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Face à la complexité croissante des systèmes logiciels, les architectures logicielles sont apparues comme un allié précieux pour la conception et la maintenance de ces systèmes. Cependant, pour de nombreux systèmes, la représentation de leur architecture n’est pas fiable ; elle est soit indisponible, soit insuffisante ou soit non mise à jour. Pour pallier ce problème qui met en danger la maintenance, l’évolution, la réutilisation et la migration d’un système, l’extraction d’une architecture du système est souvent proposée comme une bonne alternative. L’extraction d’une architecture logicielle est définie comme la science de l’analyse et de la conversion du code source en une architecture logicielle. Cette thèse contribue à apporter une solution au problème d’inexistence d’outil de mesure pour les processus d’extraction d’une architecture logicielle. Ainsi, nous proposons un méta-modèle appelé SArEM qui spécifie les différents processus d’extraction d’une architecture logicielle. Le méta-modèle est basé sur le métamodèle SPEM et couvre les principaux concepts des processus d’extraction d’une architecture logicielle. En outre, nous fournissons un outil qui permet aux architectes de construire leur propre processus, d’interagir avec les sorties générées et de découvrir une architecture logicielle conforme à leurs souhaits. Plus précisément, nous proposons une approche d’extraction d’une architecture logicielle appelée SAD basée sur ECD. SAD consiste à considérer l’extraction d’une architecture logicielle comme un processus de découverte de nouvelles connaissances. Ainsi, notre contribution est articulée autour deux points : le premier point est la suggestion d’un processus générique pour l’extraction d’une architecture logicielle et le second point est l’élaboration d’une extension d’un outil ECD qui supporte l’exécution des processus d’extraction d’une architecture logicielle. / Face to the exponential growth in the size and complexity of software systems, software architectures emerge as a valuable ally for the design and maintenance of these systems. However, for many systems, their architecture representation is not reliable; it might be unavailable, insufficient, or out of date. To overcome this problem that puts the system maintenance, evolution, reuse and migration in danger, the extraction of the system architecture is proposed. The latter is defined as the science of analyzing and converting the source code to a software architecture. The thesis treats the gap of a measurement tool for software architecture extraction processes. We propose a meta-model called SArEM (Software Architecture Extraction Meta-model) that specifies the software architecture extraction processes. The meta-model is based on SPEM meta-model and covers the main concepts of software architecture extraction processes. Furthermore, we provide a manner that allows the architects to build their own process, interact with the generated outputs and discover a software architecture that satisfies them. Specifically, we propose a software architecture extraction approach called SAD (Software Architecture Discovery) based on KDD. SAD consists in considering the extraction of a software architecture as a process of discovering new knowledge. Thus, the contribution is centered on two points: the first point is the suggestion of a generic software architecture extraction process and the second point is the elaboration of a KDD tool extension that supports the execution of software architecture extraction processes.

The aim of this study was to determine the species composition of weeds in the cherry orchard. The orchard is situated in the cadastral area of Žabčice. The composition was evaluated using by phytoceonological reléves at three various locations - fallow, space close to the tree trunk and grass-cover space between rows. The evaluation was carried out in 2014 in three seasoning - in the spring, summer and autumn. The results were statistically processed by Multivariate Analysis of Environmental Data DCA and CCA. Species with the highest coverage in fallow were: Stellaria media, Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, Amaranthus spp., Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Veronica hederifolia and Echinochloa crus-galli. Weeds with the highest coverage in space close to the tree trunk were: Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, Stellaria media, Bromus spp., Chenopodium album, Erodium cicutarium and Capsella bursa-pastoris. The highest covers in grass-cover space between rows were: Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis, Festuca spp., Bromus spp., Arrhenatherum elatius, Stellaria media and Conyza canadensis. Overall, 43 plant species were found in the orchard.

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The aim of this masters thesis is to describe a representation of the wild grass species growing in the specific peach orchard and vineyard. Orchard and vineyard belongs to the Vnorovy (South Moravian region, Czechia) cadastral area. The rating of species representation was conducted by working with phytocenological images. The monitoring was conducted in strips and grassy zone in 2016, in three periods: in spring, in summer and in autumn. The data were analyzed by DCY and CCA analysis. During the observation, the total amount of 52 vascular plants species were identified.