Abstract The study is mainly talking about the interface¡¦s concentration change of the solid(ice)-liquid(water),using an experimental apparatus to measure the gas concentration ahead of the solidification front and building the numerical method to imitate it. When we got the result to match up the production of pores in the interface. With the known the interface¡¦s concentration, we can known the critical radius(Rc) of the instant pores existing, then the change of Gibbs free energy (¡µG) and the change of Helmholtz function(¡µF). To project the situation of pores¡¦ size and quantity from Rc, ¡µG and ¡µF. From the above experimental pictures and other theories, we can predict gas pores appear during solidification, when the gas concentration in the liquid is higher than the gas solubility at a certain location. From the test, there¡¦s super-cooling contained in liquid(Oxygen dissolute in pure water), when the thin boundary layer of the ice-water interface(an unmixed layer) is getting balanced, the supersaturated ratio is about 16, while the distribution coefficient(k) is about 0.065¡Fthe liquid(Carbon dioxide dissolute in pure water), the supersaturated ratio is about 5.5, while the distribution coefficient(k) is about 0.15. The rate of solidification is about 4¡Ñ10-6(m/s), the range pores¡¦ radius in the interface is about 0.05mm¡ã0.5mm¡Aand the critical radius¡¦ range of theory is about 0.0046mm¡ã0.1mm. From the above value¡¦s range, the pores¡¦ radius from the picture of this test is reasonable.

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Understanding the resistance to displacement of one fluid by another in multiphase transport in a porous medium is very beneficial in hydrocarbon exploration and production as well as geological storage of carbon dioxide. Pore resistance behaviour of a porous medium controls the fluxes of fluids through the caprocks over the geological times and therefore directly determines the volume and localization of the hydrocarbons trapped (best locations for exploration) and also the overpressured formation (zone of drilling hazard). In the design for enhanced oil recovery and geological storage, it sets a limit on both the injection pressure and storage capacity of the reservoir to avoid an upward migration of the injected fluid into the overlaying formations. Many investigations have been carried out on the resistance to porous media flows for decades, yet the understanding of the individual factors affecting it is not complete, because most studies were carried out on core samples, whereas flow resistance depends on the flow details at the pore scale. For example, two core samples may have same porosity but different pore size. This research focused on advancing the understanding of resistance to multiphase displacement in a porous medium, using the pressure profile of interface flow through single pores, to measure the resistance to two-phase flow and then link the impact of pore geometry, surface tension, fluid properties, and wettability, on the pressure profile to the displacement process, in order to fill the noticed gap of knowledge. Experiments conducted in this research using tapered capillaries revealed that the resistance to two-phase flow is significantly higher than the single phase resistance and the pore throat of a porous medium is not just determined by a group of smallest pore sizes as understood using core samples, but by response of critical effective pore diameter to resistance to two-phase interface flow. The initiation of a pore throat is characterised by a drastic increase in the resistant pressure at the effective pore size. The effective pore diameter is generally less than 500 μm and increases with the pore tip diameter and the capillary gradient, interfacial tension, but decreased by surfactants. Viscosity does not have any significant effect on the effective pore diameter. The study also revealed a relationship between pore contact angle and pore throat; pore contact angle is maximum and remains fairly constant at the pore throat. The overall outcome of this research is a significant contribution to the influence of pore geometry on the resistance to porous media flows.

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Le chanci est une altération récurrente des peintures de chevalet à l’huile, induite par l’humidité. Elle affecte les vernis et les couches picturales. Selon le degré d’altération, la couche picturale peut être partiellement ou totalement masquée par un voile blanchâtre. L’analyse d’environ 50 micro-prélèvements altérés et non altérés par microscopie électronique à effet de champ a révélé une structure poreuse dans les vernis et les couches picturales altérées, avec une taille de pores comprises entre 50 nm et 4 µm. Pour les chancis de couches picturales, des investigations complémentaires par nanotomographie X à contraste de phase ont démontré que les pores étaient localisés dans le liant. L’apparence visuelle des couches altérées est due à la diffusion de la lumière par les pores, ce qui a été corroboré par des simulations numériques. Un modèle physico-chimique a été proposé pour expliquer la formation des pores. Il repose sur le fait que les vernis et les liants lipidiques peuvent être assimilés à des ionomères dans lesquels les acides carboxyliques et les carboxylates métalliques ségrègent pour former des clusters ioniques. En présence d’humidité, les clusters s’hydratent entraînant la formation de régions aqueuses. Lors de la phase de déshydratation, les pores initialement remplis d’eau se vident mais subsistent. L’apparition des chancis de vernis et de couches picturales est donc directement liée à la quantité d’acides et à leur capacité à former des clusters.Les traitements de restauration seront efficaces et durables, si et seulement s’ils résorbent ou comblent durablement les pores, dans le but de réduire la diffusion de la lumière. Pour les chancis de couches picturales, les traitements actuels sont peu satisfaisants. Un nouveau traitement innovant a été développé et testé sur des échantillons modèles et des peintures anciennes chancies. Les résultats sont très prometteurs en termes de stabilité, d’efficacité, de durabilité et de réversibilité. Cette recherche aura incontestablement un impact majeur, puisqu’elle pourrait répondre à un véritable besoin pour la restauration et la conservation des peintures de chevalet chancies. / Blanching of easel oil paintings is a recurrent alteration, induced by humidity. It affects varnish and paint layers. Depending on the degree of alteration, the paint composition can be partially or totally hidden by a whitish haze. The analysis of circa 50 altered and unaltered paint micro-samples by field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy revealed a highly porous structure in both varnish and paint altered layers, with pores ranging in size from 50 nm to 4 µm. Regarding the blanching of paint layer, in-depth investigation performed by X-ray phase contrast nanotomography highlighted that pores are located in the binder. The visual appearance of altered layers is due to the light scattering by the pores, which was corroborated by computational modeling.A physico-chemical model was proposed to explain the pores formation. It is based on the fact that the varnish and the lipidic binder can be assimilated to ionomers, where carboxylic acids and metal carboxylates segregate to form ionic clusters. In a humid environment, the clusters get hydrated inducing the formation of aqueous regions. During the dehydration, the water is drained out from them, but the pores remains. The blanching emergence is thus directly linked to the quantity of acids and their ability to form clusters. Conservation treatments will be efficient and sustainable only if they resorb or durably fill the pores, in order to reduce the light scattering. For the blanching of paint layers, current treatments are not very effective over time. A new innovative treatment has been developed and tested on mock-ups and ancient altered paintings. The results are very promising in terms of stability, efficiency, durability and reversibility. This research will undoubtedly have a major impact, fullfilling a real requirement for the conservation of blanched easel oil paintings.

In extreme weather conditions and activity levels of human subjects evaporation of sweat is critical for maintaining the sensorial and thermal comfort. Fabrics, from which clothes worn next to the skin are made, play an important role in facilitating the transfer of body liquid perspiration away from the skin to the environment through the mechanisms of capillary flow and evaporation. This work is a theoretical and experimental investigation of water flow characteristics of plain knitted fabrics with relevance to their structure geometry and constituent fibre chemistry. Plain knitted fabrics were produced by systematically varying different production parameters including fibre type, fibre orientation, yarn folding, yarn twist, yarn linear density, and blend ratio. Cotton and polyester fibres were used. Some commercial fabrics were included in the study. The gravimetric absorbency test system (GATS) was adapted for testing the water areal flow and uptake rates through the fabrics. Yarns taken from the produced fabrics were also tested for horizontal linear flow of liquid water. A theoretical model to predict the capillary flow of liquid water through yarns was proposed. The model is based on the representation of the inter-fibre pores in terms of the hydraulic radius theory. It is established that the plain knitted fabric configuration as interlocking of loops plays an important role in facilitating the capillary flow of liquid water through the fabric. The yarn contact at the crossover points of the knitted loop enables a connected path for liquid flow which increases at higher contact pressure at the crossover points. If the contact pressure increases beyond a certain limit it starts to negatively affect the flow because the higher pressure reduces yarn porosity. When the number of yarns in contact with the liquid source per unit area of the fabric plane increases the capillary flow increases. Fabric compactness, which is controlled by yarn diameter and stitch length, is an important fabric parameter that determines these effects the fabric configuration have on the capillary flow. The experiments and the micro-structural analysis revealed that inter-fibre pores within the plain knitted fabric transfer the capillary driven liquid water through the structure at a faster rate. These pores hold the higher percentage of the fabric total air volume. It was also established that both fibre chemical nature and yarn fine structure geometry have critical effects on the apparent contact angle which is a critical factor controling capillary flow of liquid water. The smooth yarn surface made of filament polyester fibre gave a low apparent contact angle in contrast with the constituent filament which showed a high real contact angle. On the contrary, due to the more disorderly fibre arrangement on the yarn surface, yarns made of the staple polyester fibre showed a similar high contact angle to the constituent fibre. The experimental results of capillary flow of liquid water through yarns showed a strong correlation with the estimated results based on the theoretical model derived from the Kozeny-Carman equation. The model provides theoretical basis for understanding the effects of the geometric and material parameters on the capillary flow through the yarn. The model predicts that as the total fibre perimeter within the yarn cross section increases, or yarn porosity decreases, the velocity decreases, however, the eventual distance the water travels through the yarn increases.

The Mississippian Barnett Formation is a prolific shale-gas reservoir that was deposited in the Fort Worth Basin, Texas. Many previous studies of the Barnett Formation have been conducted in the main production area; few studies have been made of the Barnett Formation in the southern part of the basin, which is a less productive area. In the present research, several cores from the Barnett Formation in Hamilton County, southeast Fort Worth Basin, are studied in detail. Two vertical, continuous cores from Hamilton County, Texas, were studied to delineate the depositional setting, lithofacies, pore types, and reservoir quality of the Barnett Formation in the area. Five lithofacies were defined by analysis of the two cores: (1) laminated clay-rich silty and skeletal peloidal siliceous mudstone; 2) laminated skeletal silty peloidal siliceous mudstone; 3) nonlaminated silty peloidal calcareous mudstone; 4) laminated and nonlaminated skeletal calcareous mudstone; and 5) skeletal phosphatic packstone to grainstone. As indicated from this study, the dominant organic matter type is a mixture of Type II (major) and Type III (minor) kerogen having a mean TOC content of approximately 4%. Analysis of Rock Eval data shows that most of the interval is within the oil window; calculated Ro is approximately 0.9%. Organic geochemistry shows that the hydrocarbon generation potential of the abundant oil-prone kerogen was excellent. Mineralogical analysis reveals that the two types of siliceous mudstone, which are similar in composition to the siliceous mudstone in the main producing area in the northern Fort Worth Basin, are good for hydraulic fracturing and production, but they are also limited by their marginal thickness. Organic matter pores, which are the dominant pore types in these two cores, are consistent with pore types found in currently producing wells in the Newark East Field. This research also suggests that the deposition of Barnett Formation was controlled largely by basinal geometry, suspension settling, and slope-originated gravity-flow events. Skeletal deposits and carbonate-silt starved ripples suggest gravity-flow deposits and bottom-current reworking during deposition. Redox-sensitive elements and degree of pyritization both indicate anoxic/euxinic conditions during the deposition of the Barnett Formation. / text