Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a commonly used flammable fuel that has safety concerns associated with vapor dispersion and radiation emitted from pool fires. The main objective of this effort is to advance the knowledge of pool fires and to expand the data that is commonly used to validate semi-empirical models. This includes evaluation of the methods that are utilized to obtain experimental values of mass burning rates, which are used in models where semi-empirical correlations cannot be applied. A total of three small-size experiments designed to study the radiative characteristics of LNG pool fires were carried out at Texas A & M University's Brayton Fire Training Field (BFTF). This set of experiments was designed to study how the heat feedback from the fire to the pool surface is subsequently distributed through the liquid volume and the validity of different methods for measuring burning rates. In this work, a number of semi-empirical correlations were used to predict the characteristics of the flame and examine the predictive accuracy of these correlations when compared to the values obtained experimentally. In addition, the heat transferred from the energy received at the pool's surface to the surroundings was investigated. Finally, the parameters that influenced the measurement of radiative head feedback to the liquid pool were analyzed to investigate potential causes of calibration drift in the instrumentation. The results of this work provided information regarding the validity of certain techniques for the measurement of mass burning rates and the use of correlations to predict the characteristics of an LNG pool fire on a small-scale. The findings from this work indicate that the energy received at the liquid surface was used entirely for evaporation and no indications of transmission to the surroundings were observed. Lastly, it was found that during the experiments, the sink temperature of the sensor was not constant, and therefore, the readings of the radiative heat were unreliable. This was due to the insufficient cooling effect of the water circulated. It was later shown in the laboratory that through a series of qualitative tests, a change of 20°C in the cooling water resulted in a calibration drift.

中國國內移動通信企業對於標準必要專利與美國移動通信產業知名NPE——InterDigital的初次交鋒就使得InterDigital付出了2000萬元人民幣的代價。而後，發改委對於就高通濫用標準必要專利的反壟斷調查更是開出了60.88億元的天文數字罰款單。 事實上，這些數字不僅起到了吸睛的作用，將人們的目光分分聚焦到中國的移動通信產業，同時，也因為案件發生的時間點而使得很多業界參與者猜測這樣的判決結果很可能是政府發展中國移動通信產業的政策手段。畢竟，自2000年TD-SCDMA成為世界公認的第三代移動通信標準之一以後，中國政府就打著TD產業的發展口號開始著力關注起中國移動通信市場的發展。自2008年奧運會以後，不管是銀行的放款額度還是產業政策的保護力度，都更加凸顯中國發展移動通信產業的決心。 另外，再加上近年來，各大通信巨頭在世界移動通信產業上掀起了大規模的專利戰爭，也使得人們對於專利的關注熱情愈發高漲。尤其是在移動通信產業中起到關鍵作用的標準必要專利，其價值地位也吸引了越來越多的目光。 本文試圖通過梳理TD產業政策演進的過程，來總結出中國自TD產業概念產生之後，移動通信產業發展的各階段產業狀況。再輔以華為VS InterDigital以及高通兩宗反壟斷案來探究產業政策的背後，案件結果究竟對中國移動通信市場的標準必要專利運作模式起到了怎樣的作用。 關鍵字：TD產業、標準必要專利、中國移動通信產業政策、濫用標準必要專利的制約 / For the first time that the Chinese mobile communication enterprise had a confrontation with the famous American NPE in mobile industry——Interdigital, it ended up with the result that Interdigital paid the composition of 20 million RMB. Moreover, China Development and Reform Commission gave Qualcomm a ticket of Six billion after the antitrust investigation of its abuse of Standard Essential Patents. All these numbers not only attracted public concern to the Chinese mobile communication industry, but also make some related participants thought the time of cases happened showed the sentences might be the policy methods to develop the Chinese own mobile communication industry. Since TD-SCDMA became one of the global certificated 3rd Generation Standard, Chinese government has made great efforts to develop the Chinese mobile communication under the banner of development of TD industry. After the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, Chinese government’s determination in developing the Chinese mobile communication became greater. The evidences were the increase of banks loans and the protection of industrial methods in related filed. Furthermore, the communication giants’ pattern wars in the field of the global communication industry during recent years also raised public attention to the patterns, especially the standard essential patents which played a critical role in communication industry. This thesis attempts to reveal the industrial situations of different stages in the development of communication industry after the rise of Chinese TD industrial concept by sorting out the evaluation of TD industrial policies. Moreover, two antirust cases of HUAWEI VS InterDigital and Qualcomm shows how the sentences affected the operating mode of standard essential patents in Chinese mobile communication industry behind the industrial policies.

Short ORF-encoded peptides (SEPs) are increasingly being identified as functional elements in various cellular processes. The current computational methods and experimental molecular biochemistry allow us to discover putative SEPs or micropeptides from proteogenomic datasets and experimentally validate them. Here, we identified a micropeptide produced from a putative long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) 1810058I24Rik which is downregulated in both human and murine myeloid cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as other TLR ligands and inflammatory cytokines. Analysis of lncRNA 1810058I24Rik subcellular localization revealed this transcript is localized in the cytosol, prompting us to evaluate its coding potential. In vitro translation with 35S-labeled methionine resulted in translation of a 47 amino acid micropeptide. Microscopy and subcellular fractionation studies in macrophages demonstrated endogenous expression of this peptide on the mitochondrion. We thus named this gene ‘Mitochondrial micropeptide-47 (Mm47)’. Functional studies using siRNA and Cripsr-cas9-mediated deletion in primary cells, showed that the transcriptional response downstream of TLR4 was not affected by Mm47 loss of function. In contrast, both the Crispr-cas9- and siRNA-targeted BMDM cells were compromised for Nlrp3 inflammasome responses. However, the primary macrophages derived from the Mm47 knockout mice do not require Mm47 for Nlrp3 activation, likely due to basal downregulation of a negative regulator microRNA of Nlrp3 called Mir-223. Notably, the Mm47-deficient mice are susceptible to influenza virus infection and succumb despite comparable antiviral and inflammatory response to wildtype mice. We hypothesize that the Mm47 deficiency may affect the antiviral resilience of mice due to secondary mitochondria dependent immunometabolic defect or failure of recovery from immune pathology, which warrants further investigation. This study therefore identifies a novel mitochondrial micropeptide Mm47 that is required for activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome in cells and resistance to influenza virus infection. Broadly, this work highlights the presence of translatable ORFs is annotated noncoding RNA transcripts and underscores their importance in innate immunity and virus infection.