Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1945. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-90).

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HT biomass sonicated at ES inputs < 56KJ/gTS decreased floc size by 41% and enhanced its metabolic activity by 50-250% compared to control. ES inputs >118 KJ/gTS caused HT biomass solubilization and irreversible loss of its metabolic activity and reflocculation ability. During continuous activated sludge processing (ASP) of real primary effluent the observed yield (Yobs) decreased by 20% compared to control ASP at SF (stress factor) of 1 (biomass exchanged without USPT). At SF of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 (biomass exchanged with USPT) the Yobs further decreased by 33, 25 and 44% respectively as compared to control. This indicated that combining biomass anoxic exposure with USPT enhanced sludge reduction by increasing microbial maintenance metabolism likely in combination with microbial flora shift in the ASP depending on SF.

HT biomass sonicated at ES inputs < 56KJ/gTS decreased floc size by 41% and enhanced its metabolic activity by 50-250% compared to control. ES inputs >118 KJ/gTS caused HT biomass solubilization and irreversible loss of its metabolic activity and reflocculation ability. During continuous activated sludge processing (ASP) of real primary effluent the observed yield (Yobs) decreased by 20% compared to control ASP at SF (stress factor) of 1 (biomass exchanged without USPT). At SF of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 (biomass exchanged with USPT) the Yobs further decreased by 33, 25 and 44% respectively as compared to control. This indicated that combining biomass anoxic exposure with USPT enhanced sludge reduction by increasing microbial maintenance metabolism likely in combination with microbial flora shift in the ASP depending on SF.

Elemental sulphur (S⁰) is removed from sour gas deposits (high H₂S) during refinement. The resulting S⁰ is often stored onsite when the costs of shipping S⁰ to market exceeds the costs of storing it in large above ground blocks. With the aid of acidiphilic bacteria, atmospheric air and water oxidize S⁰ to sulphate (SO₄^2-). Long term storage is under consideration; however, oxidation rates and the role of each oxygen source (O_2(g) and H₂O) is not clear. S⁰ oxidation experiments were conducted over a range of temperatures (6-32¡ãC) to investigate reaction rates and isotopic fractionation of O and S isotopes during oxidation. The experiments also investigated the effect of integrating S⁰ oxidizing microorganisms and available nutrients on both the reaction rates and isotope fractionation. Results indicated > 95% of total SO₄^2- generated can be attributed to autotrophic microbial activity. Experiments conducted in a nutrient rich mineral solution showed rates increase with temperature from 0.16 (6¡ãC) to 0.98 (32¡ãC) ¦Ìg S⁰ cm^-2 d^-1 (Q₁₀ ¡Ö 1.7 - 1.9). Experiments conducted in a nutrient poor solution (deionized water) showed oxidation rates did not increase with temperature (0.06 to 0.08 ¦Ìg S⁰ cm^-2 d^-1) between 12 and 32¡ãC. Oxygen isotope analysis of the generated SO₄^2- indicated essentially all oxygen incorporated into the SO₄^2- originated from H₂O. In addition, effluent samples obtained from S⁰ block effluent at SCL indicated ¦Ä¹⁸O_(SO4) generally reflected the ¦Ä¹⁸O_(H2O) in the system at the time of oxidation. While covering the S⁰ blocks with an impermeable cover would undoubtedly minimize total SO₄^2- accumulation in block effluent, the results of this study suggest ¦Ä¹⁸O_(SO4) can also be used to track water movement through the block.

Elemental sulphur (S⁰) is removed from sour gas deposits (high H₂S) during refinement. The resulting S⁰ is often stored onsite when the costs of shipping S⁰ to market exceeds the costs of storing it in large above ground blocks. With the aid of acidiphilic bacteria, atmospheric air and water oxidize S⁰ to sulphate (SO₄^2-). Long term storage is under consideration; however, oxidation rates and the role of each oxygen source (O_2(g) and H₂O) is not clear. S⁰ oxidation experiments were conducted over a range of temperatures (6-32¡ãC) to investigate reaction rates and isotopic fractionation of O and S isotopes during oxidation. The experiments also investigated the effect of integrating S⁰ oxidizing microorganisms and available nutrients on both the reaction rates and isotope fractionation. Results indicated > 95% of total SO₄^2- generated can be attributed to autotrophic microbial activity. Experiments conducted in a nutrient rich mineral solution showed rates increase with temperature from 0.16 (6¡ãC) to 0.98 (32¡ãC) ¦Ìg S⁰ cm^-2 d^-1 (Q₁₀ ¡Ö 1.7 - 1.9). Experiments conducted in a nutrient poor solution (deionized water) showed oxidation rates did not increase with temperature (0.06 to 0.08 ¦Ìg S⁰ cm^-2 d^-1) between 12 and 32¡ãC. Oxygen isotope analysis of the generated SO₄^2- indicated essentially all oxygen incorporated into the SO₄^2- originated from H₂O. In addition, effluent samples obtained from S⁰ block effluent at SCL indicated ¦Ä¹⁸O_(SO4) generally reflected the ¦Ä¹⁸O_(H2O) in the system at the time of oxidation. While covering the S⁰ blocks with an impermeable cover would undoubtedly minimize total SO₄^2- accumulation in block effluent, the results of this study suggest ¦Ä¹⁸O_(SO4) can also be used to track water movement through the block.

The glassy copolyimide 6FDA-DAM:DABA was investigated as a polymer backbone for membranes used in aggressive sour gas separation applications. An esterification crosslinking mechanism enabled the synthesis of materials with augmented H₂S/CH₄ selectivity and plasticization resistance. These materials make use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) crosslinking agents and are referred to as PEGMC polymers. Rigorous dense film characterization of the novel crosslinkable materials indicates that excellent H₂S/CH₄ selectivity (24) is achievable while still maintaining high CO₂/CH₄ selectivity (29) under high pressure ternary mixed gas (CO₂/H₂S/CH₄) feeds. Defect-free asymmetric hollow fiber membranes were formed and appropriate crosslinking conditions were determined, allowing for the characterization of these fibers under realistic sour gas feed conditions. Also, a PDMS post-treatment was used to give ultra-high permselectivity for aggressive feeds. Using several mixed gas feeds containing high concentrations of CO₂ and H₂S at feed pressures up to 700 psig, it is shown that the crosslinked asymmetric hollow fiber membranes developed and manufactured through this work are capable of maintaining excellent separation performance even under exceedingly taxing operating conditions. For example, CO₂/CH₄ and H₂S/CH₄ permselectivity values of 47 and 29, respectively, were obtained for a 5% H₂S, 45% CO₂, 50% CH₄ feed at 35°C with 700 psig feed pressure. An extremely aggressive 20% H₂S, 20% CO₂, 60% CH₄ mixed gas feed with 500 psig feed pressure was also used; the maximum CO₂/CH4 and H₂S/CH₄ permselectivity values were found to be 38 and 22, respectively.

Submitted by VITOR MULLER ANUNCIATO (vitor.muller@gmail.com) on 2018-04-20T22:14:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoANUNCIATOparaImpressão.pdf: 3297037 bytes, checksum: 5946e7250c31b4a24ba3c90890cb6318 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-04-23T11:13:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 anunciato_vm_me_botfca.pdf: 3297037 bytes, checksum: 5946e7250c31b4a24ba3c90890cb6318 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T11:13:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 anunciato_vm_me_botfca.pdf: 3297037 bytes, checksum: 5946e7250c31b4a24ba3c90890cb6318 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Muito já foi e ainda vem sendo estudado sobre os efeitos clássicos de dose-resposta dos herbicidas e uma outra vertente que vem surgindo são as respostas bifásicas, que incluem hormesis, caracterizada por doses baixas de um herbicida que causa estímulo e inibição em dose elevada. Assim como o estímulo pode ser benéfico na agricultura em algumas aplicações, porem quando ocorre em plantas não alvo, o efeito de hormesis pode-se tornar um problema. Nesse trabalho foram realizados quatro experimentos. Um experimento de curva dose-resposta para biótipo resistente e suscetível de Digitaria insularis, resistente ao herbicida glyphosate, avaliando-se altura das plantas, massa fresca e seca e fitotoxicidade (%) aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação. Houve também a repetição do mesmo, um experimento com subdosagem de glyphosate para averiguar o efeito das subdosagens no florescimento, avaliando-se o número de panículas emitidos após a aplicação dos tratamentos e o quarto experimento que foi a verificação da germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e peso de sementes provindas do terceiro experimento. O efeito de estímulo das subdoses foram constatados em todos os experimentos sendo que diferentes faixas de doses causaram o efeito de hormesis nos biótipos de D.insularis, resistente e suscetível havendo aumento de altura, massa, peso de sementes e velocidade de germinação e diminuição do tempo necessário para emissão das inflorescências. Esses efeitos podem conceder uma grande vantagem para a disseminação dessa espécie, auxiliando a alteração da flora de plantas infestantes. / Currently much has been studied about the classic dose-response effects of herbicides and another aspect that is emerging are the biphasic responses, which include hormesis, a biphasic dose-response phenomenon characterized by low dose stimulation and high dose inhibition. Just as the stimulus may be beneficial in agriculture in several applications, when this stimulus occurs in non-target plants, the effect of hormesis can become a problem. In this work, a dose-response curve experiment was performed for resistant and susceptible biotypes of Digitaria insularis, resistant to the glyphosate herbicide and evaluating plant height, fresh and dry mass and phytotoxicity (%) at 7, 14 and 21 days after application. The second experiment was the repetition of the firs. An experiment with subdoses of glyphosate are performed to investigate the effect of the subdoses on flowering, evaluating the number of panicles emitted after the application of the treatments and the fourth experiment that was the verification of the germination, germination speed index and seed weight from the third experiment. The effect of subdoses stimulation was observed in all the experiments, with different dose ranges causing the stimulus in the D.insularis biotypes, resistant and susceptible, increasing height, mass, seed weight and germination speed and reduced the time required for inflorescence emission. These effects can give a great advantage to the spread of this species, helping to change the flora of weeds.

HT biomass sonicated at ES inputs < 56KJ/gTS decreased floc size by 41% and enhanced its metabolic activity by 50-250% compared to control. ES inputs >118 KJ/gTS caused HT biomass solubilization and irreversible loss of its metabolic activity and reflocculation ability. During continuous activated sludge processing (ASP) of real primary effluent the observed yield (Yobs) decreased by 20% compared to control ASP at SF (stress factor) of 1 (biomass exchanged without USPT). At SF of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 (biomass exchanged with USPT) the Yobs further decreased by 33, 25 and 44% respectively as compared to control. This indicated that combining biomass anoxic exposure with USPT enhanced sludge reduction by increasing microbial maintenance metabolism likely in combination with microbial flora shift in the ASP depending on SF.

Simazine and dalapon have been used to control weeds in many crops during the last few years, but in 1963, when this study was begun, their uses in fruit orchards were limited. To study the effects of simazine and dalapon both on the control of weeds and on various metabolic changes in apple (Malis pumila), Montmorency sour cherry (Prunus cerasus), sweet cherry (Prunus avium), and Prunus mahaleb root s tock, experiment s were conducted from 1964 through 1966 in both the field and in the greenhouse. The application of a low do sage of simazine (4 lb/A) to soil around twelve-year-old Montmorency sour cherry trees in the field resulted in 60 to 70 percent weed control, while tree growth, chlorophyll content of the leaves, fruit y i e ld, and fruit quality were enhanced. Simazine applied at the higher dosages (8 and 12 lb/A) gave very good weed control (up to 100 percent) but reduced tree growth, chlorophyll content, and fruit yield and quality. In the greenhouse , the application of simazine at all three levels caused severe damage to R· mahal eb and sweet cherry trees and hence reduced the water uptake , but young apple trees treated with simazine showed no visible damage , although water uptake was reduced. In young sour cherry trees treated with 4 lb/A simazine, slight chlorophyll increase s we re observed , while at the higher dosages , decreases were observed. Simazine applied to the soil surface was absorbed readily by all trees. It accumulated in large amounts in the l eaves compared with the other parts of these plants. Sour cherry trees accumulated more simazine than apple trees. Results from both field and greenhouse trial sindicate that apple trees were comparatively resistant, and sweet cherry and ~ · mahaleb trees were very sensitive. Enzyme analys i s indicated that simazine caused an increase in the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in all trees. The activity of catalase and cytochrome oxidase was decreased in f. mahaleb, sweet cherry , and sour cherry trees, but apple trees showed an increase in both catalase and cytochrome oxidase activity. Compared to the other trees , the most tolerant , untreated trees (apple) had relatively high peroxidase and low polyphenol oxidase activity, with moderate catalase and cytochrome oxidase activity . The moderately resistant species ( sour cherry) had moderate peroxidase, catalase, and cytochrome oxidase activity but very low polyphenol oxidase activity , while the sensitive trees (~ . mahaleb and sweet cherry) showed a wide range of enzyme activities . ~ · mahaleb leaves had low peroxidase and catalase activities and high polyphenol oxidase and cytochrome oxidase activities, but sweet cherry leaves had moderate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase , high catalase, and l ow cytochrome oxidase activities. The movement of simazine in the soil was s low. Regardless of applied amounts, most of the herbicide stayed in the top 0-6 inches of soil after surface application, but movement in t he soil increased as the rate of application increased. The post-emergence application of dalapon to a Montmorency sour cherry orchard reduced weed growth in general, but complete weed control was not observed. Tree growth, chlorophyll content of the l eaves, fruit yield, and fruit quality of dalapon-treated Montmorency sour cherry trees were reduced compared with the untreated control. These reductions became greater as t he dalapon dosage increased .