This thesis addresses the problem of local intrusion detection for SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) field devices in the smart grid. A methodology is proposed to detect anomalies in the communication patterns using a combination of n-gram analysis and Bloom Filter. The predictable and regular nature of the SCADA communication patterns is exploited to train the intrusion detection system. The protocol considered to test the proposed approach is MODBUS which is used for communication between a SCADA server and field devices in power system. The approach is tested for attacks like HMI compromise and Man-in-the-Middle. Bloom Filter is chosen because of its strong space advantage over other data structures like hash tables, linked lists etc. for representing sets. The advantage comes from its probabilistic nature and compact array structure. The false positive rates are found to be minimal with careful choice of parameters for Bloom Filter design. Also the memory-efficient property of Bloom Filter makes it suitable for implementation in resource constrained SCADA components. It is also established that the knowledge of physical state of the power system i.e., normal, emergency or restorative state can help in improving the accuracy of the proposed approach.

The goal of a water distribution system (WDS) is to supply the desired quantity of fresh water to consumers at the appropriate time. In order to properly operate a WDS, system operators need information about the system states, such as tank water level, nodal pressure, and water quality for the system wide locations. Most water utilities now have some level of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems providing nearly real-time monitoring data. However, due to the prohibitive metering costs and lack of applications for the data, only portions of systems are monitored and the use of the SCADA data is limited. This dissertation takes a comprehensive view of real-time demand estimation in water distribution systems. The goal is to develop an optimal monitoring system plan that will collect appropriate field data to determine accurate, precise demand estimates and to understand their impact on model predictions. To achieve that goal, a methodology for real-time demand estimates and associated uncertainties using limited number of field measurements is developed. Further, system wide nodal pressure and chlorine concentration and their uncertainties are predicted using the estimated nodal demands. This dissertation is composed of three journal manuscripts that address these three key steps beginning with uncertainty evaluation, followed by demand estimation and finally optimal metering layout.The uncertainties associated with the state estimates are quantified in terms of confidence limits. To compute the uncertainties in real-time alternative schemes that reduce computational efforts while providing good statistical approximations are evaluated and verified by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The first order second moment(FOSM) method provides accurate variance estimates for pressure; however, because of its linearity assumption it has limited predictive ability for chlorine under unsteady conditions. Latin Hypercube sampling (LHS) provides good estimates of prediction uncertainty for chlorine and pressure in steady and unsteady conditions with significantly less effort.For real-time demand estimation, two recursive state estimators; tracking state estimator (TSE) based on weighted least squares (WLS) scheme and Kalman filter (KF), are applied. In addition, in order to find available field data types for demand estimation, comparative studies are performed using pipe flow rate and nodal pressure head as measurements. To reduce the number of unknowns and make the system solvable, nodes with similar user characteristics are grouped and assumed to have same demand pattern. The uncertainties in state variables are quantified in terms of confidence limits using the approximate methods (i.e., FOSM and LHS). Results show that TSE with pipe flow rates as measurements provide reliable demand estimations. Also, the model predictions computed using the estimated demands match well with the synthetically generated true values.Field measurements are critical elements to obtaining quality real-time state estimates. However, the limited number of metering locations has been a significant obstacle for the real-time studies and identifying locations to best gain information is critical. Here, an optimal meter placement (OMP) is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem and solved using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) based on Pareto-optimal solutions. Results show that model accuracy and precision should be pursued at the same time as objectives since both measures have trade-off relationship. GA solutions were improvements over the less robust methods or designers' experienced judgment.

Digitization has been given a greater role in the monitoring and control of a processing plant. This trend will grow globally to achieve a smarter production chain that generates ecenomic profits. The purpose of this thesis was to develop an existing process that respresents an automated drilling station. THis i scontrolled by integrating Java-netbeans software into the PLC hardware with a user interface that can read the data flow of PLC.The drilling station is controlled by PLC. This work describes the possible methods for achieving integration between Java-netbeans and PLC.  The essential part of the work was literature study, programming of source code and programming of PLC. This work achieved all the objectives. / Digitaliseringen har fått en större roll i övervakning och styrning av en processanläggning. Denna trend kommer att växa globalt för att uppnå en smartare produktionskedja som giver ekonomiska vinster. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att utveckla en befintlig process som föreställer en automatiserad borrstation. Detta styrs genom lufttryck, sensorer, cylindrar och relä ventiler. Utvecklingen skedde genom att integrera Java-netbeans mjukvara till PLC hårdvaran med ett användargränssnitt som kan läsa av dataflödet av PLC. Borrstationen styrs av PLC. I detta arbete beskrivs vilka möjliga metoder det finns för att uppnå integrering mellan Java-netbeans och PLC. Arbetets essentiella delar var litteraturstudie, programmering av källkod och programmering av PLC. Detta arbete uppnådde alla målsättningar.

Power system protection is important for service reliability and quality assurance. Various faults may occur due to natural and artificial calamity. To reduce the outage duration and promptly restore power services, fault section estimate has to be done effectively and accurately with fault alarms. Dispatchers study the changed statuses of protection devices from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to identify the fault. Single and multiple faults could coexist with the failed operation of relays and circuit breakers, or with the erroneous data communication. It needs a long time to process a large number of alarms under various conditions involving multiple faults and many uncertainties. To cope with the problem, an effective tool is helpful for the fault section estimation and alarm processing. Besides, power transformer plays a major role in a power system. For a better service quality, it is important to be routinely examined for detecting incipient faults inside transformers. Preventive techniques for early detection can find out the incipient faults and avoid outages. Power quality is another issue to considerable attentions from utilities and customers due to the popular uses of many sensitive electronic equipment. Harmonics, voltage swell, voltage sag, and, power interruption could downgrade the service quality. To ensure the power quality, detecting harmonic and voltage disturbances becomes important. A detection method with classification capability will be helpful for detecting disturbances. This dissertation developed various algorithm for detection including fault section detection, alarm processing, transformer fault diagnosis, and power quality detection. For a well-dispatched power system, the adaptive detection idea will be used, and the existing SCADA/EMS will be integrated without extra devices.

The task of the thesis is a theoretical analysis and description of the use of company data. Emphasis is placed on the system analysis of the problem. The specific production process and the data available from it are evaluated, which help to find a technical and economic evaluation.

<p>When traffic in large cities increases, it becomes more vulnerable to disturbances such as accidents, stalled vehicles or construction; therefore, traffic jams are more likely to occur. For better control of the traffic at a disturbance the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA) has traffic equipment which can be controlled from a command centre. This traffic equipment consists of gates and signs with variable messages. This report will discuss the system used for traffic control in Stockholm. It will present proposals designed to improve it. </p><p>These proposals were prepared based on interviews with people from SNRA and their contractors as well as on comparisons with existing systems. </p><p>The focus of this report is the handling of system alarms and graphical user interface. By implementing the proposals in this report, the following will be achieved:</p><p>· More efficient alarmcontrol - the errors are discovered immediately or soon after they occur </p><p>· Clearer information regarding alarms - the traffic operator receives better information about the error </p><p>· Better control of the traffic equipment - the control will be easier and more flexible.</p>

When traffic in large cities increases, it becomes more vulnerable to disturbances such as accidents, stalled vehicles or construction; therefore, traffic jams are more likely to occur. For better control of the traffic at a disturbance the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA) has traffic equipment which can be controlled from a command centre. This traffic equipment consists of gates and signs with variable messages. This report will discuss the system used for traffic control in Stockholm. It will present proposals designed to improve it. These proposals were prepared based on interviews with people from SNRA and their contractors as well as on comparisons with existing systems. The focus of this report is the handling of system alarms and graphical user interface. By implementing the proposals in this report, the following will be achieved: · More efficient alarmcontrol - the errors are discovered immediately or soon after they occur · Clearer information regarding alarms - the traffic operator receives better information about the error · Better control of the traffic equipment - the control will be easier and more flexible.

Durante muito tempo a manutenÃÃo do sistema de distribuiÃÃo do campus do Pici da Universidade Federal do Cearà - UFC foi de responsabilidade da Companhia EnergÃtica do Cearà â Coelce, pela parceria entre os governos federal e estadual. No entanto, com a privatizaÃÃo da Coelce no ano de 1998, a UFC assumiu essa demanda e por muitos anos, por falta de recursos e planejamento, fez-se apenas intervenÃÃes corretivas emergenciais na infraestrutura existente, resultando em vÃrios problemas na continuidade de suprimento. Felizmente, os Ãltimos gestores atentaram para o problema e muitos investimentos na rede de distribuiÃÃo em mÃdia tensÃo estÃo sendo realizados, visando à modernizaÃÃo e melhoria da seguranÃa, disponibilidade e continuidade do suprimento de energia elÃtrica do campus do Pici. Estas aÃÃes tÃm embasamento tÃcnico nos estudos realizados pelo Departamento de Engenharia ElÃtrica em parceria com o setor de engenharia da UFC (UFC-Infra). Nesse contexto, foi idealizada e està em fase de implantaÃÃo uma subestaÃÃo de 69-13,8 kV, composta de dois transformadores de 5/6,25 MVA, sendo um de reserva, trÃs saÃdas de alimentadores e nove religadores distribuÃdos ao longo da rede de mÃdia tensÃo em 13,8 kV do campus. Este sistema serà operado, supervisionado e controlado por um sistema SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Aquisition), desenvolvido na plataforma comercial Elipse Power, utilizando o banco de dados Microsoft SQL Server 2012 â versÃo Express. No Ãmbito da automaÃÃo, foi desenvolvida e integrada ao SCADA, via comunicaÃÃo OPC (Open Platform Communications), uma funÃÃo avanÃada denominada, Sistema de RecomposiÃÃo AutomÃtica (SRA-PICI). O SRA-PICI foi desenvolvido em linguagem C#, utilizando o programa Microsoft Visual Studio 2010, modelado em Redes de Petri Coloridas, e testado usando a ferramenta de anÃlise CPN Tools. Para integraÃÃo dos aplicativos SCADA e SRA foi utilizado o protocolo aberto OPC que especifica a comunicaÃÃo de dados em tempo real entre um elemento fonte e um elemento receptor de diferentes fabricantes. Testes de validaÃÃo do SRA e da comunicaÃÃo entre os aplicativos foram realizados em laboratÃrio, que atestam o sucesso da implementaÃÃo e abrem perspectivas importantes para avanÃar na direÃÃo de uma rede elÃtrica inteligente para o campus do Pici. / For a long time the maintenance of the power distribution system of the Pici Campus of the Federal University of Cearà - UFC was the responsibility of the Energy Company of Cearà - Coelce, by the partnership between the federal and state governments. However, with the privatization of Coelce in 1998, the UFC assumed that demand and for many years, due to lack of resources and planning, only the emergency and corrective interventions have taken place, thereby have emerged several problems in continuous supply. Fortunately, the last managers have paid attention to the problem and many investments in the medium voltage distribution network are being carried out, aimed at modernizing and improving security, availability and continuity of energy supply of Pici campus. These actions were based on technical studies conducted by the Department of Electrical Engineering in partnership with the engineering sector of the UFC (UFC-Infra). In this context, was designed and is being implemented a power substation of 69 to 13.8 kV, with two transformers of 5 / 6.25 MVA, , three outputs feeders and nine reclosers distributed throughout the medium voltage distribution network of the campus. This system will be operated, supervised and controlled by a SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), developed in the commercial platform Elipse Power using the Microsoft SQL Server 2012 database - Express version. In the field of automation, it was developed and integrated into the SCADA via OPC (Open Communications Platform), an advanced function called Automatic Restoration System (ARS-PICI). The ARS-PICI was developed in C # using Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 program, modelled on Colored Petri Nets, and tested using the CPN Tools analysis program. For integration of the SCADA and the ARS application software was used the OPC open protocol that specifies the real time data communication between a source element and a receiving element from different manufacturers. Validation tests of the ARS and communication between the software SCADA-ARS were performed in the laboratory, attesting to the successful implementation and opening important perspectives to advance toward a smart grid to the campus of the Pici.

The aim of this work is to create a unified control and supervision system, SCADA, for controlling the heating and cooling of the company. The system is controlled by UniPi PLC units. Node-RED is used as control software. The user interface is created by an extension "dashboard". For communication between elements using the MQTT protocol. The InfluxDB database is used for data storage. The Grafana tool is used to visualize historical data. The majority of the created system consists of open software. The system is universal, expandable and it is possible to connect it with another system. The system can be used or adapted to similar problems of advanced heating control.

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-08-24T14:18:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Luis.pdf: 4371869 bytes, checksum: adf1274b2033821c3c2a6cca3766a2e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-24T14:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Luis.pdf: 4371869 bytes, checksum: adf1274b2033821c3c2a6cca3766a2e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-03 / Power system operation and maintenance require attention, precise diagnostics on failure and agility on system recovery. On the other hand, power systems involve high risks, where each operation needs to be carefully planned and executed, once errors can be fatal. Power system satisfactory operation and maintenance consist on finding equilibrium between these extremes, acting on a cautious, but agile, way. For this purpose, we propose the development of an intelligent system with the ability of detecting abnormal patterns on the electrical signal, providing support for decisions on Power Distribution System real time operation, from the analysis of power substation transformers primary and secondary currents, including learning at each new information acquired by the system. The challenge of this study is to research and develop a method based on ANN for classifying patterns and providing support for decisions, aiming fault detection and/or fault recovery. The method di↵erentiates disturbances that will lead to faults from disturbances generated by transients on power system (for example an undervoltage caused by powering on an engine). A SCADA supervisory system was developed to contain ANN implementation code and also to provide an interface for Operators, generating visual and sound alarms and messages guiding system recovery. The proposed method was evaluated using real data collected from transformers protection digital relays of CEMAR system substations, achieving excellent results. The ANN developed on this study presented satisfactory performance classifying signals and detecting faults properly. / A operação e manutenção do sistema elétrico requerem atenção, diagnósticos precisos em caso de falhas e agilidade na recomposição do sistema. Por outro lado, sistemas elétricos têm um elevado risco, onde cada manobra precisa ser cuidadosamente planejada e executada, pois erros podem ser fatais. A boa operação e manutenção do sistema elétrico consistem em encontrar o ponto de equilíbrio entre esses dois extremos, atuando de forma cautelosa, porém ágil. Com esse intuito, propomos o desenvolvimento de um sistema inteligente dotado da capacidade de detectar padrões anormais no sinal elétrico, fornecendo apoio à decisão na operação em tempo real do SDEE, a partir da análise das correntes primárias e secundárias de transformadores de força de subestações de energia elérica, incluindo aprendizado a cada nova informação integrada ao sistema. O desafio deste estudo é pesquisar e desenvolver um método baseado em RNA para classificação de padrões e apoio à decisão, visando a detecção e/ou recuperaçao de falhas. O método diferencia perturbações que culminarão em uma falta de perturbações geradas por transitórios na rede elétrica (por exemplo o afundamento de tensão gerado pela partida de uma máquina). Um sistema supervisório SCADA foi desenvolvido para hospedar o código de implementação da RNA, além de fornecer uma interface para o Operador, gerando alarmes visuais e sonoros e mensagens orientando a retomada do sistema. O método proposto foi avaliado utilizando-se dados reais coletados diretamente de relés digitais de proteção de transformadores de subestações do sistema da CEMAR, obtendo-se excelentes resultados. A RNA desenvolvida neste estudo apresentou desempenho satisfatório na classificação dos sinais a ela apresentados, detectando corretamente as faltas.