrapment onto polymeric gels of PVA and immobilization on glycidil metacrylate magnetic nanoparticles) in order to produce water-soluble oligopeptides derived from lysine. Three different proteases were used: trypsin, α-chymotrypsin and bromelain. According to immobilization strategies associated to the type of protease employed, trypsin-resin systems showed the best performance in terms of hydrolytic activity and oligopeptides synthesis. Hydrolytic activities of the free and immobilized enzymes were determined spectrophotometrically based on the absorbance change at 660 nm at 25 ?C (Casein method). Calculations of oligolysine yield and average degree of polymerization (DPavg) were monitored by 1H-NMR analysis. Trypsin was covalently immobilized onto four different resins (Amberzyme, Eupergit C, Eupergit CM and Grace 192). Maximum yield of bound protein was 92 mg/g, 82 mg/g and 60 mg/g support for each resin respectively. The effectiveness of these systems (Trypsin-resins) was evaluated by hydrolysis of casein and synthesis of water-soluble oligolysine. Most systems were capable of catalyzing oligopeptide synthesis in aqueous medium, albeit at different efficiencies, namely: 40, 37 and 35% for Amberzyme, Eupergit C and Eupergit CM, respectively, in comparison with free enzyme. These systems produced oligomers in only 1 hour with DPavg higher than free enzyme. Among these systems, the Eupergit C-Trypsin system showed greater efficiency than others in terms of hydrolytic activity and thermal stability. However, this did not occur for oligolysine synthesis. Trypsin-Amberzyme proved to be more successful in oligopeptide synthesis, and exhibited excellent reusability, since it retained 90% of its initial hydrolytic and synthetic activity after 7 reuses. Trypsin hydrophobic interactions with Amberzyme support are responsible for protecting against strong enzyme conformational changes in the medium. In addition, the high concentration of oxirane groups on the surface promoted multi-covalent linking and, consequently, prevented the immobilized enzyme from leaching. The aforementioned results suggest that immobilized Trypsin on the supports evaluated can be efficiently used for oligopeptides synthesis in aqueous media / S?ntese enzim?tica de pept?deos usando proteases tem atra?do uma enorme aten??o nos ?ltimos anos. Um desafio chave na s?ntese de pept?deos ? encontrar suportes para imobiliza??o de proteases capazes de apresentar um alto desempenho em meio aquoso, produzindo oligopept?deos sol?veis em ?gua, j? que at? o presente momento, pouco tem sido descrito usando essa estrat?gia. Dessa forma, o objetivo dessa tese foi imobilizar proteases usando diferentes m?todos (imobiliza??o por liga??o covalente, aprisionamento em g?is polim?ricos de PVA e imobiliza??o em nanopart?culas magn?ticas de Glicidil) para a produ??o de oligopept?deos derivados da lisina. Tr?s proteases foram utilizadas: tripsina, α-quimotripsina e bromela?na. De acordo com as estrat?gias de imobiliza??o associadas ao tipo de protease empregada, foi provado que os sistemas tripsina-resinas mostraram os melhores desempenhos em termos de atividade hidrol?tica e s?ntese de oligopept?deos. A atividade hidrol?tica das enzimas livres e imobilizadas foi determinada por espectrofotometria com base na mudan?a de absorb?ncia em 660 nm ? temperatura de 25 ?C (Casein method). O rendimento de oligolisina e o c?lculo do grau de polimeriza??o m?dio foram monitorados por RMN H. A protease tripsina foi covalentemente imobilizada em quatro diferentes resinas (Amberzyme, Eupergit C, Eupergit CM and Grace 192). O m?ximo rendimento de prote?na imobilizada foi 92, 82, 60, e 71 mg/g de suporte para cada resina, respectivamente. A efici?ncia desses sistemas (Tripsina-resinas) foi avaliada pela hidr?lise do substrato case?na e a s?ntese de oligolisina em meio aquoso. A maioria dos sistemas foram capazes de catalisar a s?ntese de oligopept?deos, entretanto com diferentes efici?ncias, tais como: 40, 37 e 35% para os suportes Amberzyme, Eupergit C e Eupergit CM, respectivamente, em compara??o com a enzima livre. Esses sistemas produziram olig?meros em somente 1 hora com grau de polimeriza??o m?dio mais alto que a enzima livre. Dentre esses sistemas, Eupergit CTripsina mostrou ser mais eficiente que os outros sistemas em termos de atividade hidrol?tica e estabilidade t?rmica, ao passo que n?o exibiu a mesma efici?ncia como era esperado para a s?ntese de oligolisina. Tripsina-amberzyme provou ser mais eficiente para a s?ntese de oligopept?deos, al?m de exibir um excelente reuso, mantendo 90% de sua atividade hidrol?tica e sint?tica ap?s sete reusos. As intera??es hidrof?bicas da tripsina com o suporte Amberzyme s?o respons?veis por proteger a enzima contra as fortes mudan?as conformacionais no meio reacional. Al?m disso, a alta concentra??o de grupos oxiranos na superf?cie da resina promoveu liga??es covalentes multipontuais e, consequentemente, preveniu a enzima imobilizada do processo de desor??o (Leaching process). Os resultados acima mencionados sugerem que a tripsina imobilizada nesses suportes pode ser eficientemente usada para a s?ntese de oligopept?deos em meio aquoso

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