<p>The spatial spectrum, also known as a field directionality map, is a description of the spatial distribution of energy in a wavefield. By sampling the wavefield at discrete locations in space, an estimate of the spatial spectrum can be derived using basic wave propagation models. The observable data space corresponding to physically realizable source locations for a given array configuration is referred to as the array manifold. In this thesis, array manifold ambiguities for linear arrays of omni-directional sensors in non-dispersive fields are considered. </p><p>First, the problem of underwater a hydrophone array towed behind a maneuvering platform is considered. The array consists of many hydrophones mounted to a flexible cable that is pulled behind a ship. The towed cable will bend or distort as the ship performs maneuvers. The motion of the cable through the turn can be used to resolve ambiguities that are inherent to nominally linear arrays. The first significant contribution is a method to estimate the spatial spectrum using a time-varying array shape in a dynamic field and broadband temporal data. Knowledge of the temporal spectral shape is shown to enhance detection performance. The field is approximated as a sum of uncorrelated planewaves located at uniform locations in angle, forming a gridded map on which a maximum likelihood estimate for broadband source power is derived. Uniform linear arrays also suffer from spatial aliasing when the inter-element spacing exceeds a half-wavelength. Broadband temporal knowledge is shown to significantly reduce aliasing and thus, in simulation, enhance target detection in interference dominated environments. </p><p>As an extension, the problem of towed array shape estimation is considered when the number and location of sources are unknown. A maximum likelihood estimate of the array shape using the field directionality map is derived. An acoustic-based array shape estimate that exploits the full 360$^\circ$ field via field directionality mapping is the second significant contribution. Towed hydrophone arrays have heading sensors in order to estimate array shape, but these sensors can malfunction during sharp turns. An array shape model is described that allows the heading sensor data to be statistically fused with heading sensor. The third significant contribution is method to exploit dynamical motion models for sharp turns for a robust array shape estimate that combines acoustic and heading data. The proposed array shape model works well for both acoustic and heading data and is valid for arbitrary continuous array shapes.</p><p>Finally, the problem of array manifold ambiguities for static under-sampled linear arrays is considered. Under-sampled arrays are non-uniformly sampled with average spacing greater than a half-wavelength. While spatial aliasing only occurs in uniformly sampled arrays with spacing greater than a half-wavelength, under-sampled arrays have increased spatial resolution at the cost of high sidelobes compared to half-wavelength sampled arrays with the same number of sensors. Additionally, non-uniformly sampled arrays suffer from rank deficient array manifolds that cause traditional subspace based techniques to fail. A class of fully agumentable arrays, minimally redundant linear arrays, is considered where the received data statistics of a uniformly spaced array of the same length can be reconstructed in wide sense stationary fields at the cost of increased variance. The forth significant contribution is a reduced rank processing method for fully augmentable arrays to reduce the variance from augmentation with limited snapshots. Array gain for reduced rank adaptive processing with diagonal loading for snapshot deficient scenarios is analytically derived using asymptotic results from random matrix theory for a set ratio of sensors to snapshots. Additionally, the problem of near-field sources is considered and a method to reduce the variance from augmentation is proposed. In simulation, these methods result in significant average and median array gains with limited snapshots.</p> / Dissertation

Traditional diagnostic and optimization techniques typically rely on static instrumentation of a small portion of an overall software system. Unfortunately, solely static and localized approaches are simply no longer sustainable in the evolution of today's complex and dynamic systems. SONAR (Sustainable Optimization and Navigation with Aspects for system-wide Reconciliation) is a fluid and unified framework that enables stakeholders to explore and adapt meaningful entities that are otherwise spread across predefined abstraction boundaries. Through a combination of Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP), Extensible Markup Language (XML), and management tools such as Java Management Extensions (JMX), SONAR can comprehensively coalesce scattered artifacts---enabling evolution to be more inclusive of system-wide considerations by supporting both iterative and interactive practices. This system-wide approach promotes the application of safe and sound principles in system evolution. In this work, we present SONAR's model, examples of its concrete manifestation, and an overview of its associated costs and benefits. Case studies demonstrate how SONAR can be used to identify performance bottlenecks accurately and evolve systems by optimizing behaviour effectively, even at runtime.

The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology to analyse ROV video and scanning-sonar data to document the abundance and distribution of epi-benthic megafauna on the continental slope off Vancouver Island and to quantify the impact of trawling on these megafaunal assemblages. Impacts of bottom trawling on deep-sea ecosystems vary depending on habitat types and species present. Environmental factors such as depth, dissolved oxygen concentration, substratum type, and bottom roughness also affect the diversity and composition of benthic communities. We studied two transects (30km and 12km long) on the upper continental slope off Vancouver Island, BC, Canada, that included areas of seafloor with visible trawl marks. Our study area was also located in an oxygen minimum zone with very low bottom water dissolved oxygen concentrations in its core (600m-1000m). The main target for bottom trawling fisheries in this area is the longspine thornyhead (Sebastolobus altivelis). Field data were collected using the ROV ROPOS equipped with a 3CCD video camera and high-resolution scanning sonar. Megafaunal composition/abundance and bottom characteristic information were extracted from video imagery and assembled using a custom-designed MS Access database. The same database was used to compile information on trawl-door marks detected in recorded sonar imagery. The sonar surveyed a 50m radius around the submersible during transects, providing a broader view of evidence of trawling in the area than video. This thesis reports on relationships between environmental variables and faunal abundance, diversity and species distribution. Following the video and sonar analysis, diversity patterns and general species distribution for both transects were determined. Relationships of community structure to depth and trawling intensity were investigated using the hierarchical clusters technique to identify similarities in the megafauna assemblages between stations . Finally, spatial structures in the megafaunal community and their associated environmental variables were examined using the Principal Coordinates Neighbour Matrices (PCNM) and redundancy analysis tests. Differences in total abundance, species composition and distribution, and species diversity were detected between the high and low trawling intensity areas. One of the main highlights of our results was the dominance of ophiuroids and holothurians along most of the transect, except for the highly trawled area. Spatial structures were identified in the megafaunal community, showing a strong influence of bottom trawling intensity and, to a lesser extent, depth. Nearby water column measurements of dissolved oxygen concentrations suggest that depth might be associated with dissolved oxygen levels, but in situ oxygen data were not available during the ROV surveys. A deeper understanding of in situ oxygen levels would help clarify the role of this factor in shaping megafauna assemblages and its interaction with trawling. / Graduate

The increased use of sonar surveys for both industrial and leisure activities has motivated the research for cost effective, automated processed for seabed classification. Seabed classification is essential for many fields including dredging, environmental studies, fisheries research, pipeline and cable route surveys, marine archaeology and automated underwater vehicles. The advancement in both sonar technology and sonar data storage has led to large quantities of sonar data being collected per survey. The challenge, however, is to derive relevant features that can summarise these large amounts of data and provide discrimination between several seabed types present in each survey. The main aim of this work is to classify sidescan bathymetric datasets. However, in most sidescan bathymetric surveys, only a few ground-truthed areas (if any) are available. Since sidescan ‘ground-truthed’ areas were also provided for this work, they were used to test feature extraction, selection and classification algorithms. Backscattering amplitude, after using bathymetric data to correct for variations, did not provide enough discrimination between sediment classes in this work which lead to the investigation of other features. The variation of backscattering amplitude at different scales corresponds to variations in both micro bathymetry and large scale bathymetry. A method that can derive multiscale features from signals was needed, and the wavelet method proved to be an efficient method of doing so. Wavelets are used for feature extraction in 1D sidescan bathymetry survey data and both the feature selection and classification stages are automated. The method is tested on areas of known types and in general, the features show good correlation with sediment types in both types of survey. The main disadvantage of this method, however, is that signal futures are calculated per swathe (or received signal). Thus, sediment boundaries within the same swathe are not detected. To solve this problem, information present in consecutive pings of data can be used, leading to 2-D feature extraction. Several textural classification methods are investigated for the segmentation of sidescan sonar images. The method includes 2D wavelets and Gabor filters. Effects of filter orientation filter scale and window size are observed in both cases, and validated on given sonar images. For sidescan bathymetric datasets, a novel method of classification using both sidescan images and depth maps is investigated. Backscattering amplitude and bathymetry images are both used for feature extraction. Features include amplitude-dependent features, textural features and bathymetric variation features. The method makes use of grab samples available in given areas of the survey for training the classifiers. Alternatively, clustering techniques are used to group the data. The results of applying the method on sidescan bathymetric surveys correlate with the grab samples available as well as the user-classified areas. An automatic method for sidescan bathymetric classification offers a cost effective approach to classify large areas of seabed with a fewer number of grab samples. This work sheds light on areas of feature extraction, selection and classification of sonar data.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uppsala University, 1990. / One map on folded sheet in pocket. Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-136).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-149).

Submitted by Raphael Melo de Amorim (amorimba@gmail.com) on 2017-04-13T12:53:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado_Raphael_Amorim.pdf: 2690231 bytes, checksum: 9ea7596a3935c315bd08e0727f64747c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Escola Politécnica Biblioteca (biengproc@ufba.br) on 2017-05-10T15:22:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado_Raphael_Amorim.pdf: 2690231 bytes, checksum: 9ea7596a3935c315bd08e0727f64747c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T15:22:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado_Raphael_Amorim.pdf: 2690231 bytes, checksum: 9ea7596a3935c315bd08e0727f64747c (MD5) / Instituto de Pesquisas da Marinha (IPqM); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) / A tecnologia e as estratégias aplicadas nas operações de submarinos vêm sendo cada vez mais estudadas pela comunidade científica ao longo das últimas décadas. Para detectar e identificar alvos desconhecidos, o submarino é equipado com sistemas de sonar passivo que captam ondas sonoras propagadas no meio ambiente marinho. Esses sistemas encontram dificuldades em identificar múltiplos alvos quando estão próximos e também quando o ruído ambiente é elevado. Por isso, é necessário o uso de softwares e hardwares sofisticados para identificação e classificaçõo. O problema da identificação de múltiplos alvos já foi abordado previamente na literatura através do uso da separação cega de fontes. Este método é capaz de reduzir o efeito da interferência cruzada nos hidrofones adjacentes. No entanto, é conhecido que o desempenho de métodos de separação cega é severamente influenciado pelo ruído aditivo do meio ambiente. Este trabalho testa a robustez de um método de separação cega de fontes, a análise de componentes independentes (ICA - Independent Component Analysis), aplicado em sistemas de sonar passivo para reduzir a interferência do ruído ambiente. O algoritmos JADE, FastICA e GI-ICA foram utilizados para avaliação do desempenho de separação de sinais considerando diferentes valores da relação sinal-ruído. / Abstract The technology and the strategies applied in submarine operations have been increasingly studied by the scientific community over the last decades. To detect and identify unknown targets, the submarine is equipped with passive sonar systems that capture sound waves propagated in the marine environment. These systems have difficulty to identify multiple nearby targets and also when the ambient noise is significant. Therefore it’s necessary the use of sophisticated softwares and hardwares for identification and classification. The problem of multiple target identification has been previously discussed in the literature through the use of Blind Signal Separation. This method is capable of eliminating interference between adjacent hydrophones. However, it is known that the performance of blind separation methods is severely affected by noise environment. This paper tests the robustness of a blind signal separation method, the independent component analysis (ICA), when it is applied in passive sonars to reduce interference from ambient noise. ICA algorithms JADE, FastICA an GI-ICA were used to evaluate the signal separation performance considering different values of signal-to-noise ratio.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PatriciaRAO.pdf: 5281930 bytes, checksum: 67be620244094cfb2196749d05935973 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The study area is located on the Brazilian Continental Shelf adjacent to Cear? State, inserted in the submerged Potiguar Basin. This area was submitted to extensional efforts during Upper Cretaceous, associated to the begining of the rifting that resulted in African and South American Continent separation. The main goal of this research was to better understand the sedimentary and geomorphological characteristics of the continental shelf adjacent to Fortim, Aracati and Icapu? (Cear? State). The used data base included geophysical (sides scan sonar and bathymetry studies) and sedimentological survey, associated to satellite image processing and interpretation. Inferences about suspended material and longshore drift was possible using satellite images, and differente bedforms were characterized such as: different kinds of dunes (longitudinal, cross and oblique), bioclastic banks, paleochannels, flat and rock bottom. The researched area comprehended about 2509,13 km2, where 6 different sedimentary facies, based on sediment composition and texture, could be recognized, such as: Bioclastic Sand, Siliciclastic Sand, Biosiliciclastic Sand, Bioclastic gravel, Biosiliciclastic sand with granule and gravel, and Silicibioclastic sand with granule and gravel. The integration of bathymetric, satellite image, side scan sonar and sedimentological data allow us a better characterization of this continental shelf area, as to advance in the knowledge of the continental shelf of the state of Ceara, a very important area to the oil industry because of its potential exploration and e exploitation, and to environmental survey as well / A ?rea em estudo compreende a Plataforma Continental Cearense inserida no contexto tect?nico e sedimentar da Bacia Potiguar, por??o submersa. Regi?o formada por esfor?os extensionais durante o Cret?ceo Inferior, associados ao in?cio do rifteamento que resultaria na separa??o das placas sul-americana e africana. Objetivando contribuir para um maior conhecimento das caracter?sticas sedimentol?gicas e geomorfol?gicas da plataforma continental adjacente aos munic?pios de Fortim, Aracati e Icapu? (CE). Foram realizado coleta, interpreta??o e integra??o de dados do sonar de varredura lateral, imagem de sat?lite, batimetria e amostras de sedimentos superficiais. Infer?ncias quanto ao material em suspens?o e deriva litor?nea foram obtidas a partir do processsamento digital de imagens (PDI), enquanto a caracteriza??o das fei??es do fundo marinho, tais como: dunas longitudinais, dunas transversais e dunas obliquas, bancos de sedimentos biocl?sticos, paleocanais submersos, leito plano e fundo rochoso foram obtidas a partir da integra??o de dados batim?tricos sonogr?ficos e PDI. Quanto a sedimentologia, com base na composi??o e textura, foram identificados na ?rea em estudo 6 f?cies sedimentares, abrangendo uma ?rea total de 2509,13 Km2, sendo elas: Areias Biocl?sticas, Areia Silicicl?stica, Areias Biosilicicl?sticas, Areia Cascalhosa Biocl?stica, Areia Cascalhosa Biosilicicl?stica e Areias Cascalhosas Silicibiocl?sticas; al?m de rochas praiais (beachrocks) e fundo rochoso. A integra??o entre os dados batim?tricos, PDI, sonogr?ficos e sedimentol?gicos, mostrou-se apropriada para a caracteriza??o morfol?gica e sedimentol?gica da Plataforma Continental da ?rea em estudo, desta forma avan?ando no conhecimento da Plataforma Continental Cearense, regi?o de interesse para a ind?stria do petr?leo tanto no ponto de vista da explota??o e explora??o de hidrocarbonetos, como tamb?m ambiental

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoRR_DISSERT.pdf: 3953935 bytes, checksum: ddef4e1ffda7e72d2d20bd01f764e762 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / O presente estudo centra-se no sistema estuarino do Rio Potengi, onde o aporte fluvial ? dominado por eventos sazonais, ao contr?rio de muitas bacias hidrogr?ficas temperadas. A caracteriza??o das f?cies s?smicas, estratigr?ficas e sonogr?ficas no estu?rio Potengi podem fornecer informa??es significativas para melhor compreens?o da evolu??o estratigr?fica rasa desta regi?o. Atrav?s da s?smica de alta resolu??o (sonar de varredura lateral e perfilador de subfundo tipo x-star) associada ? amostragens de sedimentos (Sondagem SPT e coleta de sedimentos) foi poss?vel realizar o imageamento das fei??es subaquosas e em profundidade, auxiliando assim, na identifica??o das formas de leito bem como de afloramentos rochosos submersos, superf?cies sismostratigraficas-chave, seus padr?es geom?tricos e sismof?cies, e por fim reconhecer os principais elementos estruturais. Foram identificados cinco grupos principais de formas de leito: dunas 2D e 3D de grande porte, ripples, fundo plano e afloramentos rochosos. Quanto a composi??o dos sedimentos holoc?nicos que preenchem o rio, s?o predominantemente arenosos (canal principal), variando de selecionados a bem selecionados, por vezes siltosos (margens do rio). De acordo com a an?lise de dados de po?os foi poss?vel definir diferentes unidades lito-faciol?gicas no vale do estu?rio, sendo as quatro principais unidades litoestratigr?ficas: (1) uma camada de areia aluvionar argilosa com textura variada (fina a m?dia), muito compacta (Unidade I - basal), espessura variando de 3m at? 5m; (2) sobre a unidade basal tem-se uma areia fina a m?dia, silto-argilosa com intervalos de 5.6 a 2.9m de espessura (Unidade II), (3) unidade de argila silto-arenosa com conchas marinhas, a espessura da unidade III chega a atingir at? 2.4m, (4) e por fim no topo areia fina a m?dia, por vezes pouco argilosa, atingindo no m?ximo 5.8m de espessura. Atrav?s dos registros de s?smica rasa, foram reconhecidos quatro tipos distintos de ecocar?ters: tipo 1, tipo 2A e 2B; e tipo 3. Tr?s caracter?sticas foram facilmente identificadas nos perfis s?smicos: 1) um refletor bem marcado, chamado Embasamento ac?stico; 2) sismof?cies com padr?o blanket, e 3) sismof?cies plano-paralela, sigmoidal e hummocky

abstract: Worldwide, rivers and streams make up dense, interconnected conveyor belts of sediment– removing carved away earth and transporting it downstream. The propensity of alluvial river beds to self-organize into complex trains of bedforms (i.e. ripples and dunes) suggests that the associated fluid and sediment dynamics over individual bedforms are an integral component of bedload transport (sediment rolled or bounced along the river bed) over larger scales. Generally speaking, asymmetric bedforms (such as alluvial ripples and dunes) migrate downstream via erosion on the stoss side of the bedform and deposition on the lee side of the bedform. Thus, the migration of bedforms is intrinsically linked to the downstream flux of bedload sediment. Accurate quantification of bedload transport is important for the management of waters, civil engineering, and river restoration efforts. Although important, accurate qualification of bedload transport is a difficult task that continues t elude researchers. This dissertation focuses on improving our understanding and quantification of bedload transport on the two spatial scales: the bedform scale and the reach (~100m) scale. Despite a breadth of work investigating the spatiotemporal details of fluid dynamics over bedforms and bedload transport dynamics over flat beds, there remains a relative dearth of investigations into the spatiotemporal details of bedload transport over bedforms and on a sub-bedform scale. To address this, we conducted two sets of flume experiments focused on the two fundamental regions of flow associated with bedforms: flow separation/reattachment on the lee side of the bedform (Chapter 1; backward facing-step) and flow reacceleration up the stoss side of the next bedform (Chapter 2; two-dimensional bedform). Using Laser and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry to record fluid turbulent events and manual particle tracking of high-speed imagery to record bedload transport dynamics, we identified the existence and importance of “permeable splat events” in the region proximal to flow reattachment. These coupled turbulent and sediment transport events are integral to the spatiotemporal pattern of bedload transport over bedforms. Splat events are localized, high magnitude, intermittent flow features in which fluid impinges on the bed, infiltrates the top portion of bed, and then exfiltrates in all directions surrounding the point of impingement. This initiates bedload transport in a radial pattern. These turbulent structures are primarily associated with quadrant 1 and 4 turbulent structures (i.e. instantaneous fluid fluctuations in the streamwise direction that bring fluid down into the bed in the case of quadrant 1 events, or up away from the bed in the case of quadrant 4 events) and generate a distinct pattern of bedload transport compared to transport dynamics distal to flow reattachment. Distal to flow reattachment, bedload transport is characterized by relatively unidirectional transport. The dynamics of splat events, specifically their potential for inducing significant magnitudes of cross-stream transport, has important implications for the evolution of bedforms from simple, two dimensional features to complex, three-dimensional features. New advancements in sonar technology have enabled more detailed quantification of bedload transport on the reach scale, a process paramount to the effective management of rivers with sand or gravel-dominated bed material. However, a practical and scalable field methodology for reliably estimating bedload remains elusive. A popular approach involves calculating transport from the geometry and celerity of migrating bedforms, extracted from time-series of bed elevation profiles (BEPs) acquired using echosounders. Using two sets of repeat multibeam sonar surveys from the Diamond Creek USGS gage station in Grand Canyon National Park with large spatio-temporal resolution and coverage, we compute bedload using three field techniques for acquiring BEPs: repeat multi-, single-, and multiple single-beam sonar. Significant differences in flux arise between repeat multibeam and single beam sonar. Mulitbeam and multiple single beam sonar systems can potentially yield comparable results, but the latter relies on knowledge of bedform geometries and flow that collectively inform optimal beam spacing and sampling rate. These results serve to guide design of optimal sampling, and for comparing transport estimates from different sonar configurations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2018