No description available.

No description available.

A survey of smelting debris undertaken in BABUNGO brought to light what is to date the largest single recorded centre of iron production in sub-Saharan Africa. High output in the 19th century was facilitated by innovation in furnace structure that enhanced capacity and brought in economies of scale along with changing fuel usage that enabled the intensification of production by a sedentary industry set within a grasslands environment. Elsewhere in the region separate smithing and smelting using older, smaller furnaces exploiting traditional fuels and ores collapsed and in its place arose a devolved technology centring on recycling of slag in simple open hearth furnaces. The enormous output of the BABUNGO industry was linked to a mode of labour recruitment and division of rewards that overrode the boundaries of the kin group. At the point of establishment of the foundry and throughout its operation non-kin freely offered their labour in return for access to the foundry. A pervading ethos of cooperation and stress on the sharing of the product in terms of a familial paradigm provided for the social validation of the accumulation of wealth by individual descent group heads. The distribution of products was characterised by periodic markets, organised trading groups, use of convertible currencies, credit and commissions. The heavy costs of transporting ironware to regional markets was largely taken over by specialist trading chiefdoms that clustered around BABUNGO. Unencumbered by these costs output rose to even higher levels. The great material wealth generated by iron production was further enhanced by the highly profitable conveyances to be made between continental and coastal spheres of trading activity that abutted on the Grassfields. The political organisation of BABUNGO offered only limited opportunity for conversion of wealth into political authority. The integrity of the chiefdom barely withstood the internal pressures generated by the enormous wealth derived from iron production but was bolstered by an external alliance undertaken by an astute FON with the vanguard of German colonisation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [219]-225).

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

No description available.

The topic of this diploma thesis is "Steel industry in european region". It is divided into four main parts. The first part is concerning the history of smelting industry, its general characteristics on worldwide basis and organizational structure associating the companies of steel industry. The second part is following the situation of steel industry in the european region and specifically in its most important regions. Next part is focusing on the worldwide situation on steel market, actual fininacial crisis and the consequnces and impact of these factors on the status of european smelting industry. The last part is describing the process of the merger of one of the world largest steel companies, concerns Arcelor and Mittal Steel in 2006, preceding circumstances and results of this incorporation. At the end I am trying to outline the perspectives of steel industry in nearest future and summarizing the knowledge acquired during writing this diploma thesis.

No description available.

The disintegration of agglomerates of solid charge used in a nickel flash furnace has been investigated. The in-flight agglomerate size of solid charge with different characteristics has been measured using turbulent conditions similar to a full-scale flash furnace. Plant observations indicated that under certain conditions solid charge was able to pass through the furnace shaft unreacted. The motivation for this work was to improve the understanding and the modelling of a flash furnace. A review of the literature revealed that the disintegration of agglomerates of solid charge is very important to the performance of a flash furnace, however, there has been no detailed study of the factors governing the disintegration of in-flight agglomerates of solid charge.A laboratory-scale experimental rig was constructed to non-intrusively measure the in-flight agglomerate size distribution of solid charge and to visualise the powder injection process, while using turbulent conditions similar to a flash furnace. A high-speed video technique and a laser diffraction technique were used to measure the wide range of in-flight agglomerate sizes present during powder injection. A range of variables including the particle size, turbulence level, packing density, particle shape, solid concentration, and moisture content were investigated.

The disintegration of agglomerates of solid charge used in a nickel flash furnace has been investigated. The in-flight agglomerate size of solid charge with different characteristics has been measured using turbulent conditions similar to a full-scale flash furnace. Plant observations indicated that under certain conditions solid charge was able to pass through the furnace shaft unreacted. The motivation for this work was to improve the understanding and the modelling of a flash furnace. A review of the literature revealed that the disintegration of agglomerates of solid charge is very important to the performance of a flash furnace, however, there has been no detailed study of the factors governing the disintegration of in-flight agglomerates of solid charge.A laboratory-scale experimental rig was constructed to non-intrusively measure the in-flight agglomerate size distribution of solid charge and to visualise the powder injection process, while using turbulent conditions similar to a flash furnace. A high-speed video technique and a laser diffraction technique were used to measure the wide range of in-flight agglomerate sizes present during powder injection. A range of variables including the particle size, turbulence level, packing density, particle shape, solid concentration, and moisture content were investigated.