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In arid and semiarid environments, various natural and anthropogenic stressors have resulted in land cover change that has negatively impacted the ecological integrity of the landscape. Society, however, relies on many ecological processes and functions provided by the landscape to enhance its wellbeing. The direct and indirect benefits society receives from the landscape are collectively termed "ecosystem services." The overarching goal of this thesis was to examine how the landscape has changed and to analyze how these changes impact the ecosystem services supplied by the landscape. The Upper San Pedro watershed in southeastern Arizona and northern Sonora was used as a case study to link land cover change with an array of ecosystem services to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystem service supply. To accomplish this, a multitemporal land cover dataset for the watershed was updated to extend the temporal coverage to 37 years across 5 land cover datasets. Indicators serving as proxy variables for a variety of ecosystem services were assessed for each land cover class. This linkage between land cover and ecosystem services enabled an analysis of the tradeoffs and synergies within the array of services each land cover class can provide. Combined with the multitemporal land cover dataset, the spatiotemporal dynamics of potential ecosystem service supply were analyzed across the watershed for a 37 year period. Rather than examining the impacts of land cover change on the biophysical aspects of the environment, this approach enables land managers and decision makers to explore the implications of a changing landscape on human wellbeing.

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The three largest earthquakes in the last 25 years in southern California occurred on faults located adjacent to the southern San Andreas fault, with the M7.3 1992 Landers and M7.1 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes occurring in the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) in the Mojave Desert, and the M7.2 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake occurring along the Laguna Salada fault in northern Baja California, Mexico. The locations of these events near to but not along the southern San Andreas fault (SSAF) is unusual in that the last major event on the SSAF occurred more than 300 years ago, with an estimated recurrence interval of 215± 25 years. The focus of this dissertation is to address the present-day deformation field along the North America-Pacific plate boundary in southern California and northern Baja California, through the analysis of GPS data, and elastic block and viscoelastic earthquake models to determine fault slip rates and rheological properties of the lithosphere in the plate boundary zone. We accomplish this in three separate studies. The first study looks at how strain is partitioned northwards along-strike from the southern San Andreas fault near the Salton Sea. We find that estimates for slip-rates on the southern San Andreas decrease from ~23 mm/yr in the south to ~8 mm/yr as the fault passes through San Gorgonio Pass to the northwest, while ~13-18 mm/yr of slip is partitioned onto NW-SE trending faults of the ECSZ where the Landers and Hector Mine earthquakes occurred. This speaks directly to San Andreas earthquake hazards, as a reduction in the slip rate would require greater time between events to build up enough slip deficit in order to generate a large magnitude earthquake. The second study focuses on inferring the rheological structure beneath the Salton Trough region. This is accomplished through analysis of postseismic deformation observed using a set of the GPS data collected before and after the 2010 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake. By determining the slip-rates on each of the major crustal faults prior to the earthquake, we are able to model the pre-earthquake velocity field for comparison with velocities measured using sites constructed post-earthquake. We then determine how individual site velocities have changed in the 3 years following the earthquake, with implications for the rate at which the lower crust and upper mantle viscously relax through time. We find that the viscosity of the lower crust is at least an order of magnitude higher than that of the uppermost mantle, and hypothesize that this is due to mafic material emplaced at the base of the crust as the spreading center developed beneath the Salton Trough since about 6 Ma. The final study investigates crustal deformation and fault slip rates for faults in the northern Mojave and southern Walker Lane regions of the ECSZ. Previous geodetic studies estimated slip-rates roughly double those inferred via geological dating methods in this region for NW striking strike-slip faults, but significantly smaller than geologic estimates for the Garlock fault. Through construction of a detailed elastic block model, which selects only active fault structures, and applying a new, dense GPS velocity field in this region, we are able to estimate slip-rates for the strike-slip faults in the ECSZ that are much closer to those reported from geology.

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