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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Modulação do fenótipo dependente do HPV16, pela expressão de HAI-1, em células-tronco epiteliais / Modulation of HPV-dependent phenotype by HAI-1 expression in epithelial stem cells

Gomes, Bruno Belmonte Martinelli 03 May 2018 (has links)
Os carcinomas de cabeça e pescoço, causados principalmente pelo tabaco e pela infecção por HPV, além da predisposição genética, figuram como a sexta maior causa de câncer no mundo. Este tipo de neoplasia maligna acomete cerca de 600 mil novas pessoas por ano e é caracterizada por apresentar baixas taxas de sobrevida. Essas baixas taxas se devem, principalmente, a (i) ausência de biomarcadores; (ii) diagnóstico tardio; e (iii) inespecificidade de tratamento. Não somente as altas taxas de mortalidade acompanham a doença, mas também de morbidade, devido ao fato de áreas nobres do organismo serem danificadas em consequência do tratamento cirúrgico agressivo utilizado e que, em combinação com a radioterapia, interferem em processos fisiológicos de grande importância como a fala e a deglutição. Ainda, o comportamento tumoral, mais ou menos agressivo, é resultado do desequilíbrio na expressão de diversos genes e proteínas. Neste cenário, muitas serino proteases, em conjunto com seus inibidores e substratos, estão alteradas durante o processo de carcinogênese. Destacamos a via da matriptase, uma serino protease transmembrana que ativa vias relacionadas à proliferação e sobrevivência celulares, e que se encontra superexpressa em diferentes casos de câncer. A interação entre a protease e seu inibidor cognato HAI-1 tem grande importância no prognóstico e evolução de diferentes carcinomas. Além disso, sabe-se que a superexpressão de HAI-1 tem efeito protetivo sobre lesões causadas pelo aumento nos níveis de matriptase, além de estar imunohistologicamente aumentado em carcinomas cervicais, cuja etiologia envolve a infecção por HPV em mais de 90% dos casos. Neste contexto, e considerando o potencial tumorigênico do HPV para os carcinomas de cabeça e pescoço, utilizamos, neste trabalho, camundongos transgênicos que expressam HAI-1 sob o promotor da queratina 5 (K5-HAI-1) e camundongos que expressam as oncoproteínas E6 e E7 do HPV16 sob o promotor da queratina 14 (K14- HPV), para avaliar o possível efeito modulador de HAI-1 sobre o fenótipo causado pelos oncogenes do HPV16. Para tanto, observamos os efeitos da co-expressão dos transgenes no desenvolvimento dos animais e analisamos quantitativamente a evolução das lesões espontâneas causadas pelos oncogenes virais, na presença ou ausência do transgene de HAI-1. Os resultados indicam que os diferentes animais transgênicos se desenvolvem de maneira semelhante, e que a expressão de HAI-1 em células tronco epiteliais parece não interferir no surgimento e na progressão de lesões epiteliais, características da expressão de E6 e E7 nas mesmas células precursoras do epitélio. / Head and neck carcinomas, which are mainly caused by tobacco use and HPV infection are also favoured by the individual genetic predisposition, and are considered the sixth leading cause of cancer worldwide. This type of malignant neoplasm affects about 600,000 new people per year and is also characterised by presenting low survival rates. These low rates are mostly due to (i) the absence of biomarkers; (ii) late diagnosis; and (iii) inespecificity of treatment. High mortality and morbidity rates go along with the disease due to the fact that noble areas of the organism are damaged as a consequence of the aggressive surgical treatment used which, in combination with the radiotherapy, interferes in physiological processes of great importance such as speech and swallowing. Moreover, the more or less aggressive tumour behaviour is a result of the imbalance in the expression of several genes and proteins. In this scenario, many serine proteases, their inhibitors and substrates are altered during the process of carcinogenesis. Matriptase, a transmembrane serine protease that activates pathways related to cell proliferation and survival, has gathered attention for being overexpressed in different cases of cancer. The interaction between this protease and its cognate inhibitor, HAI-1, is of great importance in the prognosis and evolution of different carcinomas. In addition, it is known that HAI-1 overexpression is closely related to a protective effect on lesions caused by increased levels of matriptase. In addition, the same inhibitor is immunohistologically enhanced in cervical carcinomas, a type of cancer caused by HPV infection in more than 90% of cases. In this context and considering the tumorigenic potential of HPV for head and neck carcinomas, transgenic mice that express HAI-1 under the keratin 5 promoter (K5-HAI-1), and mice expressing the E6 oncoproteins and E7 from HPV16 under the keratin 14 promoter (K14-HPV) were used in order to evaluate the possible HAI-1 modulating effect on the phenotype caused by the HPV16 oncogenes. In order to do so, the effects of co-expression of both transgenes on the development of animals were properly observed and the evolution of spontaneous lesions caused by viral oncogenes were quantitatively analysed in the presence or absence of the HAI- 1 transgene. The results indicate that different transgenic animals have a similar development, and finally that HAI-1 expression in epithelial stem cells does not appear to interfere with the appearance and progression of epithelial lesions, which is a characteristic of E6 and E7 expression in the same precursor epithelial cells.
2

Modulação do fenótipo dependente do HPV16, pela expressão de HAI-1, em células-tronco epiteliais / Modulation of HPV-dependent phenotype by HAI-1 expression in epithelial stem cells

Bruno Belmonte Martinelli Gomes 03 May 2018 (has links)
Os carcinomas de cabeça e pescoço, causados principalmente pelo tabaco e pela infecção por HPV, além da predisposição genética, figuram como a sexta maior causa de câncer no mundo. Este tipo de neoplasia maligna acomete cerca de 600 mil novas pessoas por ano e é caracterizada por apresentar baixas taxas de sobrevida. Essas baixas taxas se devem, principalmente, a (i) ausência de biomarcadores; (ii) diagnóstico tardio; e (iii) inespecificidade de tratamento. Não somente as altas taxas de mortalidade acompanham a doença, mas também de morbidade, devido ao fato de áreas nobres do organismo serem danificadas em consequência do tratamento cirúrgico agressivo utilizado e que, em combinação com a radioterapia, interferem em processos fisiológicos de grande importância como a fala e a deglutição. Ainda, o comportamento tumoral, mais ou menos agressivo, é resultado do desequilíbrio na expressão de diversos genes e proteínas. Neste cenário, muitas serino proteases, em conjunto com seus inibidores e substratos, estão alteradas durante o processo de carcinogênese. Destacamos a via da matriptase, uma serino protease transmembrana que ativa vias relacionadas à proliferação e sobrevivência celulares, e que se encontra superexpressa em diferentes casos de câncer. A interação entre a protease e seu inibidor cognato HAI-1 tem grande importância no prognóstico e evolução de diferentes carcinomas. Além disso, sabe-se que a superexpressão de HAI-1 tem efeito protetivo sobre lesões causadas pelo aumento nos níveis de matriptase, além de estar imunohistologicamente aumentado em carcinomas cervicais, cuja etiologia envolve a infecção por HPV em mais de 90% dos casos. Neste contexto, e considerando o potencial tumorigênico do HPV para os carcinomas de cabeça e pescoço, utilizamos, neste trabalho, camundongos transgênicos que expressam HAI-1 sob o promotor da queratina 5 (K5-HAI-1) e camundongos que expressam as oncoproteínas E6 e E7 do HPV16 sob o promotor da queratina 14 (K14- HPV), para avaliar o possível efeito modulador de HAI-1 sobre o fenótipo causado pelos oncogenes do HPV16. Para tanto, observamos os efeitos da co-expressão dos transgenes no desenvolvimento dos animais e analisamos quantitativamente a evolução das lesões espontâneas causadas pelos oncogenes virais, na presença ou ausência do transgene de HAI-1. Os resultados indicam que os diferentes animais transgênicos se desenvolvem de maneira semelhante, e que a expressão de HAI-1 em células tronco epiteliais parece não interferir no surgimento e na progressão de lesões epiteliais, características da expressão de E6 e E7 nas mesmas células precursoras do epitélio. / Head and neck carcinomas, which are mainly caused by tobacco use and HPV infection are also favoured by the individual genetic predisposition, and are considered the sixth leading cause of cancer worldwide. This type of malignant neoplasm affects about 600,000 new people per year and is also characterised by presenting low survival rates. These low rates are mostly due to (i) the absence of biomarkers; (ii) late diagnosis; and (iii) inespecificity of treatment. High mortality and morbidity rates go along with the disease due to the fact that noble areas of the organism are damaged as a consequence of the aggressive surgical treatment used which, in combination with the radiotherapy, interferes in physiological processes of great importance such as speech and swallowing. Moreover, the more or less aggressive tumour behaviour is a result of the imbalance in the expression of several genes and proteins. In this scenario, many serine proteases, their inhibitors and substrates are altered during the process of carcinogenesis. Matriptase, a transmembrane serine protease that activates pathways related to cell proliferation and survival, has gathered attention for being overexpressed in different cases of cancer. The interaction between this protease and its cognate inhibitor, HAI-1, is of great importance in the prognosis and evolution of different carcinomas. In addition, it is known that HAI-1 overexpression is closely related to a protective effect on lesions caused by increased levels of matriptase. In addition, the same inhibitor is immunohistologically enhanced in cervical carcinomas, a type of cancer caused by HPV infection in more than 90% of cases. In this context and considering the tumorigenic potential of HPV for head and neck carcinomas, transgenic mice that express HAI-1 under the keratin 5 promoter (K5-HAI-1), and mice expressing the E6 oncoproteins and E7 from HPV16 under the keratin 14 promoter (K14-HPV) were used in order to evaluate the possible HAI-1 modulating effect on the phenotype caused by the HPV16 oncogenes. In order to do so, the effects of co-expression of both transgenes on the development of animals were properly observed and the evolution of spontaneous lesions caused by viral oncogenes were quantitatively analysed in the presence or absence of the HAI- 1 transgene. The results indicate that different transgenic animals have a similar development, and finally that HAI-1 expression in epithelial stem cells does not appear to interfere with the appearance and progression of epithelial lesions, which is a characteristic of E6 and E7 expression in the same precursor epithelial cells.
3

The functional architecture of factor IX and protein C

Wacy, Adam Ian January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
4

Structural studies of #mu#-calpain, a novel calpain substrate, and a papain-leupeptin complex

Schroeder, Ewald January 1994 (has links)
No description available.
5

Evolução molecular de proteases Pr1 (Classe II) de Metarhizium anisopliae

Andreis, Fábio Carrer January 2016 (has links)
O fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae é amplamente empregado comercialmente como agente biocontrolador de artrópodes em pragas na agricultura e pecuária, abrangendo vasta gama de hospedeiros. Para que o processo infectivo tenha sucesso, é necessário que o fungo atravesse a cutícula, a primeira e principal defesa do artrópode. A transposição dessa primeira barreira ocorre pela secreção de proteases, lipases e quitinases para degradar seus principais componentes estruturais. Dentre as proteases expressas por M. anisopliae, a família Pr1 de serino-proteases está associada à virulência. Essa família possui 11 isoformas - Pr1A a Pr1K - em M. anisopliae, sendo subdivididas em duas classes. A Classe II compreende 10 isoformas subdivididas em três subfamílias. Essas isoformas agem de forma sinergística entre si e com outros fatores, conferindo maior virulência e permitindo a infecção de diferentes hospedeiros. É suposto que a virulência coevolui por seleção recíproca com o hospedeiro, havendo seleção positiva para a evolução de novas proteases ou isoformas que não sejam inativadas por inibidores do hospedeiro. O presente trabalho busca testar essa hipótese na Classe II da família Pr1, com especial foco em M. anisopliae, utilizando diferentes métodos de inferência filogenética em conjuntos de aminoácidos e nucleotídeos das isoformas individuais, bem como agrupadas por subfamílias, abrangendo homólogos do gênero Metarhizium e fungos relacionados. As árvores obtidas e seus respectivos alinhamentos nucleotídicos foram analisados quanto à substituições sinônimas e não sinônimas para inferência de seleção positiva. Tanto para os conjuntos de dados individuiais quanto para aqueles agrupados por subfamília, as filogenias retratam grupos com alto suporte estatístico condizentes com a taxonomia dos organismos que sintetizam essas proteínas, embora contendo pequenas discrepâncias. Foram identificados sítios sob seleção positiva em seis das nove isoformas avaliadas, em sua maioria localizados no domínio proteolítico. Esses resultados indicam que existe pressão seletiva diferenciada para gerar novas variações de Pr1, com efeito potencial na especificidade por hospedeiros, aumento de virulência, ou adaptação a outros estilos de vida hospedeiro-independente. / The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisoplie is widely applied as a pest-arthropod biocontrol agent in crops and animal production, encompassing a wide array of hosts. For a successful infection, it is vital that the fungus breaches the host’s cuticle, the first and main defense of artrhopods. Transposing this first barrier requires secreted proteases, lipases and chitinases that degrade the cuticle’s main structural components. Among the expressed proteases of M. anisopliae, the Pr1 family of serine proteases is related to its virulence. In M. anisopliae, this family contains 11 isoforms – Pr1A through Pr1K – divided into two classes. Class II comprises 10 isoforms further divided into three subfamilies. It is believed that these isoforms act synergistically and with other virulence fators, allowing the infection of different hosts. Presumably, virulence coevolves through reciprocal selection with the host, where positive selection occurs for the evolution of new proteases or isoforms that are not inactivated by the host’s inhibitors. The current work tests this hypothesis in Class II of the Pr1 family, with a special focus in M. anisopliae, employing different methods for phylogenetic inference in aminoacid and nucleotide datasets alike for each isoform individually as well as grouped by subfamily, encompassing homologs for the Metarhizium genus and related fungi. The inferred trees and their respective alignments were analyzed regarding synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions to detect positive selection. For each individual dataset, as well as for their subfamily groups, phylogenies depict groups that match the taxonomy of their respective organisms with high statistical support, albeit with minor discrepancies. Positively selected sites were identified in six out of nine Pr1 isoforms, most of them located within the proteolytic domain. These results imply that there exists a differential selective pressure for the evolution of novel Pr1 variations, potentially affecting host specificity, increasing virulence or adapting the fungus to different host-independent lifestyles.
6

Characterization and anti-HIV activity of the proprotein convertase-directed serine protease inhibitor, Spn4A

Posarac, Vesna 05 1900 (has links)
HIV/AIDS is a global health problem of immense magnitude, with 33 million people living with HIV and 2 million AIDS-related deaths per year. As the development of drug resistance undermines treatment efficacy, the long-term success of anti-retroviral therapy depends upon the introduction of novel drugs aimed at additional targets essential for the viral life cycle. With a critical role in many viral diseases including the proteolytic maturation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp160, the secretory pathway proprotein convertases (PCs) represent a potential anti-viral target. Our laboratory has reported the identification of Spn4A, a potent naturally occurring secretory pathway serine protease inhibitor directed at the prototype PC member, furin. Because of the requirement for the PCs in the production of infectious HIV-1, we hypothesized that strategic manipulation of PC activity by Spn4A and Spn4A-engineered variants would provide a means of effectively limiting HIV-1 infection. This thesis details the investigation of the anti-proteolytic activities and anti-HIV-1 properties of recombinant adenoviruses expressing Spn4A and Spn4A bio-engineered variants, including a secreted recombinant Spn4A (Spn4A S). Our data shows that the expression of Spn4A S in MAGI-CCR5 cells and furin-deficient LoVo cells inhibited the PC-dependent processing of the HIV-1 envelope precursor gp160. Furthermore, inhibition of processing resulted in a nearly complete reduction of productive HIV-1 infection as determined by HIV-1 Tat-driven β-galactosidase activity and multinuclear activation of a galactosidase indicator (MAGI) assays. Complementing the previously described anti-furin activity of Spn4A, our studies indicate that Spn4A S inhibits additional PCs involved in gp160 maturation, and that PC inhibition can serve as an effective means of limiting HIV-1 infection. With the central role of the PCs in the replication and pathogenesis of numerous infectious agents, the identification of Spn4A S as an efficacious HIV inhibitor establishes Spn4A as a prospective broad-based agent for the inhibition of PC-related diseases.
7

Characterization and anti-HIV activity of the proprotein convertase-directed serine protease inhibitor, Spn4A

Posarac, Vesna 05 1900 (has links)
HIV/AIDS is a global health problem of immense magnitude, with 33 million people living with HIV and 2 million AIDS-related deaths per year. As the development of drug resistance undermines treatment efficacy, the long-term success of anti-retroviral therapy depends upon the introduction of novel drugs aimed at additional targets essential for the viral life cycle. With a critical role in many viral diseases including the proteolytic maturation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp160, the secretory pathway proprotein convertases (PCs) represent a potential anti-viral target. Our laboratory has reported the identification of Spn4A, a potent naturally occurring secretory pathway serine protease inhibitor directed at the prototype PC member, furin. Because of the requirement for the PCs in the production of infectious HIV-1, we hypothesized that strategic manipulation of PC activity by Spn4A and Spn4A-engineered variants would provide a means of effectively limiting HIV-1 infection. This thesis details the investigation of the anti-proteolytic activities and anti-HIV-1 properties of recombinant adenoviruses expressing Spn4A and Spn4A bio-engineered variants, including a secreted recombinant Spn4A (Spn4A S). Our data shows that the expression of Spn4A S in MAGI-CCR5 cells and furin-deficient LoVo cells inhibited the PC-dependent processing of the HIV-1 envelope precursor gp160. Furthermore, inhibition of processing resulted in a nearly complete reduction of productive HIV-1 infection as determined by HIV-1 Tat-driven β-galactosidase activity and multinuclear activation of a galactosidase indicator (MAGI) assays. Complementing the previously described anti-furin activity of Spn4A, our studies indicate that Spn4A S inhibits additional PCs involved in gp160 maturation, and that PC inhibition can serve as an effective means of limiting HIV-1 infection. With the central role of the PCs in the replication and pathogenesis of numerous infectious agents, the identification of Spn4A S as an efficacious HIV inhibitor establishes Spn4A as a prospective broad-based agent for the inhibition of PC-related diseases.
8

A study of chymotrypsins and carboxypeptidase B from camel pancreas

Al-Ajlan, Abdulrahman S. M. January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
9

The synthesis of phosphonate analogues of tyrosine and tryptophan as potential inhibitors of chymotrypsin-like enzymes

Bergin, Carol Ann-Marie January 1996 (has links)
No description available.
10

Evolução molecular de proteases Pr1 (Classe II) de Metarhizium anisopliae

Andreis, Fábio Carrer January 2016 (has links)
O fungo entomopatogênico Metarhizium anisopliae é amplamente empregado comercialmente como agente biocontrolador de artrópodes em pragas na agricultura e pecuária, abrangendo vasta gama de hospedeiros. Para que o processo infectivo tenha sucesso, é necessário que o fungo atravesse a cutícula, a primeira e principal defesa do artrópode. A transposição dessa primeira barreira ocorre pela secreção de proteases, lipases e quitinases para degradar seus principais componentes estruturais. Dentre as proteases expressas por M. anisopliae, a família Pr1 de serino-proteases está associada à virulência. Essa família possui 11 isoformas - Pr1A a Pr1K - em M. anisopliae, sendo subdivididas em duas classes. A Classe II compreende 10 isoformas subdivididas em três subfamílias. Essas isoformas agem de forma sinergística entre si e com outros fatores, conferindo maior virulência e permitindo a infecção de diferentes hospedeiros. É suposto que a virulência coevolui por seleção recíproca com o hospedeiro, havendo seleção positiva para a evolução de novas proteases ou isoformas que não sejam inativadas por inibidores do hospedeiro. O presente trabalho busca testar essa hipótese na Classe II da família Pr1, com especial foco em M. anisopliae, utilizando diferentes métodos de inferência filogenética em conjuntos de aminoácidos e nucleotídeos das isoformas individuais, bem como agrupadas por subfamílias, abrangendo homólogos do gênero Metarhizium e fungos relacionados. As árvores obtidas e seus respectivos alinhamentos nucleotídicos foram analisados quanto à substituições sinônimas e não sinônimas para inferência de seleção positiva. Tanto para os conjuntos de dados individuiais quanto para aqueles agrupados por subfamília, as filogenias retratam grupos com alto suporte estatístico condizentes com a taxonomia dos organismos que sintetizam essas proteínas, embora contendo pequenas discrepâncias. Foram identificados sítios sob seleção positiva em seis das nove isoformas avaliadas, em sua maioria localizados no domínio proteolítico. Esses resultados indicam que existe pressão seletiva diferenciada para gerar novas variações de Pr1, com efeito potencial na especificidade por hospedeiros, aumento de virulência, ou adaptação a outros estilos de vida hospedeiro-independente. / The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisoplie is widely applied as a pest-arthropod biocontrol agent in crops and animal production, encompassing a wide array of hosts. For a successful infection, it is vital that the fungus breaches the host’s cuticle, the first and main defense of artrhopods. Transposing this first barrier requires secreted proteases, lipases and chitinases that degrade the cuticle’s main structural components. Among the expressed proteases of M. anisopliae, the Pr1 family of serine proteases is related to its virulence. In M. anisopliae, this family contains 11 isoforms – Pr1A through Pr1K – divided into two classes. Class II comprises 10 isoforms further divided into three subfamilies. It is believed that these isoforms act synergistically and with other virulence fators, allowing the infection of different hosts. Presumably, virulence coevolves through reciprocal selection with the host, where positive selection occurs for the evolution of new proteases or isoforms that are not inactivated by the host’s inhibitors. The current work tests this hypothesis in Class II of the Pr1 family, with a special focus in M. anisopliae, employing different methods for phylogenetic inference in aminoacid and nucleotide datasets alike for each isoform individually as well as grouped by subfamily, encompassing homologs for the Metarhizium genus and related fungi. The inferred trees and their respective alignments were analyzed regarding synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions to detect positive selection. For each individual dataset, as well as for their subfamily groups, phylogenies depict groups that match the taxonomy of their respective organisms with high statistical support, albeit with minor discrepancies. Positively selected sites were identified in six out of nine Pr1 isoforms, most of them located within the proteolytic domain. These results imply that there exists a differential selective pressure for the evolution of novel Pr1 variations, potentially affecting host specificity, increasing virulence or adapting the fungus to different host-independent lifestyles.

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