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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Parasites Chromidina et Dicyémides des sacs rénaux de Céphalopodes : évaluation de leur biodiversité morphologique et moléculaire / Chromidinids and Dicyemids parasites of the renal appndages of Cephalopods : evaluation of their molecular and morphological biodiversity

Souidenne, Dhikra 28 April 2016 (has links)
Les sacs rénaux des céphalopodes sont communément le siège d’infections parasitaires spectaculaires provoquées principalement par des ciliés apostomes du genre Chromidina et des mésozoaires, les dicyémides. Les formes végétatives sont vermiformes et peuvent atteindre plusieurs mm de long. Elles sont fixées par leur partie antérieure aux cellules rénales. La diversité de ces parasites énigmatiques, basée sur des morpho-espèces, reste très mal connue pour les chromidinés et aucune donnée moléculaire n’est disponible pour ces ciliés. Les Dicyémides ont été en revanche plus étudiés mais les données morphologiques et moléculaires sont parcellaires et leurs relations phylogénétiques restent débattues. Au cours de cette thèse, nous nous sommes proposés d’étudier ces deux groupes afin d’évaluer leur biodiversité chez les céphalopodes méditerranéens et d’Atlantique, et de fournir plus d’éléments pour la compréhension de leur systématique et de leur phylogénie. Ainsi, à partir d’un large échantillonnage de céphalopodes d’Atlantique (Concarneau, France) et méditerranéens (La Goulette, Tunisie) prélevés sur 3 années consécutives, nous avons entrepris de caractériser morphologiquement et génétiquement ces parasites en réalisant une analyse moléculaire du marqueur ADNr 18S afin d’aborder la notion d’espèce, de préciser leur spécificité d’hôte, de corréler la diversité morphologique et génétique, et de mesurer la variabilité génétique au sein d’une même morpho-espèce.Dans nos échantillonnages, la prévalence de l’infection par des chromidinés s’est révélée faible, certainement biaisée par les milieux échantillonnés, essentiellement benthiques, alors que les chromidinés infectent préférentiellement les céphalopodes pélagiques. Nous pouvons cependant prédire que leur biodiversité est sous-estimée, car deux nouvelles espèces ont pu néanmoins être décrites. Nous avons pu obtenir pour la première fois des séquences de l’ADNr 18S de ces parasites. Les analyses phylogénétiques robustes montrent que les chromidinés se positionnent parmi les ciliés apostomes au sein de la classe des Oligohymenophorea.La prévalence des dicyémides était beaucoup plus importante (88%). Un problème important dans la systématique des dicyémides est que bon nombre de morpho-espèces nommées sont basées sur des descriptions morphologiques incomplètes qui entrainent des ambiguïtés dans leur détermination. Ceci nous a amenés à redécrire de façon détaillée sur tous les stades de développement l’espèce Dicyemennea eledones rencontrée dans nos échantillonnages. Les analyses phylogénétiques des séquences du marqueur ADNr 18S obtenues au cours de cette étude et intégrant les séquences de dicyémides déjà connues, nous ont permis de définir 10 clades robustes. Les morpho-espèces ne se distribuent pas de façon non ambigüe au sein de ces clades puisque certaines morpho-espèces se retrouvent dans plusieurs clades et que certains clades peuvent regrouper plusieurs morpho-espèces. Ceci pose la question de la pertinence de ce marqueur ADNr 18S pour l’identification des espèces, voire même des genres, et pose également la question de la pertinence des marqueurs morphologiques utilisés à ce jour pour la systématique des dicyémides. / The renal sacs of cephalopods are an uncommon habitat for two phylogenetically distant parasites, dicyemid mesozoa and ciliate chromidinids. These are wormlike organisms, which can reach a few millimetres in length and are attached to the renal epithelia by their anterior part. Information was mainly based on morphological criteria and little is known about the biodiversity and taxonomy of these enigmatic parasites. Concerning the chromidinids, only 4 morpho-species have been described and there are no molecular data available. Dicyemids have been a little more studied, but morphological criteria are still incomplete for some species and not all life stages have been studied. The molecular data are sparse and the phylogenetic position of these organisms is uncertain.During this thesis, we have undertaken to study these two groups with regard to their biodiversity in cephalods from the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The aims are to obtain more elements for the comprehension of their systematics and phylogeny. Starting from a large sample of cephalopods from the Atlantic Ocean (Concarneau, France) and the Mediterranean Sea (La Goulette, Tunisia), fished during 3 consecutive years, we characterized the parasites from a morphological and molecular point of view. We realised a molecular analysis of the 18S rDNA marker in order to look at the notion of species, to precise their host specificity, to correlate the morphological and genetic diversity and to measure the genetic variability within one morpho-species.In our samples, the prevalence of the infection by chromidinids was revealed to be weak, probably biased by the position of the collection in the water column. The sampled hosts were predominantly benthic, while chromidinids mainly infect pelagic cephalopods. We predict that the diversity is underestimated, even if we were able to describe two new species. We obtained for the first time molecular data from the 18S rDNA marker. The robust phylogenetic analyses show that chromidinids are positioned within the apostome ciliates, belonging to the Oligohymenophorea.In our samples, the prevalence of the infection by dicyemids was shown to be more important (88%). A major problem in the dicyemid systematics is that a large number of named morpho-species are based on incomplete morphological descriptions, entailing ambiguities in their identification. We therefore redescribed all stages of the development of the species Dicyemennea eledones of our samples in detail. Phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rDNA marker sequences of our samples, combined with the sequences available in databases, allowed us to define 10 robust clades. The morpho-species are not distributed in a non ambiguous manner within these clades, as some can be found in different clades and some clades can regroup more than one morpho-species. This leads to the question of the relevance of the 18S rDNA marker for the identification of species and even genera. It also challenges the relevance of morphological criteria currently used for the dicyemid systematics.
2

Egg laying preferences of two Littorina species on cooccuring Fucus and Ascophyllum thalli

Hichens-Bergström, Marit January 2014 (has links)
In the study the preference of two Littorina species, i.e. Littorina obtusata and Littorina fabalis was investigated experimentally and in the field on which of the two fucoid species, Fucus vesiculosus or Ascophyllum nodosum they preferred to place their egg aggregations. The hypothesis tested was that L. obtusata and L. fabalis both prefer F. vesiculosus as substrate for spawning over A. nodosum and that L. obtusata move from their main grazing habitat, i.e. A. nodosum to F. vesiculosus before laying their egg sacs. The experiment was supported by a field study where the numbers of the two Littorina species, both adults and juveniles, were counted on F. vesiculosus and A. nodosum thalli collected in the field.  The results showed that both L. obtusata and L. fabalis preferred F. vesiculosus over A. nodosum as substrate for placing their egg sacs and that juveniles transfer to their preferred food source after hatching. This is the first report on the ability of adult L. obtusata to actively select favorable substrate for juvenile snails, by avoiding placing their egg sacs on unfavorable surfaces as A. nodosum. Both L. fabalis and L. obtusata placed their egg sacs on older parts of the thalli, mostly below the vesicles. The number of eggs sac was higher for L. obtusata when both A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus where available, but higher for L. fabalis when there were only F. vesiculosus in the jar. This indicates that more of the preferred nutrition would provide for more eggs in each sac, since the adults have more energy to produce more eggs. The number of snails counted in the field shows the dynamics of population during the summer. There was an obvious shift with more juveniles of both Littorina species on F. vesiculosus in the beginning of July, changing to most of the juveniles occurring on A. nodosum at the end of the month.  The importance of conducting the study during the hatching season to monitor the movements of the snails between preferred habitat for adult grazing, spawning and juvenile feeding is evident.
3

INFLUENCE OF PORE GEOMETRY ON THE RATE OF DIFFUSION THROUGH POROUS BARRIERS

Schwartz, Ravi Zechariah 02 May 2023 (has links)
No description available.
4

Tradução e adaptação cultural do instrumento: “The SACS TM Instrument”

Silveira, Néria Invernizzi da 16 March 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-11T12:30:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Néria Invernizzi da Silveira.pdf: 1566170 bytes, checksum: ce5da5f364608bd9ea3f5d9d42dd87de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T12:30:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Néria Invernizzi da Silveira.pdf: 1566170 bytes, checksum: ce5da5f364608bd9ea3f5d9d42dd87de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-16 / Introduction: The skin around the ostomy should be evaluated constantly because of the risk of having its integrity impaired and there is no instrument validated in Brazil for assessment and classification of the lesions and topographic location. Objective: To carry out the cultural adaptation of "The SACS™ Instrument" for use in Brazil and assess content validity, inter-observer reliability and evaluate the educational dimension to the understanding of this instrument. Method: This is a methodological study with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The cultural adaptation was elaborated by four translators in the translation and back-translation phases and its summaries were compiled by the author. The content validity index (CVI) was analyzed by seven judges for semantic, idiomatic, cultural and conceptual equivalences. The formula for calculating the CVI was the addition of the answers, divided by the total number of answers. Inter-observer reliability came from the investigation of 41 photographs, carried out by two nurses who specialize in stomatherapy and the values were presented in percentage and with the weighted kappa coefficient (K). To achieve instrument validity a focus group strategy was used, with eight students from year four of the undergraduate nursing program. Result: The result obtained for SACS™ Instrument was IVC=1. Reliability for the evaluation and classification of the lesions presented agreement of 41.18% and K = 0.2444, and for topographic location resulted in 46.67% and K = 0.3151. Another measure of interobserver agreement was the level of statistical significance that presented p <0.001 and was found to be extremely significant. Discussion: The process of translation and cultural adaptation was developed with the scientific rigor of the research objective. IVC = 1 was the same as that in a study in Turkey. In Italy and the USA, IVC = 0.91 and IVC = 0.94, respectively, demonstrated the viability in clinical practice, but with specific training. Conclusion: The SACSTM instrument was translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese culture and meant to be an internationally standardized tool and useful in clinical practice for the evaluation, classification, topographic location of peristomial lesions, certifying reliable results and that met the objectives of this study / Introdução: A pele ao redor da estomia deve ser avaliada constantemente pois possui risco de perda de sua integridade e não há instrumento no Brasil para a avaliação, classificação e localização topográfica destas lesões. Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou realizar e adaptação cultural do “The SACSTM Instrument” para o Brasil, avaliar o índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC) e a confiabilidade interobservadores. Método: É um estudo metodológico com abordagem quantitativa. A adaptação cultural foi desenvolvida por quatro tradutores, sendo dois para a tradução e dois para a retrotradução. O IVC das equivalências de semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual foram analisadas por sete juízes e a versão final foi elaborada pela pesquisadora. A concordância interobservadores ocorreu pela análise de quarenta e uma fotografias por dois ET. Resultado: O SACSTM obteve IVC=1. A confiabilidade, para a avaliação e classificação das lesões apresentou concordância de 41,18% e K=0,2444, e para localização topográfica resultou em 46,67% e K=0,3151. Outra medida de concordância interobservadores foi o nível de significância estatística que apresentou p<0,001 concluindo ser extremamente significante. Discussão: O processo de tradução e adaptação cultural foi desenvolvido com o rigor científico do objetivo da pesquisa. O IVC =1 foi o mesmo que ocorreu em um estudo da Turquia. Na Itália e EUA resultou respectivamente em IVC = 0,91 e IVC = 0,94, demonstrando a viabilidade na prática clínica, porém com capacitação específica. Conclusão: O instrumento SACSTM foi traduzido e adaptado para a cultura do português do Brasil e significou ser uma ferramenta padronizada internacionalmente e de utilidade na prática clínica para a avaliação, classificação, localização topográfica das lesões periestomias, certificando resultados fidedignos e que atendeu os objetivos deste estudo
5

Effets de l'étirement axial sur des cardiomyocytes murins déficients en dystrophine : dérégulation calcique et canaux TRPs / Effects of axial stretch on murine deficient-dystrophin cardiomyocytes : calcium deregulation and TRPs channels

Aguettaz, Elizabeth 29 June 2015 (has links)
La dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne (DMD) est la conséquence de la perte de la dystrophine, protéine sous membranaire indispensable au maintien mécanique et fonctionnel du sarcolemme. Cette déficience augmenterait les influx cationiques par des microruptures de la membrane ou par la dérégulation de canaux tels que les canaux activés par l'étirement (SACs: Stretch-activated channel). Dans ce travail, les effets d'une stimulation mécanique ont été explorés sur des cardiomyocytes dans le contexte pathologique de la cardiomyopathie dilatée associée à la DMD. L'utilisation de fibres de carbone a permis de réaliser un étirement axial similaire aux conditions physiologiques de remplissage ventriculaire. Dans ces conditions, l'exploration de la topographie membranaire par la microscopie de conductance ionique à balayage n'a montré aucune évolution de la surface ni de lésion du sarcolemmel dans les conditions d'étirement. L'étude s'est donc focalisée sur l'activité de candidats moléculaires des SACs et plus particulièrement ceux appartenant à la famille des TRPs (Transient Receptor Potential) dans le dérèglement de l'homéostasie calcique induite par l'étirement. Les influx cationiques évalués par la technique d'extinction de fluorescence et l'étude de la concentration intracellulaire de Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) grâce à la sonde Fluo8 montrent une implication des canaux TRPV2 et TRPCs. Les premiers semblent responsables d'une entrée cationique et d'une augmentation de [Ca2+]i importante dans les cardiomyocytes mdx. Les seconds, bien que responsables d'un influx, ne participeraient pas à l'augmentation de [Ca2+]i. Ces résultats révèlent que les canaux TRPV2 pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la dérégulation calcique observée dans les cardiomyocytes déficients en dystrophine. / Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the consequence of the loss of dystrophin, a subsarcolemmal protein essential for mechanical and functional maintenances of the sarcolemma. This deficiency could increase cationic influxes by membrane microruptures or by dysregulation of channels such as stretch-activated channels (SACs). In this work, the effects of a mechanical stretch were explored on cardiomyocytes in the pathological context of dilated cardiomyopathy associated with DMD. Using carbon fibers, an homogenous axial stretch was performed to mimic physiological conditions of ventricular filling. In these conditions, exploration of membrane topography using the scanning ion conductance microscopy did not show any surface evolution or sarcolemma disruption in stretch condition. The study was thus focused on activity and identification of molecular candidates for SACs, especially the TRPs (Transient Receptor Potential) channels in the stretch-induced. Ca2+ homeostasis dysregulation. Cationic influxes assessed by Mn2+-quenching and assessment of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) using fluo-8 fluorescence demonstrated an involvement of TRPV2 and TRPCs channels. The first ones seem to be responsible for cationic entry and [Ca2+]i increase in mdx cardiomyocytes. The latter, though responsible for an influx, do not contribute to [Ca2+]i increase. These findings reveal that TRPV2 channels could play an important role in calcium dysregulation observed in dystrophin-deficient cardiomyocytes.
6

Modélisation de documents combinant texte et image : application à la catégorisation et à la recherche d'information multimédia / Representation of documents combining text and image : application to categorization and multimedia information retrieval

Moulin, Christophe 22 June 2011 (has links)
L'exploitation des documents multimédias pose des problèmes de représentation des informations textuelles et visuelles contenues dans ces documents. Notre but est de proposer un modèle permettant de représenter chacune de ces informations et de les combiner en vue de deux tâches : la catégorisation et la recherche d'information. Ce modèle représente les documents sous forme de sacs de mots nécessitant la création de vocabulaires spécifiques. Le vocabulaire textuel, généralement de très grande taille, est constitué des mots apparaissant dans les documents. Le vocabulaire visuel est quant à lui construit en extrayant des caractéristiques de bas niveau des images. Nous étudions les différentes étapes de sa création et la pondération tfidf des mots visuels dans les images, inspirée des approches classiquement utilisées pour les mots textuels. Dans le contexte de la catégorisation de documents textuels, nous introduisons un critère qui sélectionne les mots les plus discriminants pour les catégories afin de réduire la taille du vocabulaire sans dégrader les résultats du classement. Nous présentons aussi dans le cadre multilabel, une méthode permettant de sélectionner les différentes catégories à associer à un document. En recherche d’information, nous proposons une approche analytique par apprentissage pour combiner linéairement les résultats issus des informations textuelles et visuelles, permettant d'améliorer significativement la recherche. Notre modèle est validé pour ces différentes tâches en participant à des compétitions internationales telles que XML Mining et ImageCLEF et sur des collections de taille conséquente / Exploiting multimedia documents leads to representation problems of the textual and visual information within documents. Our goal is to propose a model to represent these both information and to combine them for two tasks: categorization and information retrieval. This model represents documents as bags of words, which requires to define adapted vocabularies. The textual vocabulary, usually very large, corresponds to the words of documents while the visual one is created by extracting low-level features from images. We study the different steps of its creation and the tf.idf weighting of visual words in images usually used for textual words. In the context of the text categorization, we introduce a criterion to select the most discriminative words for categories in order to reduce the vocabulary size without degrading the results of classification. We also present in the multilabel context, a method that lets us to select the number of categories which must be associated with a document. In multimedia information retrieval, we propose an analytical approach based on machine learning techniques to linearly combine the results from textual and visual information which significantly improves research results. Our model has shown its efficiency on different collections of important size and was evaluated in several international competitions such as XML Mining and ImageCLEF
7

The cellular phenotype of the neurodegenerative disease autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay

Bradshaw, Teisha Y. January 2014 (has links)
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix Saguenay (ARSACS) is an early onset neurodegenerative disorder resulting from mutations in the SACS gene that encodes the protein sacsin. Sacsin is a 520kDa multi-domain protein localised at the cytosolic face of the outer mitochondrial membrane with suggested roles in proteostasis and most recently in the regulation of mitochondrial morphology. An excessively interconnected mitochondrial network was observed as a consequence of reduced levels of sacsin protein following SACS knockdown in neuroblastoma cells as well as in an ARSACS patient carrying the common Quebec homozygous SACS mutation 8844delT. Moreover, it was suggested that sacsin has a role in mitochondrial fission as it was found to interact with mitochondrial fission protein Dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1). The aim of this thesis was to explore sacsin’s role in the regulation of mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in non-Quebec ARSACS patients and sacsin knockdown fibroblasts. This study shows that loss of sacsin function promotes a more interconnected mitochondrial network in non-Quebec ARSACS patients and in sacsin knockdown fibroblasts. Moreover, recruitment of the essential mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 to the mitochondria was significantly reduced in ARSACS patient cells and in sacsin knockdown fibroblasts. This reduced recruitment of Drp1 to mitochondria also occurred when cells were treated to induce mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, both the size and intensity of Drp1 foci localised to the mitochondria were significantly reduced in both sacsin knockdown and patient fibroblasts. Finally, reduced ATP production, decreased respiratory capacity of mitochondria and an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species demonstrated impaired mitochondrial function in ARSACS patient and sacsin knockdown fibroblasts. These results suggest a role for sacsin in the stabilisation or recruitment of cytoplasmic Drp1 to prospective sites of mitochondrial fission similar to that observed by other mitochondrial fission accessory proteins.
8

Structure and Function of Salivary Reservoirs of the Eastern Subterranean Termite, <i>Reticulitermes flavipes</i>(Kollar)

Gallagher, Nicola T. 26 October 2010 (has links)
No description available.
9

Indexation bio-inspirée pour la recherche d'images par similarité / Bio-inspired Indexing for Content-Based Image Retrieval

Michaud, Dorian 16 October 2018 (has links)
La recherche d'images basée sur le contenu visuel est un domaine très actif de la vision par ordinateur, car le nombre de bases d'images disponibles ne cesse d'augmenter.L’objectif de ce type d’approche est de retourner les images les plus proches d'une requête donnée en terme de contenu visuel.Notre travail s'inscrit dans un contexte applicatif spécifique qui consiste à indexer des petites bases d'images expertes sur lesquelles nous n'avons aucune connaissance a priori.L’une de nos contributions pour palier ce problème consiste à choisir un ensemble de descripteurs visuels et de les placer en compétition directe. Nous utilisons deux stratégies pour combiner ces caractéristiques : la première, est pyschovisuelle, et la seconde, est statistique.Dans ce contexte, nous proposons une approche adaptative non supervisée, basée sur les sacs de mots et phrases visuels, dont le principe est de sélectionner les caractéristiques pertinentes pour chaque point d'intérêt dans le but de renforcer la représentation de l'image.Les tests effectués montrent l'intérêt d'utiliser ce type de méthodes malgré la domination des méthodes basées réseaux de neurones convolutifs dans la littérature.Nous proposons également une étude, ainsi que les résultats de nos premiers tests concernant le renforcement de la recherche en utilisant des méthodes semi-interactives basées sur l’expertise de l'utilisateur. / Image Retrieval is still a very active field of image processing as the number of available image datasets continuously increases.One of the principal objectives of Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is to return the most similar images to a given query with respect to their visual content.Our work fits in a very specific application context: indexing small expert image datasets, with no prior knowledge on the images. Because of the image complexity, one of our contributions is the choice of effective descriptors from literature placed in direct competition.Two strategies are used to combine features: a psycho-visual one and a statistical one.In this context, we propose an unsupervised and adaptive framework based on the well-known bags of visual words and phrases models that select relevant visual descriptors for each keypoint to construct a more discriminative image representation.Experiments show the interest of using this this type of methodologies during a time when convolutional neural networks are ubiquitous.We also propose a study about semi interactive retrieval to improve the accuracy of CBIR systems by using the knowledge of the expert users.
10

Effets des traitements antiprurigineux et de l’immunothérapie allergénique sur le microbiote bactérien et sur les cytokines pro-inflammatoires dans les sacs anaux de chiens sains et atopiques

C Bergeron, Camylle 12 1900 (has links)
La pathogenèse de la sacculite anale demeure incomprise. Cette condition semble cependant être plus fréquente chez les chiens atopiques. La sacculite anale se traite principalement avec un antibiotique. Avec la montée de l’antibiorésistance, il est important de mieux comprendre sa pathogenèse afin de prévenir la maladie et trouver des traitements alternatifs aux antibiotiques. Cette étude visait donc à comparer le microbiote bactérien et les cytokines pro-inflammatoires dans les sacs anaux de chiens sains à ceux de chiens atopiques, afin de déterminer si des changements pourraient être à l’origine des sacculites anales chez les chiens atopiques. L’hypothèse de ce projet était que le microbiote bactérien et les cytokines pro-inflammatoires dans les sacs anaux des chiens sains diffèrent de ceux des chiens atopiques traités ou non traités. Les principaux objectifs de cette étude étaient donc de caractériser le microbiote bactérien (MB) des sacs anaux des chiens atopiques recevant ou non un traitement (oclacitinib, cetirizine ou immunothérapie allergénique) et de déterminer si la concentration de certaines cytokines pro-inflammatoires libérées dans les sacs anaux variait entre les chiens sains et les chiens atopiques non traités (CANT) et les chiens atopiques traités (CAT). Des écouvillons floqués ont été utilisés pour échantillonner le rectum et les sécrétions provenant des sacs anaux de 15 chiens sains, six CAT et 14 CANT pour l’analyse du microbiote bactérien. L’extraction de l’acide désoxyribonucléique a été effectuée avec le kit commercial DNeasy PowerSoil. Le séquençage de la région V4 du gène de l’acide ribonucléique ribosomique 16S a ensuite été réalisé avec la plateforme Illumina MiSeq. Pour l’analyse des cytokines, le contenu des sacs anaux de 15 chiens sains, 12 CANT et cinq CAT a été prélevé dans un microtube. Chaque microtube a été mélangé au vortex. Le surnageant a ensuite été prélevé. Les microtubes contenant le surnageant ont ensuite été congelés à -80°C jusqu’à leur analyse. La concentration de l’interféron gamma, des interleukines (IL)-2, 6, 8, 10 et 12/23p40, de la protéine chimiotactique 1 des monocytes, du facteur de croissance des nerfs bêta, du facteur de cellules souches, du facteur de nécrose tumorale alpha (TNF-α) et du facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire A a été mesurée avec le test multiplex de Luminex. L’appartenance à la communauté était différente entre les sacs anaux des chiens sains et des CANT, des chiens sains et des CAT et des CANT et des CAT (P = 0,002, P = 0,013 et P = 0,012, respectivement). La structure de la communauté était différente entre les chiens sains et les CANT (P = 0,003) et entre les CANT et les CAT (P = 0,017), mais pas entre les chiens sains et les CAT (P = 0,332). Toutes les cytokines pro-inflammatoires évaluées ont été détectées dans les sacs anaux de chiens sains, de CANT et de CAT. Il n’y avait aucune différence significative entre les groupes, excepté pour l’IL-8 et le TNF-α, où l’IL-8 était plus élevée dans les sacs anaux des CANT en comparaison avec ceux des CAT (P = 0,02), et le TNF-α était en concentration plus faible dans les sacs anaux des chiens sains comparativement aux sacs anaux des CAT (P = 0,04). Il y a une dysbiose dans les sacs anaux de chiens atopiques, ce qui pourrait expliquer pourquoi les chiens atopiques semblent prédisposés à développer des sacculites anales bactériennes. Les traitements (oclacitinib, cetirizine et immunothérapie allergénique) semblent également modifier la composition du microbiote bactérien dans les sacs anaux des chiens atopiques pour qu’elle se rapproche de celle des chiens sains. L'IL-8 pourrait également jouer un rôle dans le développement de la sacculite anale. D’autres études évaluant un plus large nombre de cytokines permettraient possiblement de mettre en évidence des cytokines ayant un rôle important lors de sacculite anale chez les chiens atopiques. / The pathogenesis of anal sacculitis is not well understood. However, this condition appears to be more common in atopic dogs. Anal sacculitis is primarily treated with antibiotic therapies. With the rise of antimicrobial resistance, it is important to better understand the pathogenesis of anal sacculitis in order to prevent the disease and find alternative treatments to antibiotics. The present study aimed to compare the bacterial microbiota and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the anal sacs of healthy dogs with those of atopic dogs, in order to determine if there are changes that could explain anal sacculitis in atopic dogs. The hypothesis of this project was that the bacterial microbiota and proinflammatory cytokines in the anal sacs of healthy dogs differ from those of treated and untreated atopic dogs. The main objectives of this study were therefore to characterize the bacterial microbiota of the anal sacs of atopic dogs receiving or not a treatment (oclacitinib, cetirizine or allergen-specific immunotherapy) and to determine if the concentration of certain proinflammatory cytokines released in the anal sacs differed between healthy, untreated atopic dogs (UAD) and treated atopic dogs (TAD). Flocked swabs were used to sample the rectum and secretions from the anal sacs of 15 healthy dogs, six TAD and 14 UAD for bacterial microbiota analysis. Deoxyribonucleic acid extraction was performed with the commercial DNeasy PowerSoil kit. Sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene was then performed with the Illumina MiSeq platform. For cytokine analysis, the contents of the anal sacs of 15 healthy dogs, 12 UAD, and five TAD were collected in a microtube. Each microtube was vortexed before the supernatant was collected. The microtubes containing the supernatant were then frozen at -80°C until analysis. The concentration of interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, 6, 8, 10, and 12/23p40, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, nerve growth factor beta, stem cell factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A were measured with the Luminex multiplex assay. Community membership was different between the anal sacs of healthy dogs and UAD, healthy dogs and TAD, and UAD and TAD (P = 0.002, P = 0.013, and P = 0.012, respectively). Community structure was different between healthy dogs and UAD (P = 0.003) and between UAD and TAD (P = 0.017), but not between healthy dogs and TAD (P = 0.332). All proinflammatory cytokines assessed were detected in the anal sacs of healthy dogs, UAD, and TAD. There were no significant differences between groups except for IL-8 and TNF-α. IL-8 was higher in UAD anal sacs compared to TAD anal sacs (P = 0.02) and TNF-α was in lower concentration in healthy dog anal sacs compared to TAD anal sacs (P = 0.04). There is a dysbiosis between the anal sacs of UAD and TAD which might explain why atopic dogs seem predisposed to bacterial anal sacculitis. Treatments received by atopic dogs (oclacitinib, cetirizine and allergen-specific immunotherapy) shift the microbiota of the anal sacs towards that of healthy dogs. IL-8 may also play a role in the development of anal sacculitis. Further studies on a larger number of cytokines may identify cytokines that are important in the pathogenesis of anal sacculitis in atopic dogs.

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