Este trabalho tem como objetivo mapear os aquíferos sedimentar e cristalino na bacia sedimentar do Paraná no Estado de São Paulo, por meio do emprego da Inversão Conjunta de dados obtidos em sondagens com os métodos TDEM (Eletromagnético no Domínio do Tempo) e Eletrorresistividade por meio da técnica de SEV (Sondagem Elétrica Vertical). Os estudos foram realizados na região de Termas de Ibirá, distante cerca de 450 km do Município de São Paulo. Nesta região os poços tubulares perfurados captam água principalmente do aquífero sedimentar raso (Aquífero Bauru) relacionado com os sedimentos arenosos da Formação Adamantina, Grupo Bauru. Por outro lado, o aquífero fraturado na camada de basalto da Formação Serra Geral (Aquífero Serra Geral) ainda é pouco conhecido, sendo que este último constitui-se num excelente alvo para exploração de água subterrânea. Com as SEVs, obtiveram-se as informações mais rasas dos arenitos do Grupo Bauru, o Aquífero Bauru e o topo dos basaltos da Fm. Serra Geral. Com o método TDEM o pacote basáltico pôde ser investigado com maior detalhe e o Aquífero Serra Geral caracterizado. A análise dos resultados foi feita por meio da Inversão Conjunta-1D de sondagens SEVs/TDEM, de modo que as informações de cada metodologia foram integradas complementarmente, isto é, todo o intervalo de profundidade pôde ser caracterizado: a parte mais rasa com os dados das SEVs e a mais profunda com os dados do TDEM. Os resultados foram integrados com informações litológicas de poços de exploração de água subterrânea catalogados no SIAGAS-CPRM. Esta integração diminuiu as ambiguidades inerentes ao processo de interpretação de dados geofísicos, permitindo a demarcação de três zonas de favorabilidade para o posicionamento de poços tubulares profundos visando a exploração de água subterrânea no Aquífero Serra Geral e cinco zonas de favorabilidade para o Aquífero Bauru. Também foi possível caracterizar o comportamento estrutural da litoestragrafia na área de estudo. Deste modo, esses resultados contribuíram para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas hidrogeofísicas no Estado de São Paulo. / This work presents the geophysical mapping of sedimentary and fractured aquifers in Parana Sedimentary Basin, in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, obtained by 1D - Joint Inversion of TEM (Transient Electromagnetic) soundings and VES (Vertical Electrical Soudings). The studies were conducted in Termas de Ibira region, in Ibira City, which is located 450 km northwest of the city of Sao Paulo. The groundwater exploration wells in the area are located mainly into the shallow sedimentary aquifer (Bauru Aquifer), whose sediments and rocks are related to Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group. On the other hand, the fractured aquifer inside the basalts of Serra Geral Formation (Serra Geral Aquifer) is still not well known and has a huge groundwater exploration potential. The VES results can investigate the shallow sandstones from Bauru Group, the Bauru Aquifer and the top of Serra Geral basalt layer. The TEM soundings investigate the deepest depth interval inside the basalt layer and can examine in detail the fractured aquifer (basalts). The result analysis were integrated by 1D - Joint Inversion of VES/TEM soundings pairs, where the information of each depth interval was used in a complementary way, i.e., the Joint Inversion used the VES to solve shallow information and the TEM soundings the deepest information. Moreover, the results were integrated with the lithological information from the groundwater exploration wells registered in SIAGAS-CPRM database. The integration between Joint Inversion results and the lithological well information could decrease the inherent ambiguities in the geophysical interpretation process, and allowed to map five groundwater exploration favorabitility zones in the Bauru Aquifer and three favorability zones in the Serra Geral Aquifer. The results also provided the structural behavior of the area lithostrigraphy. Furthermore, this study can contribute to the development of hydrogeophysical research in countryside of Sao Paulo State.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo mapear os aquíferos sedimentar e cristalino na bacia sedimentar do Paraná no Estado de São Paulo, por meio do emprego da Inversão Conjunta de dados obtidos em sondagens com os métodos TDEM (Eletromagnético no Domínio do Tempo) e Eletrorresistividade por meio da técnica de SEV (Sondagem Elétrica Vertical). Os estudos foram realizados na região de Termas de Ibirá, distante cerca de 450 km do Município de São Paulo. Nesta região os poços tubulares perfurados captam água principalmente do aquífero sedimentar raso (Aquífero Bauru) relacionado com os sedimentos arenosos da Formação Adamantina, Grupo Bauru. Por outro lado, o aquífero fraturado na camada de basalto da Formação Serra Geral (Aquífero Serra Geral) ainda é pouco conhecido, sendo que este último constitui-se num excelente alvo para exploração de água subterrânea. Com as SEVs, obtiveram-se as informações mais rasas dos arenitos do Grupo Bauru, o Aquífero Bauru e o topo dos basaltos da Fm. Serra Geral. Com o método TDEM o pacote basáltico pôde ser investigado com maior detalhe e o Aquífero Serra Geral caracterizado. A análise dos resultados foi feita por meio da Inversão Conjunta-1D de sondagens SEVs/TDEM, de modo que as informações de cada metodologia foram integradas complementarmente, isto é, todo o intervalo de profundidade pôde ser caracterizado: a parte mais rasa com os dados das SEVs e a mais profunda com os dados do TDEM. Os resultados foram integrados com informações litológicas de poços de exploração de água subterrânea catalogados no SIAGAS-CPRM. Esta integração diminuiu as ambiguidades inerentes ao processo de interpretação de dados geofísicos, permitindo a demarcação de três zonas de favorabilidade para o posicionamento de poços tubulares profundos visando a exploração de água subterrânea no Aquífero Serra Geral e cinco zonas de favorabilidade para o Aquífero Bauru. Também foi possível caracterizar o comportamento estrutural da litoestragrafia na área de estudo. Deste modo, esses resultados contribuíram para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas hidrogeofísicas no Estado de São Paulo. / This work presents the geophysical mapping of sedimentary and fractured aquifers in Parana Sedimentary Basin, in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, obtained by 1D - Joint Inversion of TEM (Transient Electromagnetic) soundings and VES (Vertical Electrical Soudings). The studies were conducted in Termas de Ibira region, in Ibira City, which is located 450 km northwest of the city of Sao Paulo. The groundwater exploration wells in the area are located mainly into the shallow sedimentary aquifer (Bauru Aquifer), whose sediments and rocks are related to Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group. On the other hand, the fractured aquifer inside the basalts of Serra Geral Formation (Serra Geral Aquifer) is still not well known and has a huge groundwater exploration potential. The VES results can investigate the shallow sandstones from Bauru Group, the Bauru Aquifer and the top of Serra Geral basalt layer. The TEM soundings investigate the deepest depth interval inside the basalt layer and can examine in detail the fractured aquifer (basalts). The result analysis were integrated by 1D - Joint Inversion of VES/TEM soundings pairs, where the information of each depth interval was used in a complementary way, i.e., the Joint Inversion used the VES to solve shallow information and the TEM soundings the deepest information. Moreover, the results were integrated with the lithological information from the groundwater exploration wells registered in SIAGAS-CPRM database. The integration between Joint Inversion results and the lithological well information could decrease the inherent ambiguities in the geophysical interpretation process, and allowed to map five groundwater exploration favorabitility zones in the Bauru Aquifer and three favorability zones in the Serra Geral Aquifer. The results also provided the structural behavior of the area lithostrigraphy. Furthermore, this study can contribute to the development of hydrogeophysical research in countryside of Sao Paulo State.

A implantação do Sítio Controlado de Geofísica Rasa (SCGR), do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), é um marco na história da geofísica nacional. Trata-se do primeiro local de estudos controlados de geofísica rasa, instalado no Brasil. O SCGR está localizado próximo ao Instituto de Física, em frente ao IAG/USP, compreendendo uma área de 1500 m2 (50 m x 30 m). Nesta área, foram instalados diferentes alvos, com dimensões variadas e em diferentes profundidades, dispostos em sete linhas de 30 metros. Os alvos escolhidos tiveram como finalidade reproduzir uma pequena amostra dos principais objetos que são encontrados em ambiente urbano. O objetivo do estudo foi o de caracterizar os alvos instalados no SCGR, por meio da utilização de diferentes métodos geofísicos, com ênfase no método Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), seguido dos métodos de eletrorresistividade e eletromagnético indutivo (EM-38). Esta caracterização consistiu em avaliar o desempenho e a confiabilidade dos métodos geofísicos, quando aplicados sobre alvos com propriedades físicas conhecidas. A coleta de dados foi realizada antes e depois da instalação do sítio controlado, permitindo, assim, a caracterização geofísica do meio (background) e dos alvos. Os resultados geofísicos foram apresentados na forma de perfis 2D e de cortes em profundidade em blocos volumétricos, Quase-3D. Os dados geofísicos do background evidenciam uma camada de aterro, com espessura de até 2,8 metros, repousando sobre sedimentos argilosos da planície de inundação do rio Pinheiros. O EM-38 possibilitou o mapeamento de todos os objetos metálicos enterrados até a profundidade máxima de 1,5 metro. A identificação de alguns alvos metálicos, enterrados na profundidade de 0,5 metro, também foi possível com os resultados de cargabilidade. Os dados de resistividade elétrica permitiram a identificação de um tubo metálico guia, enterrado no centro da área, a 0,5 metro de profundidade, e de alvos representativos de materiais geológicos. Os resultados de GPR permitiram o imageamento da maioria dos alvos implantados na área do SCGR, com melhor resolução aqueles que mostram maior contraste dielétrico. A pesquisa contribui para o refinamento dos métodos de campo aplicados aos problemas reais do cotidiano, principalmente, em estudos de geotecnia, planejamento urbano, arqueologia e meio ambiente. / The implantation of the Shallow Geophysical Test Site (SCGR) of the Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences Institute (IAG), from University of Sao Paulo (USP), is a mark in national geophysical history. It is the first site Shallow geophysical study site installed in Brazil. This Test Site is located next to Physics Institute in front of IAG/USP, comprehending an area of 1500 m2 (50 m x 30 m). In this area, different targets were installed, with varied dimensions and different depths, buried in seven lines of 30 meters. Targets were chosen aiming at reproducing a small sample of main objects found in urban environment. The goal of the study was characterizing targets installed in SCGR by using different geophysical methods with emphasis in Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), electric and inductive electromagnetic (EM-38) methods. This characterization consisted in evaluating the performance and reliability of geophysical methods, when applied in targets whose physical properties are well-known. Measurements were carried out before the targets installation in subsurface, in order to obtain data from land background or geologic horizons before disturbances. In a second stage, geophysical data were obtained after target installation. Geophysical results were shown in 2D profiles, and depth slices in volumetric blocks, Quasi-3D. Geophysical data from land background showed an earthwork layer, with thickness up to 2.8 meters, above loamy sediments of Pinheiros River. EM-38 enabled the mapping of all metallic targets buried until 1.5 meter of maxim depth. The identification of some metallic targets also buried in the depth of 0.5 meter was possible with chargeability results. Electric resistivity data allowed the identification of a metallic tube buried at the centre of the area, to 0.5 meter of depth, and of representative geological materials targets. GPR results identified of the majority of targets buried in SCGR with better resolution than those ones shown highest dielectric contrast. This research contributes for geophysical method refinement applied to everyday problems mostly in geotechnical, urban planning, archaeological and environmental studies.

A implantação do Sítio Controlado de Geofísica Rasa (SCGR), do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), é um marco na história da geofísica nacional. Trata-se do primeiro local de estudos controlados de geofísica rasa, instalado no Brasil. O SCGR está localizado próximo ao Instituto de Física, em frente ao IAG/USP, compreendendo uma área de 1500 m2 (50 m x 30 m). Nesta área, foram instalados diferentes alvos, com dimensões variadas e em diferentes profundidades, dispostos em sete linhas de 30 metros. Os alvos escolhidos tiveram como finalidade reproduzir uma pequena amostra dos principais objetos que são encontrados em ambiente urbano. O objetivo do estudo foi o de caracterizar os alvos instalados no SCGR, por meio da utilização de diferentes métodos geofísicos, com ênfase no método Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), seguido dos métodos de eletrorresistividade e eletromagnético indutivo (EM-38). Esta caracterização consistiu em avaliar o desempenho e a confiabilidade dos métodos geofísicos, quando aplicados sobre alvos com propriedades físicas conhecidas. A coleta de dados foi realizada antes e depois da instalação do sítio controlado, permitindo, assim, a caracterização geofísica do meio (background) e dos alvos. Os resultados geofísicos foram apresentados na forma de perfis 2D e de cortes em profundidade em blocos volumétricos, Quase-3D. Os dados geofísicos do background evidenciam uma camada de aterro, com espessura de até 2,8 metros, repousando sobre sedimentos argilosos da planície de inundação do rio Pinheiros. O EM-38 possibilitou o mapeamento de todos os objetos metálicos enterrados até a profundidade máxima de 1,5 metro. A identificação de alguns alvos metálicos, enterrados na profundidade de 0,5 metro, também foi possível com os resultados de cargabilidade. Os dados de resistividade elétrica permitiram a identificação de um tubo metálico guia, enterrado no centro da área, a 0,5 metro de profundidade, e de alvos representativos de materiais geológicos. Os resultados de GPR permitiram o imageamento da maioria dos alvos implantados na área do SCGR, com melhor resolução aqueles que mostram maior contraste dielétrico. A pesquisa contribui para o refinamento dos métodos de campo aplicados aos problemas reais do cotidiano, principalmente, em estudos de geotecnia, planejamento urbano, arqueologia e meio ambiente. / The implantation of the Shallow Geophysical Test Site (SCGR) of the Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences Institute (IAG), from University of Sao Paulo (USP), is a mark in national geophysical history. It is the first site Shallow geophysical study site installed in Brazil. This Test Site is located next to Physics Institute in front of IAG/USP, comprehending an area of 1500 m2 (50 m x 30 m). In this area, different targets were installed, with varied dimensions and different depths, buried in seven lines of 30 meters. Targets were chosen aiming at reproducing a small sample of main objects found in urban environment. The goal of the study was characterizing targets installed in SCGR by using different geophysical methods with emphasis in Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), electric and inductive electromagnetic (EM-38) methods. This characterization consisted in evaluating the performance and reliability of geophysical methods, when applied in targets whose physical properties are well-known. Measurements were carried out before the targets installation in subsurface, in order to obtain data from land background or geologic horizons before disturbances. In a second stage, geophysical data were obtained after target installation. Geophysical results were shown in 2D profiles, and depth slices in volumetric blocks, Quasi-3D. Geophysical data from land background showed an earthwork layer, with thickness up to 2.8 meters, above loamy sediments of Pinheiros River. EM-38 enabled the mapping of all metallic targets buried until 1.5 meter of maxim depth. The identification of some metallic targets also buried in the depth of 0.5 meter was possible with chargeability results. Electric resistivity data allowed the identification of a metallic tube buried at the centre of the area, to 0.5 meter of depth, and of representative geological materials targets. GPR results identified of the majority of targets buried in SCGR with better resolution than those ones shown highest dielectric contrast. This research contributes for geophysical method refinement applied to everyday problems mostly in geotechnical, urban planning, archaeological and environmental studies.

The purpose of the study was to analyze preservice science teachers at elementary science teaching and secondary science teaching with respect to their self efficacy beliefs, epistemological beliefs, and attitudes towards science teaching. Preservice elementary science teachers and preservice secondary science teachers who enrolled in Middle East Technical University in Ankara were the sample of this study. Participants of this study were third grade of preservice elementary science teachers and preservice secondary science teachers. The instruments which are, efficacy beliefs, epistemological beliefs, and attitudes towards science, were utilized this study. v The analysis indicated that moderately positive self efficacy beliefs, epistemological beliefs and attitudes towards science teaching were expressed by most of the preservice elementary and secondary science teachers regarding science teaching. Moreover, preservice elementary and secondary science teachers believe that effective teaching can influence their teaching abilities and students&#039 / learning. Furthermore, many preservice elementary and secondary science teachers express a positive attitude toward science teaching. The analysis indicated that there is a relationship between self efficacy beliefs and attitudes towards science teaching in preservice secondary science teachers, and there is another relationship between epistemological beliefs and attitudes towards science teaching in preservice elementary science teachers.

High chromium cast iron (HCCI) is considered as one of the most useful wear resistance materials and their usage are widely spread in industry. The mechanical properties of HCCI mainly depend on type, size, number, morphology of hard carbides and the matrix structure (γ or α). The hypereutectic HCCI with large volume fractions of hard carbides is preferred to apply in wear applications. However, the coarser and larger primary M7C3 carbides will be precipitated during the solidification of the hypereutectic alloy and these will have a negative influence on the wear resistance. In this thesis, the Ti-alloyed hypereutectic HCCI with a main composition of Fe-17mass%Cr-4mass%C is studied based on the experimental results and calculation results. The type, size distribution, composition and morphology of hard carbides and martensite units are discussed quantitatively. For a as-cast condition, a 11.2μm border size is suggested to classify the primary M7C3 carbides and eutectic M7C3 carbides. Thereafter, the change of the solidification structure and especially the refinement of carbides (M7C3 and TiC) size by changing the cooling rates and Ti addition is determined and discussed. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of hypereutectic HCCI related to the solidification structure are discussed. Mechanical properties of HCCI can normally be improved by a heat treatment process. The size distribution and the volume fraction of carbides (M7C3 and TiC) as well as the matrix structure (martensite) were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in-situ observation by using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Especially for the matrix structure and secondary M7C3 carbides, EBSD and CLSM are useful tools to classify the fcc (γ) and bcc (α) phases and to study the dynamic behavior of secondary M7C3 carbides. In conclusion, low holding temperatures close to the eutectic temperature and long holding times are the best heat treatment strategies in order to improve wear resistance and hardness of Ti-alloyed hypereutectic HCCI. Finally, the maximum carbides size is estimated by using statistics of extreme values (SEV) method in order to complete the size distribution results. Meanwhile, the characteristic of different carbides types will be summarized and classified based on the shape factor. / <p>QC 20130913</p>

This work were requested by Uddeholms AB. Uddeholm is the worldś leading manufacturer of high performance tool steel for industrial tools. The company exists worldwide and is present in over 100 countries. One of the company’s main production processes is manufacturing powder steels with extremely high quality. In this work, one of these steels has been analyzed to evaluate the presence and distribution of non-metallic inclusions. Higher demands on quality and more global competition worldwide means that you always have to strive towards perfection in the manufacturing processes. Non-metallic inclusions have severe effects on the mechanical properties of steels. That's why it's of utmost importance to investigate their presence in the tool steel and especially their size. The reason for this is because it's the largest inclusions that's the most dangerous for the material. To obtain a statistically number of certainty of the largest of inclusions, very vast areas of steel have to be examined. Therefore a theoretical method of extrapolation is often used instead to approximate the distribution of the largest inclusions. The precision of this method is still very uncertain. Different methods of this kind of analysis do exist. The method applied in this work of degree is extreme values analysis by statistics of extreme values (SEV). To ensure the pre-conditions of the extreme values analysis, a large quantity of powder steel was analyzed. This was done by light-optic microscopy (LOM) and exclusively performed by Uddeholms AB at their R&amp;D-facility (Research and development-facility) in Hagfors. At Karlstad Universityś test-facility specimens were subjected to ultrasonic fatigue testing at 20 kHz. The specimens derived from the same material as the ones examined in LOM. The result from the ultrasonic fatigue testing were that the largest inclusions in the material were found. This was done by applying very high cycle fatigue (VHCF). To calculate the maximum theoretical inclusion size, SEV was used. The extreme values analysis was performed on gathered data from both LOM and VHCF. All fracture surfaces from the ultrasonic fatigue testing were then examined in scanning electron microscope (SEM) at Karlstad University. In SEM, the largest inclusion in every fractured surface was identified and measured. The maximum real inclusion size from the fractured surfaces was then compared to the maximum theoretically calculated inclusion size from the extreme values analysis. As it turned out the real inclusion size proved to be slightly larger than the theoretical. The difference between them was found to be 3,25 µm. Conclusions drawn were that Uddeholms powder steel exhibits very high purity and that extreme values analysis as an analytical method is recommended. However, the analysis should be repeated to underline the chosen solution methodology.