Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-146). / Natural lighting serves several important functions in buildings. The visual power of a shaft of sunlight penetrating a dark space or the visual beauty of a stained window has long been recognized by architects and designers. The primary focus of this study is a more pragmatic one. Besides strong concern for the qualitative aspects of daylight design, methods of daylight and solar radiation modulation for commercial structures are explored and evaluated to offset electric lighting load or heat load requirements. An investigation into the energy use patterns of these building types - offices, schools, hospitals, warehouses and other "commercial" structures lead to the conclusion, that artificial lighting represents the most significant portion of total electrical energy consumption. This study considers daylight and solar design in several ways: First, it documents daylight and solar radiation fundamentals and their visual and thermal impact on human comfort. It reviews a series of traditional design tools and architectural elements to modulate and control daylight and solar radiation. Second, it proposes and evaluates an innovative daylight introduction system - a particular "lightshelf" configuration integrated as an architectural element - with careful consideration of the following criteria: - acceptance of the full range of seasonal sun altitude angles through a curved configuration of the reflecting lightshelf-surface to redirect incident radiation onto the same "reference-range" of the interior ceiling without and adjustments - modulation of daylight introduction and radiation diffusion for solar storage in distributed mass - penetration of daylight into a space beyond traditional limits of 15 to 20 feet for daylight utilization - design of the light introducing "component" as an architectural element and its integration into a modular window wall consisting of prefabricated lightweight concrete wall elements - evaluation of qualitative and quantitative performance of proposed system· - illumination and solar heat gain tradeoffs - integration of daylight design with dynamic artificial lighting system Third, analytical and experimental methods for daylight design are explored and an entensive daylight model experiment is executed to enable the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the proposed system. Finally, a number of case studies with innovative daylight introduction methods applied in praxis, are documented. / by Hans-Joachim Schlereth. / M.Arch.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M.S. in Advanced Studies)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 170-171. / M.C.P. / M.Arch.A.S.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_fhp_me_botfca.pdf: 856592 bytes, checksum: bf45cc8aebe48cc06267d26df357b336 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O trabalho descreve a análise da transmissividade atmosférica da média mensal das radiações Global K T), Ultravioleta K TUV F t i tetic me te Ati K TPAR e I f e me h K TIV) em função da razão de insolação N ). As equações de estimativas das frações KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV em função de (n/N) foram apresentadas e discutidas para os agrupamentos dos dados anual, sazonal e mensal. A base de dados das radiações Global (G), Ultravioleta (UV), Fotossinteticamente Ativa (PAR), Infravermelha (IV) e o número de horas de brilho solar (n) foram medidas no período de 2001 a 2005 em Botucatu/SP/Brasil. Os resultados da análise mostram que existe uma correlação entre a transmissividade atmosférica KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV, com a razão de insolação (n/N), em Botucatu. Os valores de KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV e insolação (n/N) foram menores na estação chuvosa (alta concentração de nuvens e vapor d'ág e m i e t ec b ix c ce t de e e p d’ ág e t concentração de aerossóis). Os valores de KT variaram de 47,1% em janeiro a 60,4% em abril, com média de 55,0%; para KTUV 3,66% em janeiro a 4,13% em setembro, com média de 40,0%; KTPAR de 60,7% em janeiro a 76,3% em abril, com média de 69,0%; KTIV de 38,8% para 75,1% com média de 46,2%. O valor da razão de insolação variou de 38,8% em janeiro para 75,0% em agosto, com uma média de 58,0%. Os resultados obtidos com os modelos de estimativas de Angström mostram que as correlações de KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV em função da razão de insolação (n/N) para agrupamentos total dos dados diários (anual) se ajustaram a dois tipos de equações de regressão: linear e parabólico com coeficientes de correlações R2 variando entre 0,750 a 0,880. Na validação do modelo linear... / The paper deals with the atmospheric transmission (solar fractions Ki) in monthly scale by hi e ti g b K T t i et K TUV), photosynthetically active K TPAR d i f ed K TIR) solar fractions. Estimated equations KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR as a function of n/N were presented and discussed for the annual, seasonal and monthly solar radiation database. The sunshine values and the global (G), ultraviolet (UV), photosynthetically active (PAR) and infrared (IR) radiations database was measured in the period of 2001 to 2005 in Botucatu – SP – Brazil. The results of climate analysis show a correlation between the solar fractions KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR with the relative sunshine duration (n/N) in Botucatu. The values of KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR and relative sunshine duration (n/N) were lower in the rainy season (high concentration of clouds and water vapor) and higher in the dry season (low concentration of clouds and water vapor and high concentration of aerosols). The KT values ranged from 47,1% in January to 60,4% in April, with a mean of 55,0%; KUV from 3,66% in January to 4,13% in September, with a mean of 40,0%; KPAR from 60,7% in January to 76,3% in April, with a mean of 69,0%; KIR from 38,8% to 75,1%, with a mean of 46,2%. The relative sunshine duration values ranged from 38,8% in January to 75,0% in August, with a mean of 58,0%. The results of the annual estimated models show that the KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR correlations due to relative sunshine duration fitted to the linear and parabolic correlation equations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: João Francisco Escobedo / Banca: Dinival Martins / Banca: Alexandre Dal Pai / Resumo: O trabalho descreve a análise da transmissividade atmosférica da média mensal das radiações Global K T), Ultravioleta K TUV F t i tetic me te Ati K TPAR e I f e me h K TIV) em função da razão de insolação N ). As equações de estimativas das frações KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV em função de (n/N) foram apresentadas e discutidas para os agrupamentos dos dados anual, sazonal e mensal. A base de dados das radiações Global (G), Ultravioleta (UV), Fotossinteticamente Ativa (PAR), Infravermelha (IV) e o número de horas de brilho solar (n) foram medidas no período de 2001 a 2005 em Botucatu/SP/Brasil. Os resultados da análise mostram que existe uma correlação entre a transmissividade atmosférica KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV, com a razão de insolação (n/N), em Botucatu. Os valores de KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV e insolação (n/N) foram menores na estação chuvosa (alta concentração de nuvens e vapor d'ág e m i e t ec b ix c ce t de e e p d' ág e t concentração de aerossóis). Os valores de KT variaram de 47,1% em janeiro a 60,4% em abril, com média de 55,0%; para KTUV 3,66% em janeiro a 4,13% em setembro, com média de 40,0%; KTPAR de 60,7% em janeiro a 76,3% em abril, com média de 69,0%; KTIV de 38,8% para 75,1% com média de 46,2%. O valor da razão de insolação variou de 38,8% em janeiro para 75,0% em agosto, com uma média de 58,0%. Os resultados obtidos com os modelos de estimativas de Angström mostram que as correlações de KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV em função da razão de insolação (n/N) para agrupamentos total dos dados diários (anual) se ajustaram a dois tipos de equações de regressão: linear e parabólico com coeficientes de correlações R2 variando entre 0,750 a 0,880. Na validação do modelo linear... (Resumo completo, clicar aesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The paper deals with the atmospheric transmission (solar fractions Ki) in monthly scale by hi e ti g b K T t i et K TUV), photosynthetically active K TPAR d i f ed K TIR) solar fractions. Estimated equations KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR as a function of n/N were presented and discussed for the annual, seasonal and monthly solar radiation database. The sunshine values and the global (G), ultraviolet (UV), photosynthetically active (PAR) and infrared (IR) radiations database was measured in the period of 2001 to 2005 in Botucatu - SP - Brazil. The results of climate analysis show a correlation between the solar fractions KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR with the relative sunshine duration (n/N) in Botucatu. The values of KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR and relative sunshine duration (n/N) were lower in the rainy season (high concentration of clouds and water vapor) and higher in the dry season (low concentration of clouds and water vapor and high concentration of aerosols). The KT values ranged from 47,1% in January to 60,4% in April, with a mean of 55,0%; KUV from 3,66% in January to 4,13% in September, with a mean of 40,0%; KPAR from 60,7% in January to 76,3% in April, with a mean of 69,0%; KIR from 38,8% to 75,1%, with a mean of 46,2%. The relative sunshine duration values ranged from 38,8% in January to 75,0% in August, with a mean of 58,0%. The results of the annual estimated models show that the KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR correlations due to relative sunshine duration fitted to the linear and parabolic correlation equations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Americans across the nation are showing an increased awareness of the problems caused by the rapid and uncontrolled growth our country has undergone over the last fifty years. It is apparent to most that we can no longer abuse our natural resources as if they were inexhaustable . In the last few years, there has been a specific concern for prices, consumption, and energy conservation. These real concerns are moving us towards a reconsideration of our living habits that will certainly affect the future of residential planning and site design.

Graduation date: 1966

The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) uses Angular Dependence Models (ADMs) to convert satellite observed radiances to radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere. Owing to errors in scene identification and to the relationship between the spatial scales of cloud systems and the spatial resolution of the ERBE scanner, the anisotropy of the radiation fields determined from ERBE observations was suspected of exhibiting a field of view size dependence. In order to remove effects due to the spatial scale of cloud fields, ERBE scanner observations from the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) were averaged to construct observations having a constant size field of view for all scan angles. Comparing the anisotropy for constant size fields of view with that obtained using unaltered full-resolution scanner observations, it was found that there were significant and systematic differences of the order of 5-10% for all scene types. The frequencies of occurrence for clear, partly cloudy, mostly cloudy and overcast cloud categories identified by the ERBE scene identification algorithm were calculated for the constant size field of view observations. It was found that the ERBE scene identification method failed to correctly identify scene types. A bispectral threshold method was developed for scene identification. In the determination of the thresholds, the ERBE scene identification method was assumed to be correct for nadir observations. The thresholds were then determined so that the population of scene types remained constant from nadir to limb for the constant size field of view observations. ADMs were developed using the threshold scene identification method. Results showed that the spatial-scale dependence of the ADMs was significantly reduced. The threshold ADMs satisfied the principle of reciprocity more closely than did the ERBE ADMs for all cloud categories. Using the threshold scene identification, the view zenith angle dependence of the global average albedo and the longwave flux were significantly reduced compared with those obtained using the ERBE scene identification. The estimated global average albedo increases from 0.282 for the ERBE algorithm to 0.299 for the threshold algorithm. There was no significant change for the value of the estimated longwave flux. / Graduation date: 1994

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. Laurie Grubbs, Florida State University, School of Nursing. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed 6/16/04). Includes bibliographical references.

Land surface covers only 30% of the global surface, but contributes largely to the intricacy of the climate system by exchanging water and energy with the overlying atmosphere. The partitioning of incident solar radiation among various components at the land surface, especially vegetation and underlying soil, determines the energy absorbed by vegetation, evapotranspiration, partitioning between surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, and the energy and water exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere. Because of its significance in climate model, land surface model solar radiation partitioning scheme should be evaluated in order to ensure its accuracy in reproducing these naturally complicated processes. However, few studies evaluated this part of climate model. This study examines a land surface solar radiation partitioning scheme, i.e., that of the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) with coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles. Taking advantage of multiple remote sensing fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) datasets, ground observations and a unique 28-year FPAR dataset derived from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset, we evaluated the CLM4 FPAR’s seasonal cycle, diurnal cycle, long-term trends and spatial patterns. Our findings show the model roughly agrees with observations in the seasonal cycle , long-tern trend and spatial patterns but does not reproduce the diurnal cycle. Discrepancies also exist in seasonality magnitudes, peak value months and spatial heterogeneity. We identified the discrepancy in the diurnal cycle as due to the absence of dependence on sun angle in the model. Implementation of sun angle dependence in a one-dimensional (1-D) model is proposed. The need for better relating vegetation to climate in the model indicated by long-term trends is also noted. Evaluation of the CLM4 land surface solar radiation partitioning scheme using remote sensing and site level FPAR datasets provides targets for future development in its representation of this naturally complicated process. / text

published_or_final_version / Geography and Geology / Master / Master of Philosophy