Chondroplasia, the development of cartilage-like characteristics in tendinous tissue, is a form of degeneration found in tendons including those of the rotator cuff. The molecular mechanism of its development is currently unknown. An examination of the features of the torn rotator cuff and the cartilage literature led to the identification of several potential drivers of chondroplasia including cell shape change/actin cytoskeleton and hypoxia. Lovastatin caused actin cytoskeleton disruption and promoted cartilage matrix deposition in the ATDC5 model. It was the most effective member of a panel of cytoskeletal inhibitors, increasing expression of the chondrocytic markers Sox5 and Sox9 and decreasing expression of COL1A1 and COL3A1 in primary human tenocytes. Its effects were dose dependent, reversible by mevalonate addition and long term treatment induced de novo expression of collagen II. Short term hypoxia upregulated VEGF-A and chondrocytic marker gene DEC1 expression but not other chondrocyte markers. Combination treatment with hypoxia did not enhance the effects of lovastatin. These data suggest that modulation of pathways that regulate the actin cytoskeleton and cell shape may alter tenocyte phenotype.

Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that anchor intermediate filaments to the sites of intercellular contacts. They are critical for maintaining the integrity of tissues that experience constant mechanical and structural stresses, like the skin and heart. Perturbation of desmosomal adhesion can lead to devastating epidermal and myocardial diseases. However, little is known about the regulators of desmosomes and the role of desmosomes in cell signalling events. Recent work has suggested that iASPP, an inhibitor of the p53 family of proteins, localises at the intercalated discs where desmosomes reside. However, its role at the desmosomes has remained elusive. Thus, in this thesis, it was investigated whether iASPP is a dual function protein that links desmosome adhesion to gene expression and if desmosome-related diseases develop in the absence of iASPP. iASPP was found to be a novel regulator of desmosomes, co-localising with them by physically interacting with the desmosomal components desmoplakin and K5 intermediate filaments. Loss of iASPP resulted in increased phosphorylation and solubilisation of desmoplakin, leading to the formation of K5 aggregates. This culminated in disrupted intercellular adhesion and enhanced cellular migration. Consistent with the role of iASPP in the maintenance of desmosomal adhesion integrity, focal palmoplantar keratoderma was observed in iASPP-deficient mice — a disorder often associated with desmosome dysfunction. This was accompanied by disrupted intracellular signalling, as exemplified by the disrupted expression of differentiation markers; an increase in the thickness of cell layers expressing differentiation marker K1 was noted, and K5 and K6 cells were ectopically expressed throughout the diseased palmoplantar epidermis. Impaired intercellular adhesion and migration had consequences for wound healing, as iASPP-deficient mice exhibited delayed wound closure. Furthermore, defects in eyelid closure in iASPP-deficient mice were found to be due to increased apoptosis. The localisation of apoptotic cells at the leading edge of the eyelid epidermis implied that apoptosis might have occurred due to a loss of cell-matrix or cell-cell contact, i.e. anoikis. Taken together, these results suggest that iASPP is involved in pathological (palmoplantar keratoderma), physiological (wound healing) and developmental processes (embryonic eyelid closure) through its regulation of desmosomes and their dynamics. Therefore, iASPP represents a new candidate gene in cutaneous disorders and could be implicated in a variety of epidermal and myocardial diseases.

The subject of the present paper is an analysis of two formally similar comment clauses (CCs henceforth) you know and you see with the help of a parallel corpus InterCorp. First, the focus is put on their pragmatic functions; it is attempted to find out whether they perform all the functions that can be realized by you-oriented CCs as identified and characterized by Povolná (2010), i.e. whether they can be found both as appealers and empathizers, inform markers and monitors, and whether they prefer a certain sentence-position. Second, the present paper studies the Czech translation counterparts of the selected CCs; it attempts to offer a summary of the strategies concerning the translation of the CCs into Czech and to identify their most typical Czech equivalents. It also examines to what extend the type of the pragmatic function influences the translation. The theoretical part summarizes the history of the phenomenon of CCs and characterizes and describes two approaches generally applied to CCs: CCs as ordinary clause constituents (Quirk et al. (1985)) vs. CCs as discourse markers (Povolná (2010)). Also offered is the treatment of the equivalents of CCs in the Czech grammars (Cvrček et al. (2010), Daneš, Hlavsa et al. (1987) and Karlík and Grepl (1998, 1999)). The methodological part summarizes...

In 1989 the American Surrealist associated painter, sculptor, and writer Dorothea Tanning (1910-2012) suggested an intermedial dimension to her multifaceted œuvre in her essay ‘Some Parallels in Word and Pictures.’ Taking this essay as a critical point of departure, this thesis offers an intertextual theorisation of Tanning’s practice. It concerns the role of narrative in her work, and the way in which she borrows from the histories of art and literature as source materials. The thesis presented here is that Tanning’s work from the context of Surrealism and beyond makes reference to the fairy tales and other, more extensive works of literature which she read in her youth whilst at work in her public library in Galesburg, Illinois, whether implicitly in visual references or explicitly in her works’ titles. Throughout, the library is read as a key source of inspiration. This is true too of the impact which Tanning’s belated visit to the Louvre had on her post-Surrealist stylistic development. Broadly, this thesis aims to rethink the methodologies used to interpret Surrealism, and reunite the literary and visual aspects upon which the Surrealist movement was initially founded. This interdisciplinary approach contributes fresh perspectives by marrying the history of Surrealism with that of the fairy tale, including that of Lewis Carroll, Hans Christian Andersen, and the fairy tale illustrations of Gustave Doré, Maxfield Parrish, Arthur Rackham, and John Tenniel. The anti-fairy tale emerges as useful critical tool in defining the intertext which appears when Surrealism and the fairy tale are paired. The ‘demythologising’ project of Angela Carter is useful to call upon in the articulation of the anti-fairy tale, and her work is easily placed in dialogue with that of Tanning, especially in terms of its feminist leanings. The dialogic, intertextual theories of Mikhail Bakhtin, further developed by Julia Kristeva and Roland Barthes, support this reading of Tanning’s visual narratives. More recently such theories of intertextuality have manifested themselves in the work of Dutch narratologist Mieke Bal who proposes a model of ‘preposterous history’ in order to creatively re-read the relationship between source (or pre-text) and intertext. This research is primarily text-based and devotes long-awaited attention to Tanning’s literary works which are read visually, including her short story ‘Blind Date’ (1943), and her novel 'Abyss' (1977), later reworked and republished as 'Chasm: A Weekend' (2004). I argue that her novel provides textual continuity with her Surrealist visual narratives of the 1940s creating a more cyclical, ‘preposterous’ shape to her career than has previously been acknowledged.

La Mittel- Osteuropa constitue à la fois un espace géographique et une construction historico-culturelle. Cet espace est formé de plusieurs pays qui ont appartenu à l'empire austro-hongrois et dont la religion catholique majoritaire représente un critère d'unité.La catholicité de cet espace justifie l'intérêt que le Saint-Siège porte à la plupart de ces pays qui deviendront après 1945 des satellites de l'Union soviétique. Les régimes d'inspiration communiste combattront l'autorité spirituelle de Rome, exerceront le contrôle de la vie religieuse et restreindront ainsi les libertés confessionnelles.Face à cette politique antireligieuse et à ce contrôle étroit de la sphère religieuse, le Saint-Siège se devait de réagir et de développer une stratégie de contre-offensive. Dans cette optique, l'Autriche a joué un rôle important dans les orientations de politique étrangère et religieuse du Vatican. Le pays avait encore de nombreux contacts avec les anciens pays de la monarchie des Habsbourg dont la fin était relativement proche. Par ailleurs, Vienne occupe une position avancée en Europe centrale. L'expérience centre-européenne riche de l'Autriche tant sur un plan culturel que linguistique représentait un bien précieux pour la Rome papale, pour qui Vienne pouvait servir de porte d'entrée vers la Mittel- Osteuropa.Le pape Pie XII a parlé d'une mission historique de l'Autriche qui sera considérée comme un phare catholique face à un océan marxiste athée. Malgré cette identité d'intérêts, les relations entre l'Autriche et le Vatican n'ont pas été exemptes de tensions, particulièrement à cause de la controverse sur la remise en vigueur du concordat de 1933. La question du mariage devient un élément de crispation, d'autant plus que la société autrichienne de l'après-guerre était déjà plus sécularisée que celle de l'entre-deux-guerres.L'Autriche saura tirer des avantages spécifiques de la neutralité qui lui a été imposée en échange de sa souveraineté retrouvée. La « neutralité active » va lui permettre de mettre en œuvre une Ostpolitik dans laquelle l'Eglise prendra une place importante qui apparait clairement dans différents exemples : le voyage d'un théologien de l'université de Graz en Union soviétique en 1955, et plus tard les visites du cardinal Franz König aux épiscopats derrière le rideau de fer mais aussi la création de la fondation Pro Oriente en 1964.La guerre froide fut avant tout un conflit idéologique entre deux systèmes très différents tant sur le plan social que politique et économique, avec le capitalisme ou le libéralisme d'une part, et le communisme ou le socialisme d'autre part. En outre, un autre conflit idéologique est aussi apparu entre le catholicisme romain et le communisme athée, deux systèmes de pensée totalement opposés. Le Saint-Siège devint alors un acteur de la guerre froide. Pie XII défendait l'idée que « le communisme est intrinsèquement pervers et l'on ne peut admettre sur aucun terrain de collaboration avec lui ». Pourtant, il existait par la force des choses des relations entre les communistes et l'Eglise catholique dans les pays situés derrière le « rideau de fer ».La Curie romaine n'était pas toute entière hostile au dialogue avec les communistes. Abstraction faite d'un climat d'intransigeance doctrinale, il se trouvait aussi des prélats qui pensaient que toutes les portes du dialogue ne devaient pas rester irrémédiablement fermées. Les années d'après-guerre renvoient aussi à une période de renouvellement de la pensée chrétienne sur les plans philosophique, théologique et social. Les tendances à l'ouverture, annonciatrices d'un « printemps religieux », se heurtaient toutefois à la raideur dogmatique de la Curie romaine sous Pie XII.Les rapports des ambassadeurs autrichiens au Saint-Siège de 1946 à 1958/61 fournissent des informations précieuses sur les grandes thématiques du conflit Est-Ouest, qui touchaient d'une part les relations entre le Vatican et l'Autriche, et d'autre part le Vatican / Mittel- and Osteuropa form a geographic region and also a historical and cultural construct. This area consists of several countries that were part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Their predominant Catholic religion represented a criterion of unity.The Catholic character of this region justifies the interest which the Holy See had in the majority of these countries that became, after 1945, satellite states of the Soviet Union. The regimes shaped by the ideology of communism fought against the spiritual supremacy of Rome, control religious life and thus limit the denominational freedoms.The Holy See reacted to these anticlerical policies and to the rigid control over religious spheres by developing counter-strategies. In this respect, Austria has played an important role in conception of the foreign and church policies of the Vatican. It still had numerous contacts in the countries of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which had ended not such a long time ago. Vienna had a leading role in Central Europe. Austria's numerous cultural and linguistic experiences in Central Europe represented a treasure to Papal Rome intending to use Vienna as a door opener towards Mittel- Osteuropa .Pope Pius XII spoke of Austria's historic mission, which was considered the flagship Catholic country against the "atheist" and "Marxist ocean". Despite this identity of interests, relations between Austria and the Vatican were not free of tensions, particularly due to the controversy of entry into force of the Concordat of 1933. The question of marriage was another disturbing factor, since the post-war Austrian society was already more secularized than the interwar period society.Austria took specific advantages of the neutrality, which it had acquired in exchange for the regained sovereignty as an obligation. The "active neutrality" allowed an Ostpolitik in which the Catholic Church occupied an important place, which became clear by the examples of the journey of a theologian at the University of Graz in the Soviet Union in 1955, much later by the visits of Cardinal Franz König at the episcopates behind the Iron Curtain, but also by the creation of the Pro-Oriente Foundation in 1964.The Cold War was primarily an ideological system conflict between two very different social, political and economic camps, capitalism or liberalism on the one hand and communism or socialism on the other. In addition, there was the ideological conflict between Roman Catholicism and the atheistic Marxism - two completely opposite doctrines. The Holy See became a actor in the Cold War. Pius XII advocated the view that “Communism is intrinsically wrong, and no one may collaborate with it in any undertaking whatsoever”. Nevertheless, there were inevitably relations between the Communists and the Catholic Church in the countries behind the "Iron Curtain".The Roman Curia was not unanimously against a dialogue with the Communists either. Apart from a doctrinal intransigence there were prelates who had the opinion that not all doors of dialogue should be closed. The post-war years also reflect a renewal period of Christian thought on a philosophical, theological and social level. These opening trends, - signs of a future "religious spring" -, however, encountered the resistance and the dogmatic rigidity of the Papal Curia under Pope Pius XII.The Austrian ambassadors' reports to the Holy See from 1946 to 1958/61 provide valuable information about the major themes of the East-West conflict, that concerned, on the one hand, the relations between the Holy See and Austria, and on the other hand the Vatican and its relationship with Mittelosteuropa. The analysis and presentation of the reports form the basis of this work and examine the view of the Vatican not only on Austria but also on Mittelosteuropa during this politically highly tense period. The arrival of John XXIII as Pope in 1958 opens a new chapter of the Church in the Cold War. The Holy See turned into an a

A cidade de Lisboa, que se lê nas páginas do Livro do Desassossego: composto por Bernardo Soares, ajudante de guarda-livros na cidade de Lisboa, de Fernando Pessoa, confirma-se como criação artística e se faz cidade literária, pelos olhos elaborados por Fernando Pessoa para o seu semi-heterônimo Bernardo Soares. Aproximar essa leitura de Lisboa de outra, também produzida por Fernando Pessoa para o guia de viagem Lisboa: o que o turista deve ver, ou seja, para uma obra de outra natureza que não a literária, permite, em nosso trabalho, uma abordagem estética e antropológica da percepção visual exercitada pelo autor. De um lado, no Livro do Desassossego, a construção de uma estética citadina particular e original a revelar uma cidade conformada pelo contraste espaço habitado e paisagem interior. De outro, um lugar tecido na memória do autor mais próximo do homem aparentemente real, a partir de sua identificação histórica com a cidade. / The city of Lisbon depicted in the pages of the Book of Disquiet: composed by Bernardo Soares, keep-book assistant in the city of Lisbon, written by Fernando Pessoa, is confirmed as an artistic creation and it is transformed into a literary city, by the eyes of Fernando Pessoa to his \"semiheteronym\" Bernardo Soares. Comparing this view of Lisbon to another one, also produced for Fernando Pessoa for the traveller\'s guide Lisbon: what the tourist should see - a not literary it -, allows, in our research, an aesthetic and anthropological approach of the visual perception attempted by the author. On one hand, in the Book of Disquiet, the building up of a certain original aesthetic city revealing a city conformed by the contrast inhabited space and interior landscape view. On the other hand, a place woven in the memory of the author, closer to the apparent real man, starting from his historical identification with the city.

Seit mehr als 100 Jahren wird Oberflächenwasser mit verschiedenen Verfahren versickert, wobei sich dessen Qualität stark verbessert. Sie finden zunehmend weltweit Anwendung, um eine zuverlässige Versorgung mit sauberem Trinkwasser zu gewährleisten. Solche Verfahren erfordern nur einen geringen technischen Aufwand. Während bei der Versicherung mit Schluckbrunnen und bei künstlichen Infiltrationsbecken das Wasser noch gepumpt und oft auch vorgereinigt werden muss, reduziert die Nutzung eines natürlichen Gewässers den Aufwand nochmals. Am Beispiel eines Untersuchungsgebiets am Tegeler See in Berlin werden die hydraulischen Prozesse modelliert. Die regionale, instationäre und 3-dimensionale Modellierung eines langen Zeitraums zeigt, dass die bisher verwendeten linearen Ansätze zur Beschreibung der Durchlässigkeit der Kolmationsschicht sowohl die infiltrierten Wassermengen als auch die Infiltrationsprozesse nur unzureichend wiedergeben. Grundwasserpiegelschwankungen werden stärker als bisher angenommen gedämpft. Als Folge dieser Wasserspiegelschwankungen wird die Bodenluft in der ungesättigten Bodenzone ausgetauscht und Sauerstoff eingetragen. Auf diese Weise erhöht sich die Durchlässigkeit der Kolmationsschicht um mindestens eine Größenordnung. Auf Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse wurden eine instationäre Wasserbilanz aufgestellt und die Uferfiltratanteile bestimmt. Die genaue lokale Lage eines Grundwasserstauers wird mit Hilfe eines neu entwickelten inversen Modellkonzeptes bestimmt. Er wird mit räumlich verteilten Pilot Points und Überparameterisierung unter Nebenbedingungen kalibriert. Die Zielgröße sind Piezometerhöhenschwankungen. Kreuzvalidierung bestätigt, dass die Lage des Grundwasserstauers präzise bestimmt wird. Diese hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf das räumliche Strömungsfeld und liefert neue Anhaltspunkte zur Genese des Tegeler Sees. Ein Transportmodell liefert lediglich mit den hydraulisch kalibrierten Parametern eine genaue Anpassung der Durchbruchskurven von Chlorid, 18O und Temperatur. Dies kann als Vorhersage angesehen werden und zeigt die Güte des Modells. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Sauerstoffeintrag die Redoxprozesse in der Infiltrationszone dominiert. In Kombination mit der Lage des Grundwasserstauers können so auch zuvor widersprüchliche und lokale geochemische Verhältnisse schlüssig interpretiert werden. Es wird eine Theorie entwickelt, die erklärt, wie die vertikale Schichtung von oxidiertem und reduziertem Wasser zu starker Verockerung der Brunnen führt. / Several kinds of managed aquifer recharge techniques provide very good purification of surface water since more than 100 years. In order to maintain a reliable supply of clean water, they are becoming increasingly popular all over the world. These methods require low technical effort. At Aquifer Storage and Recovery and ponded infiltration the recharged amounts are technically controlled. The infiltration water has to be pumped and often pretreated. At bank filtration this is dispensable, the approach, of using existing surface water bodies is even more consequent. Exemplarily, at a test site at Lake Tegel, Berlin, Germany, the hydraulic processes are modelled. By means of 3D long term regional and transient hydraulic modelling it was detected that the existing approaches for determining the leakance induce large errors in the water balance and describe the infiltration zone insufficiently. The leakance could be identified to be triggered by the groundwater table, causing air exchange and intrusion of atmospheric oxygen, which reduces clogging by altered redox conditions by at least one order of magnitude. This causes that changes of the groundwater table are mitigated much more than previously assumed. Taking these findings into account, a transient water balance is determined and bank filtration ratios are quantified. A new inverse modelling concept has been developed and applied to a 3D short term local and transient hydraulic model. It comprises spatially distributed pilot points and overparameterisation constrained by regularisation and calibration to head differences. Significance of the results is demonstrated by cross validation. With this approach the spatial distribution of an aquitard have been identified with high precision. The highly transient and heterogeneous flow conditions are specified and a new viewpoint on the geologic formation of Lake Tegel is obtained. The good fit of modelled and observed breakthrough curves of 18O, chloride and temperature by just using transferred parameters obtained with the previous hydraulic methods, show the very good model performance and predictive capabilities. The intrusion of atmospheric oxygen into the unsaturated zone is identified to be the principal redox determining factor during infiltration. Previously inconsistent and also local geochemical conditions are identified to be determined by interaction of infiltration processes with the spatial extent of the aquitard. A theory for chemical clogging of abstraction wells is developed, identifying the strong vertical redox zoning as principal factor of influence.

Die praepositio als einseitiger Rechtsakt, mit dem ein Unternehmer eine Person zum selbständigen Abschluss von Verträgen und zur Durchführung von Rechtsgeschäften einsetzte, den Geschäftskreis des Angestellten absteckte und sich verpflichtete, in diesem Rahmen für dessen Verpflichtungen wie für eigene einzustehen, war ein wichtiger Bestandteil im Wirtschaftslebens des antiken Rom. Sie überbrückte die Lücke, die sich aus der wirtschaftlichen Notwendigkeit ergeben hatte, bei zunehmend arbeitsteiliger Wirtschaft denjenigen direkt verpflichten zu können, dessen Geschäfte geführt wurden, und der noch fehlenden direkten Stellvertretung. Sie bot dem jeweiligen Handelspartner die für Geschäftsabschlüsse notwendige Sicherheit, berechtigte Forderungen auch durchsetzen zu können, dem Unternehmer die Möglichkeit, durch Beschreibung des Geschäftskreises seines Angestellten Unternehmensziele zu definieren aber auch die eigene Haftung zu begrenzen, und dem Angestellten die Gewissheit, dass der Unternehmer für Verpflichtungen aus den von ihm im Rahmen seiner Befugnisse abgeschlossenen Rechtsgeschäften mit einstehen würde. Die praepositio hat damit wesentlich zur Fortbildung des Rechts beigetragen, indem sie die stark obligationenrechtliche Bindung der Vertragsparteien langsam aufgelöst und damit den Weg zur direkten Stellvertretung geebnet hat. / Praepositio was the unilateral act by a businessman granting authority to an employee. This act gave authority to the latter to conclude and execute contracts with third parties. It described the area of accountability of the employee’s activity and engaged the businessman to answer for the obligations concluded by his employee. Praepositio thus bridged the gap between the necessity to act on behalf of another person and the rules of agency which did not yet exist in the modern understanding. Thus, it played an important role in the economic life of Ancient Rome. Praepositio provided a third party the assurance that, in the end, his contractual claims will be honoured. At the same time, the businessman was enabled to define the goals of his enterprise and to limit his own responsibility. Finally, the employee had the necessary assurance that the businessman will honour the obligations which were concluded within the limits described by the praepositio. Hence, the praepositio was an important step towards the suspension of the strict person-to-person relationship of the Roman law and towards agency in the modern understanding.

A cidade de Lisboa, que se lê nas páginas do Livro do Desassossego: composto por Bernardo Soares, ajudante de guarda-livros na cidade de Lisboa, de Fernando Pessoa, confirma-se como criação artística e se faz cidade literária, pelos olhos elaborados por Fernando Pessoa para o seu semi-heterônimo Bernardo Soares. Aproximar essa leitura de Lisboa de outra, também produzida por Fernando Pessoa para o guia de viagem Lisboa: o que o turista deve ver, ou seja, para uma obra de outra natureza que não a literária, permite, em nosso trabalho, uma abordagem estética e antropológica da percepção visual exercitada pelo autor. De um lado, no Livro do Desassossego, a construção de uma estética citadina particular e original a revelar uma cidade conformada pelo contraste espaço habitado e paisagem interior. De outro, um lugar tecido na memória do autor mais próximo do homem aparentemente real, a partir de sua identificação histórica com a cidade. / The city of Lisbon depicted in the pages of the Book of Disquiet: composed by Bernardo Soares, keep-book assistant in the city of Lisbon, written by Fernando Pessoa, is confirmed as an artistic creation and it is transformed into a literary city, by the eyes of Fernando Pessoa to his \"semiheteronym\" Bernardo Soares. Comparing this view of Lisbon to another one, also produced for Fernando Pessoa for the traveller\'s guide Lisbon: what the tourist should see - a not literary it -, allows, in our research, an aesthetic and anthropological approach of the visual perception attempted by the author. On one hand, in the Book of Disquiet, the building up of a certain original aesthetic city revealing a city conformed by the contrast inhabited space and interior landscape view. On the other hand, a place woven in the memory of the author, closer to the apparent real man, starting from his historical identification with the city.

The symbolic role of Helena throughout the Byzantine period has never been considered in any detail. Many of the literary sources, particularly historiographical and hagiological texts, are not easily accessible and have not been translated. The visual sources referring to Helena, such as works of late Roman and Byzantine art, coinage, illustrated manuscripts, reliquaries, and wall paintings, have never been collected. My thesis collects and re-evaluates the textual and visual evidence from the fourth to the fifteenth century in order to explore the origins and development of Helena's cult; the emergence of a Helena-legend with symbolic and metaphorical functions; and the ways that the Byzantines reconstructed, judged, and appreciated her role. Special attention is given to the relationship between word and image, as well as the influence exerted on them by contemporary political and social developments. This thesis demonstrates that memories of Helena as an empress and as a saint were manufactured in several distinct stages over several centuries; and that her role differed in the eastern and western halves of the former Roman empire. The evidence is analysed thematically and in chronological order.