The western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a serious defoliator of conifers in the western U.S. and western Canada. In 1985 epidemic levels of the budworm caused average tree defoliation in west-central Idaho to increase to 83%, up substantially from the 35% average tree defoliation of 1984. Associated with this increase in defoliation was a change in the relative stand defolation ranking between the two years. found to damage all types and In 1985 the budworm was developmental stages of reproductive structures of Douglas- fir, including: seedcone buds, pollen-cones buds, maturing cones, and seeds. Differential selection of feeding sites was observed, with a significantly higher proportion of larvae found in seedcone buds than in pollen-cone buds. Shortly after larval emergence, 25% of the total number of seed-cones buds were infested. A subsample of 171 branch tips indicated that only 9% of pollen-cones, while less than 2% of the vegetative buds contained larvae. A total of 640 cones from 21 trees were examined. Of these cones, 76% were infested with larvae, however not all of the seeds were destroyed. The average percent of destroyed seeds per tree was found to be exponentially related to the average current defoliation of the tree.

According to the Colorado Judicial Branch, 78 problem-solving courts operate in the 20 judicial districts in Colorado. The Summit County and Eagle County drug court programs are located in Colorado's Fifth Judicial District and have not been previously studied. Evaluating treatment programs for effectiveness contributes to social change because it ensures individuals in need of treatment are receiving the proper services. The Eagle County drug court program had 117 participants and the Summit County drug court program had 33 participants. The Summit County Drug Court used 2 cognitive behavioral therapies: moral reconation therapy and strategies for self-improvement and change. The Eagle County Drug Court used the new Planting Seeds: A Client-Centered Approach to Addiction Treatment program in conjunction with mandatory 12-step support group participation as the basis for their treatment intervention. All participants in both groups completed a pre- and posttest Level of Service Inventory-Revised assessment, which measured the risk of recidivism, and the Adult Substance Use Survey-Revised to assess the severity of their substance use disorder. The data were analyzed using an analysis of covariance and a linear mixed-effects model; posttest Level of Service Inventory-Revised scores served as the dependent variable. Results indicated that successfully completing treatment significantly lowered the risk of recidivism, and that the Eagle County participants were more likely than the Summit County participants to successfully complete treatment. This study contributes to social change by advancing a new intervention that assists in keeping individuals who are in need of services in treatment longer, which in turn lowers their risk to reoffend.

An analysis of the previous method for testing tolerances of noxious weed seeds was performed. Problems of the current techniques were discussed, and the solution to these problems was given. A new technique of testing through the sequential test ratio was developed, and results examined. The sequential test was found to be useful enough to include the use of it in determining tolerances for noxious weed seeds. This study did show that the use of sequential tests does have excellent potential and flexibility as a statistical tool for the tolerances of noxious weed seeds. (75 pages)

It is well known that weeds spread and are perpetuated by means of seed and vegetative reproduction. The seeds in turn are spread by various agencies such as wind, water, animals and man. These agencies are aided by especially adapted seed mechanisms for dissemination.

Typewritten copy Includes bibliographical references

Graduation date: 1994

Peace education offers potential for transforming violent conflict into peace between groups in conflict. The research literature on conflict transformation theory and peace education has identified key assumptions for building long-term peace following violent conflict. The extent to which peace education programs have incorporated these theoretical notions, however, is not well known. This thesis explored the extent to which key theoretical insights from the literature on conflict transformation theory and peace education are incorporated in a prominent peace education program, Seeds of Peace. Data collection consisted of interviews with ten program staff members and written documentation produced by Seeds of Peace. Employing the analytical framework developed from a review of the literature, a comparison between theoretical notions and Seeds of Peace programming was done. Findings of this study highlight the extent to which there are gaps between theory and practice, and a case is made for the establishment of a more explicit connection between theory and practice. Furthermore, the thesis highlights the importance of further studies to address the research gap.

Italian ryegrass growth and production from positionally selective applications and sublethal rates of a nonselective herbicide were compared to growth and production when treated with diuron applied preemergence as a broadcast treatment and safened by activated carbon applied over the crop row. In the positionally selective treatments, herbicide spray was directed to leave an untreated zone over the crop row at planting. Growth analysis indicated no detectable differences when Italian ryegrass safened by directed spray was compared to Italian ryegrass safened by activated carbon. The major difference between systems was greater weed control in the crop row for carbon-safened treatments. The non-safened application superimposed sublethal diuron rates over Italian ryegrass and rattail fescue grown in varying densities and proportiors. Growth analysis of monoculture stands indicated differences due to planted density, species, and herbicide, whereas growth analysis of plants grown as space-planted individuals indicated difference due to species only. Diuron at the rates applied did not affect seed yield or above ground dry weight. Soil samples were taken in crop rows where diuron was applied as directed spray or broadcast spray safened by carbon. Samples were assayed and soil profile concentrations mapped. To assist future investigators' understanding of the role rainfall plays in herbicide movement from directed applications, elementary rainfall depth and occurrence models were examined. The Markov and mixed-exponential models adequately described rainfall occurrence and depth patterns for Corvallis, Oregon. / Graduation date: 1992

Excessive growth by red clover, Trifolium pratense L., grown for seed interferes with maximum seed production and harvest in Oregon's Willamette Valley. This study was conducted during 1986 and 1987 on red clover cv. Kenland to determine if plant height and dry matter production could be inhibited and seed yields improved with the plant growth regulators (PGRs) uniconazol (XE-1019) and paclobutrazol (Parlay). The effects of different soil-applied and foliar-applied PGRs and application rates on plant height, crop biomass, and yield components of red clover were measured at Corvallis, OR on Woodburn silt-loam (fine-silty mixed mesic Aquultic Argixerolls) soil. Soil-applied PGRs were also managed under single and multiple irrigation regimes in 1986. Under a single irrigation regime in 1986, canopy height was reduced by 32% when XE-1019 was applied at 1.12 kg ai/ha and was reduced by 13% when Parlay was applied at 1.68 kg ai/ha. Averaged over the two-year period, straw yield was reduced 40% with XE-1019 (1.12 kg ai/ha) and by 12% with Parlay (1.68 kg ai/ha). Seed yield was increased by 11% with the lower XE-1019 rate (0.14 kg ai/ha) and was increased by 14% with the higher Parlay rate (1.68 kg ai/ha). Soil-applied PGR treatments reduced canopy height by 25% with XE-1019 (1.12 kg ai/ha) and was reduced by 11% with Parlay (1.68 kg ai/ha) under multiple irrigation in 1986. Straw yield was reduced by 30% with XE-1019 (0.84 kg ai/ha), but Parlay had no effect on straw yield. In addition, seed yield was increased by 8% with XE-1019 (0.56 kg ai/ha) and by 18% with Parlay (1.68 kg ai/ha). Foliar-applied XE-1019 (1.12 kg ai/ha) reduced canopy height by 13% in 1986 and by 25% in 1987, whereas foliar-applied Parlay (1.12 kg ai/ha) reduced canopy height by 9% in 1986 and by 19% in 1987. In 1986, seed yield increases averaged 16% across all 3CE-1019 treatments (0.07 to 1.12 kg ai/ha) and was increased an average of 21% across all Parlay treatments (0.28 to 1.68 kg ai/ha). However, 1987 was drier and warmer than 1986, consequently, foliar-applied XE-1019 reduced seed yields by an average of 23% and Parlay reduced seed yields by an average of 21%. Total dry weight and straw weight were unaffected by foliar-applied PGR treatment in both years. Use of XE-1019 and Parlay in field crop production has the potential to reduce dry matter production and improve seed recovery, but results vary from year to year. These PGRs have the potential to improve seed yields and may be effective in improving harvest conditions by reducing vegetative biomass. / Graduation date: 1995

This thesis work concerns about the Performance evolution of peer to peer networks, where we used different distribution technique’s of peer distribution like Weibull, Lognormal and Pareto distribution process. Then we used a network simulator to evaluate the performance of these three distribution techniques.During the last decade the Internet has expanded into a world-wide network connecting millions of hosts and users and providing services for everyone. Many emerging applications are bandwidth-intensive in their nature; the size of downloaded files including music and videos can be huge, from ten megabits to many gigabits. The efficient use of network resources is thus crucial for the survivability of the Internet. Traffic engineering (TE) covers a range of mechanisms for optimizing operational networks from the traffic perspective. The time scale in traffic engineering varies from the short-term network control to network planning over a longer time period.Here in this thesis work we considered the peer distribution technique in-order to minimise the peer arrival and service process with three different techniques, where we calculated the congestion parameters like blocking time for each peer before entering into the service process, waiting time for a peers while the other peer has been served in the service block and the delay time for each peer. Then calculated the average of each process and graphs have been plotted using Matlab to analyse the results