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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Analyse du couplage des fonctions de filtration des suies et de réduction des NOx pour moteur diesel / Analysis of coupling the selective NOx reduction and Diesel soot oxydation functions

Molina Gonzalez, Sonia 18 December 2017 (has links)
Les systèmes de post-traitement qui combinent diverses fonctionnalités dans un même dispositif catalytique sont considérées comme une solution efficace pour réussir l’objectif définie par les restrictives futures normes qui régulent les émissions de l'industrie automobile. Ils permettent non seulement de réduire les coûts intrinsèques dus à l’encombrement mais aussi, dans certains cas, de favoriser les réactions catalytiques par des effets thermiques ou synergiques. Ce concept est particulièrement étudié pour les moteurs Diesel dont la ligne d'échappement peut comprendre jusqu'à quatre éléments. La réduction des NOx peut être réalisée par réduction catalytique sélective de l'ammoniac sur filtre (NH3-SCRF) en utilisant des catalyseurs à base de zéolite échangée par Cu ou Fe. Ce filtre à suie catalysé assume simultanément deux fonctions: l'élimination des particules et la réduction des espèces de NOx vers N2 et de l’eau. En ce qui concerne les catalyseurs SCR, la couche active est classiquement déposée sur les parois d'un substrat de grande porosité dont les canaux sont bloqués à des extrémités alternatives. Une porosité accrue du substrat du filtre (tel que la cordiérite ou SiC) est nécessaire pour permettre le dépôt de la quantité de phase de catalyseur nécessaire pour le traitement des émissions gazeuses en assurant une filtration efficace et sans produire un effet de contre-pression du system. En plus, il est nécessaire de remarquer que des nouvelles réactions se produiront dans ce système puisque la suie Diesel, le NOx et l'agent réducteur sont présents dans la même unité pour la première fois. Selon la littérature actuellement disponible, les polluants et la suie peuvent interagir de trois manières principales: 1) la suie bloque l'accessibilité du flux gazeux aux sites actifs «classiques» du catalyseur; 2) possibilité de réduction des NOx sur les particules de suie; et enfin, 3) la présence de suie affecte les performances des réactions SCR ou, au contraire, les réactions SCR affectent le processus d'oxydation des particules jusqu'à ce que la compétition pour le NO2 soit produite / Aftertreatment systems that combine various functionalities into the same catalytic device are considered to be an efficient solution to reach the target defined by the restrictive future emission standards that regulate the automotive industry emissions. They are able not only to reduce the intrinsic costs due to the packaging but also, in some cases, to promote catalytic reactions by thermal or synergistic effects. This concept is being particularly explored for Diesel engines whose exhaust line may comprise up to four separate elements. NOx abatement can be accomplished by ammonia selective catalytic reduction on filter (NH3-SCRF) using Cu or Fe-exchanged zeolite-based as catalysts. This catalysed soot filter assumes two functions, simultaneously: removal of particles and reduction of NOx species towards N2. Regarding the SCR catalysts, the active layer is conventionally deposited onto the walls of a high porosity substrate whose channels are blocked at alternative ends. An increased porosity of the filter (such as cordierite or SiC) substrate is required to allow the deposition of the amount of catalyst phase needed for the treatment of gaseous emissions while efficient filtration and without producing a backpressure effect. Furthermore, it is necessary to remark that new reactions will occur in this system as Diesel soot, NOx and the reductant agent are present in the same unit for the first time. Accordingly to the literature currently available, there are three main ways that NOx pollutants and soot may interact: 1) soot blocking the accessibility of gas flow to “classic” active sites of the catalyst; 2) possibility of NOx reduction takes place over the soot particles; and finally, 3) soot presence affects SCR reactions performance or, contrarily, SCR reactions affects PM oxidation process as far as competition for NO2 will be produced
2

Solvent methods in coupled-cluster theory

Thanthiriwatte, Kanchana Sahan 02 May 2009 (has links)
This dissertation describes the implementation of the molecular electronic structure calculations with an implicit solvent model using coupled-cluster theory. The theory for and the implementation of the solvent reaction field method (SCRF) and the reference interaction site model (RISM) at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) are presented. In the SCRF model a solute molecule is placed in a spherical cavity, and the outer solvent is represented by a dielectric continuum, which is characterized by the dielectric constant of the solvent. The reaction field is introduced to the system by using the multipole moment expansion of the electronic structure of the solute molecule and the dielectric constant. The SCRF method has been used to calculate the conformational equilibrium and the rotational barriers of 1,2-dichloroethane in vacuum and in different solvents. The calculated results are compared with experimental values. In addition, the solvent effects on the energetics of the mechanism of nitration of benzene are reported using the implemented CCSD-SCRF model. The idea of RISM is to replace the reaction field in continuum models by a microscopic expression in terms of the site-site radial distribution functions between solute and solvent, which can be calculated from the RISM integral equations. The statistical solvent distribution around the solute is determined based on the electronic structure of the solute, while the electronic structure of solute is influenced by the surrounding solvent distribution. Therefore, the wave function and the RISM equations are solved self-consistently with CCSD. Pair correlation functions, partial atomic charges, and solvation free energies of water and N-methylacetamide are calculated in liquid water using proposed theory. Both the CC-SCRF and CC-RISM methods have been implemented in a developmental version of the Q-Chem 3.2 quantum chemistry package.

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