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La synthèse en une étape de nouveaux matériaux contenant des nanoparticules (NPs) de métal a été réalisée par croissance contrôlée de silices mésoporeuses autour de solutions colloïdales de diverses nanoparticules métalliques (Ru, Pt, Pd, Au). Cette méthodologie a conduit à l’obtention de catalyseurs hétérogènes bien définis (structuration hexagonale 2D du réseau poreux) contenant des NPs régulièrement et sélectivement réparties : au sein des canaux poreux, dans les murs de la charpente silicique ou les deux. Afin d’atteindre ce but, une méthode générale de synthèse en trois étapes a été développée incluant : i) la préparation de la solution colloïdale de nanoparticules hydrophobes ou hydrophiles. ii) la synthèse d’un matériau mésostructuré, autour des NPs, par procédé sol-gel en présence d’un tensioactif structurant, selon un protocole expérimental adapté à la localisation désirée des NPs. iii) décomposition du tensioactif afin de libérer la porosité et la surface des NPs. Les NPs préparées ainsi que les matériaux contenants les NPs ont entièrement été caractérisés par différentes techniques complémentaires (adsorption et désorption d'azote, MET, DRX, WAXS, analyse élémentaire…). Les performances catalytiques, en hydrogénation du propène, déshydrogénation de l’isobutane ou en oxydation de CO, des matériaux ont par ailleurs été comparées à celles d’un catalyseur de référence pour évaluer la stabilité des nanoparticules et les performances catalytiques des nouveaux matériaux ainsi préparés / New materials containing nanoparticles were prepared by the control growth of a mesostructured silica matrix around differents metal colloids (Ru, Pt, Pd, Au). This original methodology led to the selective and regular localisation of small metal nanoparticles in the pores, in the walls, or both in the pores and in the walls of mesostructured silica matrixes. These materials were obtained by: i) the preparation hydrophilic/hydrophobic metal colloids. ii) the growth of silica around these colloids via a solgel process, and using a template. iii) the removal of the surfactant to release the porosity and the NPs surface. The colloidal solutions and the materials were characterised with several techniques such as N2 adsorption/desorption, T.E.M, XRD, WAXS, elemental analysis... Besides, their catalytic performances were tested in propene hydrogenation, isobutane dehydrogenation or CO oxidation and were compared to those of a reference catalyst

Ce travail a pour but de concevoir des outils d'analyse d'image 3D de matériaux poreux, obtenues par microtomographie à rayons X, afin de caractériser géométriquement la structure micronique des pores et de mettre en évidence le lien entre microgéométrie et propriétés de transport macroscopiques. Partant d'une image segmentée, une séquence complète de traitements (filtrage d'artefacts, squelettisation, LPE, etc.) est proposée pour positionner et délimiter les pores. Une comparaison aux techniques existantes est faite, et une méthodologie qualifiant la robustesse des procédures est présentée. Cette décomposition est utilisée, premièrement pour extraire des descripteurs géométriques de la microstructure porale qui sont examinés en rapport avec la perméabilité intrinsèque ; deuxièmement pour aider à la construction d’un réseau de pores permettant d’effectuer des simulations numériques. / The objective of this work is to develop 3D image analysis tools to study the micronic pore structure of porous materials, obtained by X-ray microtomography, and study the relation between microgeometry and macroscopic transport properties. From a binarised image of the pore space, a complete sequence of processing (artefact filtration, skeletonisation, watershed, etc. ) is proposed for positioning and delimiting the pores. A comparison with available methods is performed, and a methodology to qualify the robustness of these processes is presented. The decomposition is used, firstly for extracting geometric parameters of the porous microstructure and studying the relation with intrinsic permeability; secondly to produce a simplified pore network on which to perform numerical simulations.

The diploma thesis deals with measuring of infiltration by MiniDisk method and its evaluation, but also with analysis of intact and grab soil sample, by means of which it is possible to assess the soil quality. The measurements took place on 30.4.2019, 4.5.2019, 12.5.2019, 2.6.2019, 30.6.2019, 2.7.2019, 31.8.2019 and 21.9.2019 on grassland near the town of Luhačovice. Grab and intact soil samples were taken from the upper soil layer and processed in a pedological laboratory. The Zhang method was used to evaluate the infiltration results. The results of soil analyzes and infiltration were processed numerically, plotted and subsequently described and compared.

Résumé : De même degré d’importance que les paramètres de formulation, les conditions de consolidation sont des facteurs déterminants pour la durabilité des bétons conventionnels vibrés. Dans le cas des bétons autoplaçants (BAP), grâce à leur grande fluidité, la mise en place dans les coffrages a lieu par écoulement libre sous l’effet de leur poids propre. Leur consolidation se fait sans vibration grâce à leurs caractéristiques rhéologiques. Il est donc légitime de penser que les caractéristiques rhéologiques des BAP peuvent avoir une influence importante sur les propriétés qui déterminent la durabilité. Cette thèse étudie les liens possibles entre les caractéristiques rhéologiques des BAP et leur durabilité vis-à-vis du transport des agents agressifs. Dix-sept formulations de BAP couvrant une large gamme de caractéristiques rhéologiques et se différenciant uniquement par leur dosage en adjuvants ont été étudiées à cet effet. Trois modèles rhéologiques classiques ont été mis en œuvre pour la détermination des paramètres rhéologiques des bétons étudiés. L’essai de sorptivité et dans une moindre mesure l’essai de carbonatation accélérée ont été utilisés comme indicateur de durabilité vis-à-vis du transport des agressifs. La durabilité de la couche superficielle au contact respectivement avec le coffrage en bois et en PVC a été étudiée et les résultats ont été comparés à la durabilité du béton à cœur. Cette étude a été faite en tenant compte des échanges hydriques et de l’arrangement granulaire au droit du coffrage. D’autre part, l’étude de la durabilité de la couche superficielle dans des conditions de mise en place proches du chantier a été faite sur 6 poutres partiellement armées longues de 2 m ainsi que sur 3 bétons semi-autoplaçants légèrement vibrés. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe une corrélation forte entre la viscosité plastique du modèle Bingham modifié ou le coefficient de consistance du modèle Herschel-Bulkley et la sorptivité. Très probablement, la viscosité agit sur le volume relatif des pores capillaires de gros diamètres. L’étude spécifique de la couche superficielle a montré que sa sorptivité dépend du type de coffrage utilisé à cause des éventuels échanges hydriques opérés entre le béton et la surface du coffrage. De plus, l’arrangement granulaire au droit du coffrage est également influencé. Ainsi, la sorptivité de la couche superficielle au contact du PVC est proche mais inférieure à celle du béton à cœur. La sorptivité de la couche superficielle au contact du bois est significativement inférieure à celle de la couche superficielle au contact du PVC tout en restant corrélé avec la viscosité plastique du modèle Bingham modifié ou le coefficient de consistance du modèle Herschel-Bulkley. / Abstract : Consolidation conditions are determining factors for the sustainability of conventional vibrated concrete as like as formulation parameters. In the case of self-consolidating concrete (SCC), due to their fluidity, casting is done by free flow under the influence of their own weight. Consolidation in the forms is done without vibration due to their rheological characteristics. It is therefore reasonable to expect that the rheological characteristics of SCC would have a significant influence on the durability’s properties. This thesis examines the possible links between the rheological characteristics of SCC and durability’s transport of aggressive agents. In total, seventeen SCC mixtures covering a wide range of rheological properties were investigated. Three current rheological models were studied to determine the rheological parameters. In other hand, durability of cover concrete close to site conditions was studied on 6 partially reinforced beams and 3 semiworkable concrete vibrated slightly. Sorptivity test was used as indicator of aggressive transport durability. The durability of the concrete cover layer in contact respectively with the wooden and PVC frame has been studied and the results were compared with the durability of interior bulk concrete. This study was made taking into account the exchange of water and aggregate arrangement against the formwork. Good correlation between initial plastic viscosity determined by the Bingham modified model or consistency coefficient determined by the Herschel-Bulkley model of SCC and the sorptivity measured during the first hours of testing is established. It is likely that the initial plastic viscosity or consistency coefficient has a marked influence on the volume of the largest capillary pores of concrete, which can significantly affect durability. The specific study of the concrete cover showed that its sorptivity depends on the type of formwork used because of water exchanges made between the concrete surface. Aggregate arrangement against the formwork was also modified. Sorptivity of the concrete cover of PVC is near but below that of the interior bulk concrete. Sorptivity of the concrete cover against wooden frame is significantly less than over of against PVC while being correlated with the plastic viscosity of modified Bingham or consistency coefficient of HerschelBulkley model.

The effects of pore density and distribution were investigated on the fatigue crack initiation behavior in an A713 sand cast aluminum alloy plate of 12 mm thickness. The applied stress- the number of cycles to failure (S-N) curves of the samples taken from 2 mm and 5 mm from the free surface were obtained using four-point bend fatigue testing at room temperature, frequency of 20 Hz, stress ratio of 0.1, sinusoidal waveform, and in ambient air. The fatigue strengths of both, the 2 mm and 5 mm samples were 60% of the yield strength (σy=171.9 MPa) of the alloy. Optical microscopy, SEM, and EDS mapping were used to characterize pores and particles in 2 mm and 5 mm samples. The average pore sizes of the 2 mm and 5 mm samples were measured to be 10 to 14 μm, and 14 to 32 μm, respectively. The pore number densities in 5 mm and 2 mm samples were comparable, but higher number densities of non-clustered coarse pores (gas pores) were observed in 5 mm samples. The crack population found after fatigue testing showed a Weibull function of stress level. The peaks of strength distributions of fatigue weak link density of 5 mm and 2 mm samples were measured to be 0.017 mm-2 at 67.6 % σy, and 0.01027 mm-2 at 69.5% σy. Crack populations, when normalized by number densities of gas pores (non-clustered) and number densities of shrinkage pores (clustered), giving crack nucleation rate (crack/pore, mm-2), showed a good fit with the Weibull function in 2 mm and 5 mm samples. Shrinkage and gas pores could both become the main crack initiation sites (i.e. fatigue weak links) in this alloy. Higher nucleation rates of gas pores and shrinkage pores were observed in 5 mm samples compared to those rates in 2 mm samples. At high applied stresses, the 2 mm samples showed better fatigue lives than those of 5 mm samples. Fractured surfaces were analyzed using SEM and found that the main crack initiation were predominately from pores. The pores on the fractured surfaces were counted and their depth and width were measured. It was found that the cracks may not necessarily initiate from coarse pores, but sometimes from shrinkage pores (i.e. group of pores). The depth from the free surface, the width, the size, and the orientation of pores are key factors in increasing the driving force for crack initiation and subsequently those pores turn into long cracks. Moreover, the aspect ratios of pores on the main cracks were measured and found that in 5 mm samples, some pores have an aspect ratios of less than 0.7, which means that these pores are elongated in depth and have a narrow width which increase the stress concentration on the surface, thus, increasing the driving force for crack nucleation.

L'ADN peut être endommagé par des facteurs environnementaux ou intrinsèques au fonctionnement des cellules. Ces facteurs induisent différents types de lésions dont les cassures double brins (CDBs). Les CDBs sont particulièrement dangereuses pour les cellules et une réparation inefficace ou non précise de ces cassures peut entraîner des mutations ou des translocations qui peuvent être à l'origine de cancer. Afin d'éviter l'instabilité génétique que peuvent induire les CDBs, les cellules ont développé deux principaux mécanismes de réparation: la ligature d'extrémités non homologues (NHEJ pour non homologous end joining) et la recombinaison homologue (HR pour homologous recombination). L’utilisation de l’un ou de l’autre de ces mécanismes est finement régulée et une dérégulation de cet équilibre induit une importante instabilité génomique.Tous ces mécanismes ont lieu dans le noyau des cellules qui, chez les mammifères est fortement hétérogène, comportant différents compartiments et des régions où la chromatine est plus ou moins compacte. Cette hétérogénéité implique que la réparation de l’ADN doit pouvoir être efficace dans différents contextes nucléaires. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai étudié l’influence de l’architecture nucléaire sur le choix des mécanismes de réparation des CDBs. J’ai montré d’une part que la protéine appartenant au pore nucléaire Nup153 influence l’équilibre entre HR et NHEJ et d’autre part que la position d’une CDB influe sur le choix du mécanisme de réparation.Mes résultats démontrent que l’organisation des gènes dans le noyau est un nouveau paramètre à prendre en compte dans l’étude des mécanismes de réparation de l’ADN et de tumorigénèse. / DNA is constantly assaulted by various damaging agents, leading to different types of lesions including double-strand breaks (DSBs). DSBs are the most harmful lesions to the cells and their inaccurate or inefficient repair can trigger genomic instability and tumorigenesis. To cope with DSBs, cells evolved several repair pathways, including non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). A fine regulation of the balance between these two pathways is necessary to avoid genomic instability.All of these mechanisms happen in the nucleus, which is highly heterogeneous in mammalian cells. Indeed, it encompasses several compartments and regions of various chromatin compaction levels. My PhD project focused on the influence of nuclear architecture on DNA repair pathway choice. I demonstrated on one hand that the nuclear pore protein Nup153 influences the balance between HR and NHEJ and on the other hand that the position of a DSB influences the choice of the repair pathway that will be used.My results demonstrate that gene positioning is a new important parameter in the study of DNA repair and tumorigenesis.

O gênero Aegla Leach, 1820 representa o único táxon dentro de Decapoda Anomura com representantes adaptados exclusivamente a ambientes de água doce. As eglas são endêmicas da América do Sul e vivem em ambientes lóticos com alto nível de oxigenação. Estudos comparativos da morfologia de jovens recém-eclodidos podem contribuir para estabelecer relações de afinidade entre as cerca de 70 espécies já descritas que compõem a família Aeglidae. Porém, o número de trabalhos que descrevem a morfologia em detalhe nesta fase de vida é ainda escasso. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever detalhadamente a morfologia externa dos jovens recém-eclodidos das espécies Aegla paulensis e Aegla perobae, com base em Microscopia Óptica e em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Fêmeas ovígeras foram coletadas e transferidas para o laboratório a fim de se obter os jovens recém-eclodidos dos ovos. A descrição detalhada da morfologia do jovem recém-eclodido incluiu a carapaça, o abdome, os apêndices cefalotorácicos (antênula, antena, mandíbula, maxílula, maxila, maxilípedes, pereópodes) e a região do télson juntamente com os urópodes. As cerdas foram analisadas em detalhe quanto ao número, localização e tipo morfológico com o auxílio da MEV. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados e comparados com os das espécies que já tiveram seus jovens recém-eclodidos descritos e também com os adultos. As principais descobertas do estudo foram: as lineae aeglicae, os pleópodes rudimentares, a riqueza de tipos de cerdas e os poros sensoriais / Genus Aegla Leach, 1820 represents the one taxon within Decapoda Anomura with representatives exclusively adapted to freshwater environments. Aeglids are endemic to South America and they live in lotic environments with high levels of dissolved oxygen. Comparative studies of the newly-hatched juvenile morphology may contribute to establish affinity relations among the 70 species of the Aeglidae family already described. However, the number of studies which describe the morphology at this life phase in detail is still scarce. The objective of this study was to describe the external morphology of the newly-hatched juvenile of Aegla paulensis and Aegla perobae in detail, using Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Newly-hatched juveniles were obtained from ovigerous females kept under laboratory conditions. Detailed description of the newly-hatched juveniles included the carapace, the abdomen, the cephalothoracic appendages (antennule, antenna, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxillipeds, pereiopods), and the telson-uropods region. SEM was used to analyze setae number, location and type. The results were analyzed and compared with those from newly-hatched juveniles already described and with adults. The main findings in this study were: lineae aeglicae, rudimentary pleopods, setae morphology diversity, and pores sensilla.

A complexidade de desenvolver novas tecnologias para aplicações em reconstituição óssea se deve à necessidade de combinar várias propriedades químicas e físicas para que o material proporcione o desempenho almejado. Particularmente, em aplicações que visam osteogênese, os enxertos sintéticos devem ser bioativos, possuir porosidade com volume, geometria e interconectividade de poros controlados, além de ter boas propriedades mecânicas, dentro de limites relativamente rígidos. Por essa razão, o recobrimento de materiais bioinertes com cerâmicas bioativas se tornou o foco da presente pesquisa. O objetivo desse estudo foi desenvolver um novo método de produção de enxertos cerâmicos com macroporosidade funcionalizada, onde a formação e o revestimento dos poros são realizados em uma única etapa. Foi realizado o estudo de recobrimento com vidro bioativo e fosfato de cálcio. Para isso, agentes porogênicos na forma de grânulos (de 600 &#956m a 2 mm de diâmetro) foram sintetizados pelo método da gelificação de uma solução aquosa de alginato de sódio gotejada em solução de nitrato de cálcio (0,5 M), com incorporação de outros elementos para a formação de biovidro ou fosfato de cálcio. Esses grânulos foram conglomerados a um vidro ou alumina em pó, formando um compósito, que foi tratado termicamente para sinterização e formação de poros. No caso da matriz vítrea, a sinterização ocorreu com cristalização simultânea e concorrente. As cerâmicas resultantes foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, sendo possível observar a formação de macroporos aproximadamente esféricos (de 600 &#956m a 2 mm de diâmetro) revestidos internamente por uma camada de material com possível composição bioativa. / A tough requirement in the manufacture of implants for medicine is to conciliate appropriate mechanical properties and the porosity necessary for bone ingrowth. It is further important to control the fraction, morphology, size, surface to volume ratio and interconnectivity of pores. The difficulty in matching these characteristics is a deterrent for practical applications. High strength materials coated with a bioactive layer can overcome this problem. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a new method for production of implants with functionalized macro porosity on ceramic. The production of a porous glass-ceramic and the internal coating of the pores with a bioactive material were performed in situ. The bioactive glass coating and calcium phosphate coating were studied. In order to achieve this goal, a porogenic agent in the form of beads (from 600 &#956m to 2 mm diameter) were prepared by the gelation of a water solution of sodium alginate into calcium nitrate solution (0.5 M), and incorporation of other components to yield the Bioglass composition or a calcium phosphate. The beads were further mixed with glass or ceramic powder and the assembly was heat treated for sintering. In the case of glass, the sintering occurred with concurrent crystallization. The obtained ceramics were characterized by optical and scanning electronic microscopy, which indicated that the porogenic beads acted successfully as a sacrificial template to produce functionalized macro pores.