Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-42).

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A low earth orbit satellite system can be useful in numerous communication applications where physical connections are not possible. Communication time available from any point on earth to the satellite is less than one hour per day. This one hour is fragmented into smaller time slots due to the satellite orbiting. This is not much time to transfer data and there is even less time available to transfer data when there are other external factors affecting the system. It is thus crucial to optimise the satellite communications link so that more data can be transferred per orbit. The goal of this thesis is to improve the performance of a low earth orbit satellite communication channel by varying certain parameters of the system, such as the protocol used, modulation scheme, packet size, transmission power etc. and then to observe how these parameters influence the system. The protocols that were chosen to be implemented are CSMA-CA, CSMA-CA with DSSS technology and Round-Robin Polling. A simulator for each protocol was designed with the Opnet platform, so that specific parameters could be changed and the results observed, in order to optimise the communications link between the satellite and ground stations. The results showed that there is no particular configuration of modulation scheme, packet size, transmission power etc. presenting the best overall solution for LEO satellite communications. It must be considered what the specific LEO satellite application would be used for and the characteristics required by that specific application. A suitable configuration must subsequently be chosen from the set of configurations available to satisfy most of the application requirements. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Satelliet met ’n lae wentelbaan kan gebruik word in verskeie kommunikasie toepassings waar fisiese verbindinge nie noodwendig moontlik is nie. Die kommunikasietyd van enige punt van aarde af na die satelliet, is minder as een uur per dag. Hierdie tyd word nog verder verklein omdat die satelliet besig is om, om die aarde te wentel. ’n Uur is glad nie baie tyd om data oor te dra nie en in realiteit is daar nog minder tyd beskikbaar as daar eksterne faktore op die sisteem inwerk. Dus is dit baie belangrik om die satelliet kommunikasiekanaal te optimiseer sodat soveel moontlik data as moontlik oorgedra kan word per omwenteling. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die deurset van die kommunikasiekanaal van n lae wentelbaan satelliet te optimiseer, deur verskeie parameters te verander soos, protokol wat gebruik word, modulasie skema, pakkie grootte, transmissiekrag ens. en dan waar te neem hoe dit die sisteem beïnvloed. Die protokolle wat geïmplementeer is, is CSMA-CA, CSMA-CA met DSSS tegnologie en Round-Robin Polling. ’n Simulator vir elke protokol was ontwerp in die Opnet simulasie platform, sodat die spesifieke parameters verander kon word om die resultate te bestudeer met die doel om die kommunikasiekanaal tussen die satelliet en grond stasies optimaal te benut. Die resultate het bewys dat daar geen spesifieke konfigurasie van modulasie skema, pakkie grootte, transmissiekrag ens. is wat die algehele beste oplossing is nie. Die spesifieke applikasie waarvoor die lae wentelbaan satelliet gaan gebruik word moet geanaliseer word sowel as die spesifieke karakteristieke van daai applikasie. Daarvolgens moet n unieke konfigurasie opgestel word wat meeste van die applikasie se behoeftes bevredig.

Orientador: Rodolpho Vilhena de Moraes / Banca: Maria Cecília França de Paula Zanardi / Banca: Helio Koiti Kuga / Resumo: Os satélites artificiais são utilizados em várias atividades científicas como em geodinâmica, telecomunicações, estudo do clima, experiências com microgravidade, dentre outras. Para alcançar a precisão necessária para certas missões, as órbitas devem ser determinadas com bastante precisão levando em consideração várias forças que atuam nos satélites. O efeito de maré é uma das perturbações que afetam a órbita de um satélite artificial, pois tanto o Sol como a Lua deformam o planeta, alterando assim a distribuição de massa e o potencial utilizado para estudar a variação nos elementos orbitais do satélite. Neste trabalho estuda-se a influência da maré terrestre e oceânica da Terra sobre satélites artificiais que a orbitam. Foi desenvolvida a função perturbadora para a maré terrestre, com base tanto no modelo de Kozai como no de Kaula e para a maré oceânica é adotado o modelo de Harwood e Swinerd. Os desenvolvimentos das funções perturbadoras são feitos em termos do polinômio de Legendre, aproveitando a parte secular e de longo período para estudar a variação dos elementos orbitais do satélite. Resultados das soluções seculares indicam a maior contribuição da Lua, em comparação à contribuição do Sol. Também, as perturbações devido a maré terrestre são mais proeminentes do que a maré oceânica para ambos os satélites de baixa e de alta altitude. Considerando as soluções de longo período para o satélite de baixa altitude, os resultados mostram que, para o argumento do perigeu e para a excentricidade , o período de oscilação é maior para a maré oceânica comparado a maré terrestre. Considerando os diferentes modelos para as marés, também para o satélite de baixa altitude, é mostrado que a maior variação de amplitude é para o argumento do perigeu. Perturbações devido a ressonâncias são também analisadas para os elementos orbitais métricos. / Abstract: Artificial Earth's satellites are used in several scientific activities such as geodynamics, telecommunications, climate forecast, microgravity experiments, among others. In order to attain the precision needed for some missions the orbits must be determined with high accuracy taking into account several forces acting on the satellites. The tide effect is one of the disturbances that affect the orbit of an artificial satellite. In fact, both the Sun and the Moon deforms the planet and thus modifies its mass distribution and the used potential to study the variation in the orbital elements of the satellite. In this work it is studied the influence of the terrestrial and oceanic tides on artificial Earth's satellites orbits. The disturbing functions for the terrestrial tide was developed based on the Kozai and Kaula models and for the oceanic tide was used Harwood and Swinerd model. The developments of the disturbing functions are performed in terms of the Legendre polynomials, using the secular and long period terms to study the variation of the orbital elements of the satellite. Results for the secular solution show the bigger contribution of the Moon, compared to the contribution of the Sun. Also, the perturbations due to the terrestrial tide are more noticeable than of the oceanic tide for both low and higher altitude satellites. Considering the long period solution for low altitude satellite, the results show that, for the argument of perigee and the eccentricity, the period of oscillation is bigger for the oceanic tide compared to the terrestrial tide. Considering different models for the tides, also for low altitude satellite, it is shown that the greatest amplitude's variation is for argument of perigee. Perturbations due to resonance are also analyzed for the metric orbital elements. / Mestre

In Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), the unavailable Road Side Unit (RSU) becomes an increasing serious safety-related problem because of its important role in ITS. However, there is no existing method to solve this problem effectively and stably nowadays. To solve the unavailable RSU problem, a novel 2-tier integrated communication system is proposed in this thesis to address the issue of unavailable RSU in ITS. Compared to some other solutions proposed in the previous research works, which mostly focus on improving the system performance by adjusting parameters of vehicular ad-hoc network among vehicles, the proposed 2-tier communication network, called ITS-LEO Integrated System (ILIS), is composed of conventional ITS system and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) mobile satellite system (MSS), where the LEO MSS is utilized as the complementary network when the RSU is unavailable. Since the LEO MSS primary message will get affected when overflowing messages from ITS to LEO MSS, we prioritize LEO MSS primary message over the overflowed message to minimize the effect, which is based on that the emergency message (EMsg) is given higher priority over routine message (RMsg) to get access to the channel in ITS. To optimize the utility of network resource, two different overflowing mechanisms are proposed in ILIS to improve system efficiency under different traffic density. Furthermore, we propose a bandwidth reservation protection mechanism for ILIS to increase the ITS network performance. A real-time simulation program in C++ is developed to evaluate the performance of ILIS in terms of Packet Loss Rate (PLR) and Delay, and simulation results show that adding LEO MSS as a complementary network to ITS is an effective way to solve the problem of an unavailable RSU.

Pax7 is a paired box transcription factor expressed by all satellite cells which are critically required for muscle regeneration and growth. The absolute requirements of Pax7 in the maintenance of the satellite cell pool are widely acknowledged. However the mechanisms by which Pax7 executes muscle regeneration or contributes to satellite cell homeostasis remain elusive. We performed cell and molecular analysis of Pax7 null satellite cells to investigate muscle stem cell function. Through genome wide studies, we found that genes involved in cell cell interactions, regulation of migration, control of lipid metabolism and inhibition of myogenic differentiation were significantly perturbed in Pax7 null satellite cells. Analysis of satellite cells in vitro showed that Pax7 null satellite cells undergo precocious myogenic differentiation and have perturbed expression of genes involved in the Notch signaling pathway. We showed that Notch 1 is a novel Pax7 target gene and by using a genetic approach we demonstrated that ectopic expression of the constitutively active intracellular domain of Notch1 (NICD1) in Pax7 null satellite cells is sufficient to maintain the satellite cell pool as well as to restore their proliferation. Instead of differentiating into myogenic cells and in the absence of a myogenic cue, NICD1 Pax7 null satellite cells become a source of ectopic brown fat within muscles and give rise to brown adipocytes both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion we showed that Notch 1 partially rescues Pax7 deficient satellite cells loss and proliferation. Additionally we provide the first evidence that Notch signalling contributes to satellite cell fate by inhibiting terminal myogenic differentiation and inducing brown adipogenesis.

An ELF noise band observed by the Alouette II satellite has been studied. A digital power spectrum program was set up in order to investigate in detail the noise band spectra. Primary results from this analysis are that: a) for altitudes 500-3000 Km. and all geomagnetic latitudes, sharp lower cutoffs of the noise band occur within ~30Hz of the calculated gyrofrequency, b) upper cutoffs to the noise band occur frequently near harmonics of the gyrofrequency, and c) the noise appears to be Doppler shifted when the angle between the velocity vector of the satellite and the geomagnetic field is near 90°. The occurrence pattern of the noise band has been investigated using available Rayspan analyzed data for epoch 1966. This analysis indicated a pronounced daytime maximum of occurrence. It is shown that almost all aspects of the noise band may be interpreted in terms of the hypothesis of ambient electrostatic proton cyclotron harmonic waves in the ionosphere, and the concomitant accessibility conditions in the spatially varying geomagnetic field. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

abstract: Microwave circuits are an essential part of technology in the modern day. Everything from cell phone communications, television and radio reception, medical imaging, and radar surveillance depend on microwave circuitry. Constant efforts are being made to introduce new methods of implementing more efficient microwave circuitry while maintaining well known fabrication methods. These improvements typically focus on lower loss, smaller size, and higher operating frequencies [1-6]. This thesis will focus on the specific application of a planar orthomode transducer (OMT) in Home Direct Broadcast (DBS) Systems used in residential satellite receivers. The need for low-loss circuitry becomes increasingly important in the realm of satellite reception, as the carrier to noise levels at the receiver can be as low as 10dB [7]. Interference and loss of signal integrity can occur very easily if the receiving network is not properly designed. This thesis will investigate the design of a planar transmission media that produces ultra-low losses when compared to more conventional planar transmission media. This design, which is called Double Sided Suspended Stripline (DSSL), utilizes air as its primary propagation medium. The design will be similar to standard suspended stripline in geometry, but has signal traces on the top and bottom of the substrate. The traces are connected using plated through-hole vias. This geometry is hugely beneficial because it virtually eliminates one of the major loss mechanisms in classical microwave structures: dielectric loss. This thesis will focus mainly on empirically derived equations and performance metrics obtained through rigorous simulation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2019

Thesis advisor: Noah Snyder / The dynamics of river suspended sediment, derived from soil erosion, is critical for understanding floodplain and coastal wetland evolution, as well as reservoir sedimentation. Although the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has collected > 105 suspended sediment concentration (SSC) samples, data availability is often sparse or altogether lacking for large river transects. Landsat derived SSC measurements have proven accurate enough to supplement USGS datasets, allowing unprecedented spatial analysis of SSC trends throughout large river systems (Dethier et al. 2020). Here, I build on this approach by applying it to higher spatial and temporal resolution datasets. I have derived suspended sediment concentrations from the Sentinel-2 satellite sensor through a cluster and regression approach. To increase the number of training samples, I constructed SSC-discharge rating curves for all in-situ USGS stations. This has constrained the uncertainty of Sentinel-2 derived SSC to less than a factor of two, which has proven adequate for large rivers. In combination with the Landsat record, this allows for a multi-decadal analysis of sediment transport dynamics across multi-dammed systems. This study applies these methods to the Chattahoochee River in Georgia and Alabama, USA. Using observations from 1984 to 2022, there exists pronounced decreases in SSC downstream of dams along the river, with downstream reaches never regaining the same values as upstream observations. Also evident is a decreasing trend in SSC temporally, which could be indicative of changing land-use practices. Code for this project is publicly available at github.com/ivalencius/sentinel-ssc. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Scholar of the College. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.

<p> The extremely halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium salinarium, contains a light density satellite DNA component which is 20% of the total DNA. </p> <p> The purpose of this investigation was to study the physical characteristics of the satellite DNA by ultra- centrifugation and electron microscopic methods in an attempt to answer the following questions: "(a) Does the amount of the satellite depend on DNA isolation conditions?" "(b) What is the biological derivation of the satellite?" "(c) What is the physical size( s) of the satellite?" "(d) How many copies of the satellite occur in the"cell?" </p> <p> The results of this investigation showed that the amount of the satellite is independent of isolation conditions, and that it exists in the form of closed circular duplexes. Although the possibility that the satellite represents multiple forms of closed circular molecules could not be completely ruled out, the majority of the closed circles appeared to have lengths about 37 u, so that there might be eight copies of the satellite per bacterial genome. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Skeletal muscle has the remarkable ability to remodel and repair when exposed to various stimuli such as exercise training and injury. Many factors contribute to the maintenance of healthy muscle mass throughout the lifespan including a functional population of resident muscle stem cells, commonly referred to as satellite cells (SC). When SC become active in response to a stimulus they proliferate and differentiate, eventually fusing to existing myofibres or to each other giving rise to new myotubes; while some SC revert to quiescence to maintain the SC pool. This process is termed 'the myogenic programme' and is governed by a complex network of transcription factors termed myogenic regulatory factors. SC are absolutely necessary for the repair of skeletal muscle, however, their role in mediating skeletal muscle remodelling following exercise training remains debatable. The effect of resistance exercise on SC content has been extensively studied in humans. However, a paucity of information exists in regards to the effect of 'non-resistance' type exercise training on SC content and function in healthy young adults. The purpose of this thesis was to determine the impact of nonhypertrophic exercise training on SC content. We examined the effect of high intensity interval training on the SC pool and determined that there was an increase in SC associated with remodelling hybrid fibres. We extended upon these findings by demonstrating that several high intensity interval training paradigms and traditional endurance training all resulted in an increase in SC pool activity without an overall expansion of the SC pool. Skeletal muscle regeneration is impaired in old rodents and is associated with a reduction in SC content. We therefore sought to determine whether nonhypertrophic exercise training in old mice was able to improve the regenerative response following injury. Exercise training resulted in an increase in SC content and improved skeletal muscle regeneration in old mice. In addition to previous work implicating SC in mediating skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance exercise training, this thesis provides evidence that SC are able to respond to exercise stimuli that are nonhypertrophic in nature. In addition, we demonstrate that nonhypertrophic exercise training results in an increase in SC content in old mice and this likely contributed to the improvement in skeletal muscle regeneration observed in old mice pre-conditioned with regular exercise. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)