Compte tenu que la capacité de panification de l'amidon aigre, amidon de manioc modifié par fermentation et irradiation UV, n'a pas encore été complètement élucidée, l'influence du génotype et les traitements post-récolte sur le pouvoir de panification de l'amidon aigre a été l'objectif de ce travail. 13 génotypes de manioc de Colombie, cultivés à 1000 m. et 1700 m.p.n.m (3 de plaine et 10 d'altitude, respectivement) modifiés par fermentation (0 ou30 jours) et séchage (four ou soleil) ont été étudiés. Les analyses de la taille des granules, la viscosité d'empesage RVA et la viscosité intrinsèque révèlent que les traitements post-récolte ont été les facteurs prépondérants en vue de l'amélioration de la capacité de panification tandis que le facteur génotype a présenté une influence moins importante. Parmi les traitements post-récolte, la fermentation a présenté un effet plus prononcé sur la structure des granules d'amidon, que le séchage au soleil. Cependant, la combinaison de ces deux traitements a été nécessaire pour obtenir une forte capacité de panification. L'effet d'altitude de culture a été mis en évidence lors de la fermentation par des sensibilités différentes trouvées entre les granules de plaine et d'altitude (exocorrosion et endocorrosion, respectivement). Les génotypes d'altitude, donc, ont montré une bonne capacité de panification. Néanmoins, d'autres facteurs entrent en jeu, la teneur en amylose mesurée par DSC a influencé négativement l'expansion de la pâte, probablement en raison de la formation de complexes amylose-lipide. Par conséquent, la combinaison de génotypes de manioc (la teneur en amylose principalement) et les traitements post-récolte sont un élément clé de la capacité de panification de l'amidon aigre. Ces contributions peuvent aider à l'établissement de standards de qualité de l'amidon aigre vis à vis de leur potentielle utilisation dans la fabrication des produits sans-gluten. / The breadmaking ability of sour cassava starch, cassava starch modified by fermentation and UV irradiation, have not been yet fully elucidated. The influence of genotype and postharvest treatments on expansion ability of sour cassava was the objective of this work. Thirteen cassava genotypes have been studied. All genotypes proceeded from Colombia. Two altitudes of origin (1000 m. and 1700 m.a.s.l. refered to respectively as lowland and highland), fermentation treatments (0 or 30 days) and drying treatments (oven or sun) were considered. Analyses of the granule size, RVA pasting behavior and intrinsic viscosity were analysed as indicators of breadmaking ability. Results showed that post-harvest treatments were prevailing factors in improving breadmaking ability while the genotype factors had a smaller influence. Among post-harvest treatments, fermentation had a greater influence than sun-drying on these indicators, in particular on starch granular structure. The combination of both treatments was needed to obtain a high capacity bread. Furthermore, the altitude of origin of cassava genotypes was observed to affect the fermentation process: different sensitivities to fermentation were found between granules of lowland and highland (exocorrosion and endocorrosion, respectively). Highland genotypes showed a better breadmaking ability. Other influencing factor related to genotype was the amylose content measured by DSC: it negatively influenced the expansion of the dough, probably due to the formation of amylose-lipid complex. As a conclusion, the combination of cassava genotypes (mainly amylose content) and post-harvest treatment is key for expansion ability of sour starch. This knowledge is a first, essential step to provide quality standards for sour starch, targeted particularly for use in gluten-free products.

The presented diploma thesis is focused on the preparation and the monitoring of the biological stability of beer enriched with probiotics. Probiotic bacterial strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum were used in this study. The theoretical part is divided into two sections. In the first section, probiotics are generally characterized, and their role within a gut microbiota is described. Next, the microbiology of particular probiotic microorganisms including the genera of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium is described. Then, some factors influencing the viability and the growth of probiotics are stated. In this section, biological effects of probiotics on the human organism and their potential clinical applications are described. The second section of the theoretical part deals with the technology of brewing, the chemical composition of beer and particular beer styles. In the experimental part, the methods of probiotic bacterial cell concentration and viability determination were optimized. Several techniques for determination of these parameters were selected, particularly the cultivation method, flow cytometry and the spectrophotometric measurement of turbidity. Then, the growth curves of the probiotic strains were measured in MRS medium. Probiotic bacteria were cultivated in model beer samples, i.e. in MRS media with several different concentrations of ethanol. It is possible to say that ethanol did not have significant effect on probiotics growth. Next, experimental cultivations of individual probiotic bacteria and their mixtures in nine real beer samples were conducted. No increase of viable cells concentrations was detected in the samples. On the contrary, a decrease of the concentrations was observed, mainly in the samples with individual bacterial strains. However, certain values of viable cells concentrations were determined at the end of the cultivations in all cases. A pale, top-fermented beer was brewed and supplemented with probiotics, and the concentrations of viable probiotic cells were monitored during 37 days of fermentation. A decrease of concentrations by two orders of magnitude of CFU/ml was observed in almost all samples. Yet, viable cells of probiotic bacteria were detected in all samples of beer at the end of the fermentation. Maximal concentration of viable probiotic cells in the brewed beer was determined with the cultivation method at (3,80 ± 0,14)10^5 CFU/ml. Chosen samples were analyzed with HPLC-RI method that quantified the common beer concentrations of ethanol in all chosen samples, lactic acid was not detected. Sensory analysis was conducted as well. Based on the results of the experimental part and the bibliography, an optimal technology of the preparation of beer enriched with probiotics is discussed in this study.

Orientador: Roberto Zenhei Nakazato / Resumo: O hidrogênio ocasiona a fragilização que é um fenômeno observado em alguns tipos de metais, principalmente o aço, quando expostos a ambientes com presença do sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S). A difusão dos átomos de hidrogênio no aço se dá através da interação hidrogênio-metal, onde devido ao seu pequeno tamanho atômico esse pode ser difundido para o interior do aço, resultando na fragilização e redução das suas propriedades mecânicas. A susceptibilidade dos aços à fragilização por hidrogênio depende principalmente de fatores ambientais do meio como a temperatura, pressão parcial de H2S e pH do ambiente, além de fatores metalúrgicos como a microestrutura e propriedades mecânicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as propriedades mecânicas, químicas e microestruturais dos aços API 5L X70MS (sour service) e API 5L X70MO (aço off-shore utilizado como comparativo para o API 5L X70MS), utilizados na fabricação de tubos para a indústria de petróleo e gás, bem como avaliar susceptibilidade à fragilização por hidrogênio desses materiais quando expostos à diferentes ambientes contendo H2S. A avaliação das propriedades mecânicas do material foi feita com base nos resultados de ensaio de tração, dureza e impacto. A microestrutura foi avaliada por meio de microscopia óptica e a análise das inclusões (MnS) feita por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A composição química dos aços foi determinada por espectrometria e análise gasométrica. Para avaliação da susceptibilidade dos aços ao proc... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Sour rot of tomatoes, caused by Geotrichum candidum, occurs in the field and postharvest settings regularly, although postharvest losses are severe only in some years on the Eastern Shore of Virginia (ESV) and other tomato production regions. Fungicide products and cultural control methods are tested for efficacy utilizing a traditional wounding technique that does not properly reflect natural sour rot infections. A new inoculation technique was optimized for G. candidum using negative pressure to infiltrate the tomato stem scar with pathogenic spores. This new method creates consistently high rates of infection and more successfully creates infections in mature green and breaker fruit. The population of G. candidum on the Eastern Shore of VA (ESV) was characterized using multilocus sequencing technique. The resulting phylogenetic tree defines four distinct groups, including two with uncommon loci that distinguish them from the majority of the population. Thirty-seven G. candidum isolates were inoculated to media amended with ten fungicides and antimicrobial compounds commonly used in tomato production and postharvest treatments. Propiconazole and tebuconazole completely inhibited growth of all colonies. Cultivar trials were conducted to determine if resistance or tolerance to G. candidum occurs. Ten commonly grown round and Roma cultivars on the ESV were similarly susceptible to G. candidum, even at low inoculum levels. Field and postharvest surveys of sour rot on tomato fruit attempted to correlate disease incidence with weather conditions in order to better understand the cause of sporadic infection. Few patterns were seen consistently throughout harvest periods and years. Rainfall was positively correlated with disease 2-3 days before surveys and temperature was negatively correlated with disease 5-7 days before surveys. No in-field weather conditions were correlated with postharvest disease incidence. Greenhouse trials were conducted to assess the influence of water congested tomato fruit on susceptibility to sour rot. Tomato plants were exposed to water inundation to mimic rainfall and varying levels of irrigation, both in order to congest tomato fruit. Though water congestion was achieved, tomato fruit were equally susceptible to sour rot infections. / Ph. D.

Há muitos estudos sobre plantas medicinais brasileiras, porém a carência de pesquisas relacionadas à segurança alimentar de plantas brasileiras usadas como alimento ainda é consideravelmente grande. A maioria dos alcaloides são substâncias tóxicas que podem ser encontrados em uma grande variedade de plantas medicinais e alimentícias, inclusive em espécies de Passiflora chamadas popularmente no Brasil de \"maracujá\". As pesquisas sobre as diversas espécies de Passiflora, em grande parte estão relacionadas com as folhas e frutos e na maioria das vezes as sementes são consideradas como resíduo. As metodologias analíticas modernas para análises na área de alimentos, utilizando SBSE com fase extratora de PDMS, tem o objetivo de facilitar o preparo de amostras complexas e diminuir os resíduos orgânicos gerados na etapa de preparo da amostra. Para isso, este estudo teve como objetivo a análise de alcaloides harmânicos pelo método SBSE/CLAE-Flu dual, adaptado para a quantificação de harmana e de harmina em sementes de maracujá azedo. O método foi especifico e linear para os alcaloides estudados (r2 = 0,996 para harmana e r2 = 0,999 para harmina). Os ensaios de repetibilidade e de precisão intermediária confirmam a precisão do método. Os testes de recuperação (entre 92,34% a 105,90% para a harmana e 83,61% a 117,76% para a harmina) indicam a exatidão do método. A amostra analisada continha (3,094x10-2 ± 5,874x10-5) µg de harmana por grama de sementes secas de maracujá azedo e (8,108x10-3±7,599x10-4) µg de harmina por grama de sementes secas de maracujá azedo. A detecção por fluorescência foi um método sensível e seletivo para a detecção da harmana (LOD = 30 ng L-1 e LOQ = 200 ng L-1) e para a harmina (LOD = 100 ng L-1 e LOQ = 400 ng L-1). Conclui-se que o método SBSE/CLAE-Flu dual pode ser usado para a análise dos alcaloides harmânicos nas sementes de maracujá azedo. / There are many studies of Brazilian medicinal plants, but the lack of research related to food safety of Brazilian plants used as food is still high. Most of the alkaloids are toxic chemicals found in a wide variety of medicinal plants and edible plants, including Passiflora species popularly known in Brazil as \"maracujá\". Researches about most of the Passiflora species are largely related about the leaves and the fruits and in most of the cases, the seeds are considered as waste. Modern analytical methodologies for food analysis, using SBSE with PDMS as the extraction phase, have the purpose of make easier the preparation of complex samples and to reduce the organic waste generated in the sample preparation step. For that, this study had the aim to analyze harman alkaloids by a dual SBSE/HPLC-Flu method, adapted to the quantification of harmane and harmine in sour passion fruit seeds. The method was specific and linear for the studied of the alkaloids (r2 = 0.996 for harmane and r2 = 0.999 for harmine). The repeatability and accuracy intermediate assays confirm the precision of the method. The recovery assay (between 92.34% and 105.90% to harmane and between 83.61% and 117.76% to harmine) indicate the accuracy of the method. The sample analyzed contained (3.094x10-2 ± 5.874x10-5) µg of the harmane in 1.0 g of dried seeds of sour passion fruit and (8.108x10-3 ± 7.599x10-4) µg of the harmine in 1.0 g of dried seeds of sour passion fruit. The fluorescence detection was a sensitive and selective method for detection of harmane (LOD = 30 ng L-1 and LOQ = 200 ng L-1) and harmine (LOD = 100 ng L-1 and LOQ = 400 ng -1). It was concluded that the dual SBSE/HPLC-Flu method can be used for the analysis of the harman alkaloids in dried seeds of sour passion fruit.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Krischina Singer.pdf: 1802748 bytes, checksum: cb12c193851bfb9460c0f240158189fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cassava starch is used as the main ingredient for making biscuits and cheese bread. Sour cassava starch is produced without an established standard of quality, with hygiene problems in processing, as well as product availability during the years. Still the production technology is not standardized, as well as the characterization of this product. This study has the objective of characterizing baked products with native and modified cassava starches for baked foods and tests a new formulation including the byproduct okara. In this work, commercial samples of cheese bread, cassava starch biscuits, chipa paraguaya as well as cassava starch, sour cassava starch and modified cassava starches were compared in terms of physicochemical properties. The quality characteristics of cheese bread, cassava starch biscuits and cheese bread supplemented with 5, 10 and 15% of okara were investigated. The characteristics of sour starch that makes it different from cassava starch are pH, acidity, degree of expansion, viscosity, clarity of the starch paste, freeze-thaw stability and reducing power. Four different starches were applied in the production of the baked products: cassava starch, sour cassava starch, starch modified with hydrogen peroxide and the modified starch named ExpandexÒ 160003. The baked products were evaluated in order to establish their physicochemical properties and observe the influence of the different starches on sensory evaluation. The results showed that the cheese breads supplemented with the byproduct okara had an increase in the protein and dietary fiber contents. The baked foods were submitted to an acceptability sensory evaluation with a nine point hedonic scale, involving untrained panelists. For the cheese bread samples containing sour starch cassava, starch modified by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and the commercial starch ExpandexÒ 160003 resulted in close acceptability. For the cassava starch biscuits it was possible to conclude that the sour cassava starch and ExpandexÒ 160003 did not differ statistically. The cheese breads made with 5, 10 and 15% of okara were not statistically different at the level 5% and had good acceptability. / O polvilho é utilizado como ingrediente principal na fabricação de biscoitos e de pão de queijo. O polvilho azedo é um produto artesanal, sem padrão de qualidade estabelecido, com problemas de higiene em seu processamento e de oferta. Ainda não está padronizada a tecnologia de produção, assim como a caracterização ou tipificação desse produto. O trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar produtos panificados contendo féculas de mandioca para uso culinário e modificadas e testar novas formulações, incluindo o subproduto da obtenção do extrato aquoso de soja - okara. Neste trabalho, pré-misturas de pão de queijo, biscoito de polvilho, chipa paraguaya e amostras de polvilhos doce, azedo e modificados foram comparadas físico-quimicamente. As características de qualidade de pão de queijo, biscoito de polvilho e pão de queijo suplementado com 5, 10 e 15% de okara foram investigadas. As características do polvilho azedo que o difere do polvilho doce são: pH, acidez, grau de expansão, viscosidade, claridade de pasta, sinérese e poder redutor. Foram aplicados nos produtos panificados quatro tipos diferentes de fécula, sendo polvilho doce, azedo, fécula modificada com peróxido de hidrogênio e fécula modificada comercial ExpandexÒ 160003. Obtidos os produtos panificados, foi determinada a composição físico-química e observado que os tipos de féculas influenciaram nas características internas, externas e no sabor. Os pães de queijo suplementados com subproduto okara apresentaram uma elevação do teor de proteínas e de fibras alimentares. Os produtos panificados foram submetidos a análise sensorial de aceitabilidade utilizando-se a escala hedônica de nove pontos, com provadores não-treinados. As amostras de pão de queijo contendo polvilho azedo, fécula modificada oxidada com peróxido de hidrogênio e fécula modificada comercial ExpandexÒ 160003 obtiveram uma aceitação próxima. Para as amostras de biscoito de polvilho verificou-se que as com polvilho azedo e ExpandexÒ 160003 não diferiram estatisticamente. Pães de queijo com 5, 10 e 15% de okara não foram consideradas diferentes significativamente em nível de 5% e tiveram boa aceitação.

Há muitos estudos sobre plantas medicinais brasileiras, porém a carência de pesquisas relacionadas à segurança alimentar de plantas brasileiras usadas como alimento ainda é consideravelmente grande. A maioria dos alcaloides são substâncias tóxicas que podem ser encontrados em uma grande variedade de plantas medicinais e alimentícias, inclusive em espécies de Passiflora chamadas popularmente no Brasil de \"maracujá\". As pesquisas sobre as diversas espécies de Passiflora, em grande parte estão relacionadas com as folhas e frutos e na maioria das vezes as sementes são consideradas como resíduo. As metodologias analíticas modernas para análises na área de alimentos, utilizando SBSE com fase extratora de PDMS, tem o objetivo de facilitar o preparo de amostras complexas e diminuir os resíduos orgânicos gerados na etapa de preparo da amostra. Para isso, este estudo teve como objetivo a análise de alcaloides harmânicos pelo método SBSE/CLAE-Flu dual, adaptado para a quantificação de harmana e de harmina em sementes de maracujá azedo. O método foi especifico e linear para os alcaloides estudados (r2 = 0,996 para harmana e r2 = 0,999 para harmina). Os ensaios de repetibilidade e de precisão intermediária confirmam a precisão do método. Os testes de recuperação (entre 92,34% a 105,90% para a harmana e 83,61% a 117,76% para a harmina) indicam a exatidão do método. A amostra analisada continha (3,094x10-2 ± 5,874x10-5) µg de harmana por grama de sementes secas de maracujá azedo e (8,108x10-3±7,599x10-4) µg de harmina por grama de sementes secas de maracujá azedo. A detecção por fluorescência foi um método sensível e seletivo para a detecção da harmana (LOD = 30 ng L-1 e LOQ = 200 ng L-1) e para a harmina (LOD = 100 ng L-1 e LOQ = 400 ng L-1). Conclui-se que o método SBSE/CLAE-Flu dual pode ser usado para a análise dos alcaloides harmânicos nas sementes de maracujá azedo. / There are many studies of Brazilian medicinal plants, but the lack of research related to food safety of Brazilian plants used as food is still high. Most of the alkaloids are toxic chemicals found in a wide variety of medicinal plants and edible plants, including Passiflora species popularly known in Brazil as \"maracujá\". Researches about most of the Passiflora species are largely related about the leaves and the fruits and in most of the cases, the seeds are considered as waste. Modern analytical methodologies for food analysis, using SBSE with PDMS as the extraction phase, have the purpose of make easier the preparation of complex samples and to reduce the organic waste generated in the sample preparation step. For that, this study had the aim to analyze harman alkaloids by a dual SBSE/HPLC-Flu method, adapted to the quantification of harmane and harmine in sour passion fruit seeds. The method was specific and linear for the studied of the alkaloids (r2 = 0.996 for harmane and r2 = 0.999 for harmine). The repeatability and accuracy intermediate assays confirm the precision of the method. The recovery assay (between 92.34% and 105.90% to harmane and between 83.61% and 117.76% to harmine) indicate the accuracy of the method. The sample analyzed contained (3.094x10-2 ± 5.874x10-5) µg of the harmane in 1.0 g of dried seeds of sour passion fruit and (8.108x10-3 ± 7.599x10-4) µg of the harmine in 1.0 g of dried seeds of sour passion fruit. The fluorescence detection was a sensitive and selective method for detection of harmane (LOD = 30 ng L-1 and LOQ = 200 ng L-1) and harmine (LOD = 100 ng L-1 and LOQ = 400 ng -1). It was concluded that the dual SBSE/HPLC-Flu method can be used for the analysis of the harman alkaloids in dried seeds of sour passion fruit.

In this study, extraction of phenolic compounds from sour cherry, peach and apple pomaces using high pressure extraction (HPE) and subcritical CO2 extraction (SCE) was investigated considering total phenolic content (TPC) and antiradical efficiency (AE). Different combinations of pressure (50, 125, 200 MPa), temperature (20, 40, 60&amp / #61616 / C), solid/solvent ratio (0.05, 0.15, 0.25 g/ml) and extraction time (10, 25, 40 min) were used for HPE according to the Box-Behnken experimental design. The variables used for SCE were pressure (20, 40, 60 MPa), temperature (40, 50, 60&amp / #61616 / C), ethanol concentration (14, 17, 20 wt%) and extraction time (10, 25, 40 min). For HPE, TPC and AE at the optimum conditions were 3.80 mg gae/g sample and 22 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for sour cherry pomace, 0.93 mg gae/g sample and 6.40 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for peach pomace and 2.08 mg gae/g sample and 10.80 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for apple pomace, respectively. For SCE, TPC and AE at the optimum conditions were 0.60 mg gae/g sample and 2.30 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for sour cherry pomace, 0.26 mg gae/g sample and 1.50 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for peach pomace and 0.47 mg gae/g sample and 3.30 mg DPPH&amp / #729 / /g sample for apple pomace, respectively. Efficiency of HPE and SCE methods was compared with solvent extraction (SE). TPC and AE of the extracts obtained by HPE were close to those obtained by SE but the efficiency of SCE was low compared to HPE and SE. SCE was a better extraction method for apple and peach pomaces compared to sour cherry pomace.

Submitted by MARIANA NADJARA KLEIN null (mariana_klein28@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-12T18:03:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE MARIANA definitiva 12.01.17.pdf: 1548852 bytes, checksum: ab76519552913b27064c77dfab05d64a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-16T16:32:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 klein_mn_dr_jabo.pdf: 1548852 bytes, checksum: ab76519552913b27064c77dfab05d64a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T16:32:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 klein_mn_dr_jabo.pdf: 1548852 bytes, checksum: ab76519552913b27064c77dfab05d64a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A eficiência de biocontrole de Aureobasidium pullulans ACBL-77 foi avaliada contra Geotrichum citri-aurantii, agente causal da podridão azeda em citros, e suas interações foram estudadas in vitro e in vivo. Para isso, foram avaliados: (i) a eficiência de biocontrole da podridão azeda por A. pullulans ACBL-77; (ii) o efeito de diferentes meios de cultivo na produção de células da levedura; (iii) a incorporação de fontes nutricionais na otimização da atividade antagônica; (iv) a competição de nutrientes entre os microrganismos; (v) o efeito dos nutrientes na produção de células da levedura e na quantificação de biofilme e sua relação no biocontrole da doença; (vi) a sobrevivência da levedura em frutos cítricos; (vii) a interação entre os microrganismos em microscopia eletrônica de varredura; (viii) o efeito da aplicação da levedura na qualidade de frutos cítricos, e, finalmente, (ix) o efeito de A. pullulans na atividade das enzimas possivelmente envolvidas com a indução de resistência de frutos. Pelos resultados obtidos nesse trabalho, verificou-se que, nos frutos tratados preventivamente com A. pullulans ACBL-77 a porcentagem de controle foi maior do que quando os tratamentos foram realizados de maneira curativa. O meio de cultivo batata-dextrose-ágar foi o que promoveu maior quantidade de células da levedura. A incorporação de micronutrientes, como ácido bórico, cloreto de cobalto e molibdato de amônio (1 mM) em meio de cultivo da levedura favoreceu a ação antagônica in vitro. Sulfato de amônio 1 % e sacarose 0,5 % promoveram aumento na porcentagem de inibição da germinação de conídios. Porém, a adição de sulfato de amônio 1% no cultivo da levedura estimulou a produção de biofilme e, consequentemente, aumentou sua ação antagônica contra a doença in vivo. Aplicação de A. pullulans, previamente cultivada em meio acrescido de sulfato de amônio (1%), favoreceu a sobrevivência da levedura em ferimentos de frutos cítricos e provocou deformações nas hifas do fitopatógeno. A aplicação da levedura não alterou a qualidade de frutos cítricos, mas aumentou as atividades das enzimas envolvidas com a defesa dos frutos a patógenos. Esses resultados mostram a importância da adição e do tipo de nutriente, quando da formulação de um bioproduto a base deste isolado, visando a sua utilização em escala comercial. Além disso, esse é o primeiro relato de uma correlação positiva do aumento na quantificação de biofilme produzido por A. pullulans, em função da fonte de nutriente, com o aumento da sua atividade antagônica. / The biocontrol efficiency of Aureobasidium pullulans strain ACBL-77 was evaluated against Geotrichum citri-aurantii, the causal agent of sour rot in citrus, and their interactions were studied in vitro and in vivo. For this purpuse, were evaluated (i) the biocontrol efficiency of A. pullulans ACBL-77 against the pathogen; (ii) the effect of different culture media on the production of yeast cells; (iii) the incorporation of nutritional sources in optimizing the antagonistic activity; (iv) the competition for nutrients between the microorganisms; (v) the effect of nutrients on yeast cell and biofilm production and their relation in the biocontrol of disease; (vi) the survival of yeast in citrus fruits; (vii) the interaction between the microorganisms by scanning electron microscopy; (viii) the effect of A. pullulans applications in the citrus fruits quality; (ix) the effect of ACBL-77 in the activity of the enzymes possibly involved with resistance induction. In the results this study, were verified that in the fruits treated with A. pullulans ACBL-77, preventively, the control percentage was higher than the curative treatment. The potato-dextrose-agar medium promoted the highest amount of yeast cells. The incorporation of micronutrients, such as boric acid, cobalt chloride and ammonium molybdate (1 mM), favoured the antagonistic action of A. pullulans in vitro. Ammonium sulphate 1mM and sucrose 0.5% favoured the yeast during the competition between the microorganisms. However, the addition of ammonium sulphate at 1% in the yeast culture stimulated biofilm production and consequently increased the antagonistic activity against the pathogen in vivo. The application of A. pullulans to fruits allowed the better survival of yeast in wounded sites of citrus fruit. The yeast was found to be able to form biofilm on citrus, deforming the pathogen hyphae. The application of yeast did not change the quality of citrus fruits, but increased the activities of the enzymes possibly involved in the defense of the fruits to pathogens. These results show the importance of the addition of nutrients and the types of nutrients in A. pullulans based-formulations when aiming for their use on a commercial scale. Additionally, this is the first report of a positive correlation between the increase in the quantity of biofilm produced by A. pullulans, depending on the nutrient source, with increased antagonistic activity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:16:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Christiane Almeida Starling.pdf: 1670604 bytes, checksum: 9b6c4d65a34aad82eba54d69c248dc63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-19 / The fermented cassava starch (cassava starch) can be considered a chemically and enzymatically modified starch with expansion property, which form alveolar structure and light on traditional bakery products without the use of chemical or biological ferment. It is a gluten-free product, produced in small factories, where there is an internal system of quality control processes and products. This study aimed to: diagnose the quality of home made sour in producing municipalities of Goiás; evaluate experimentally, through the response surface methodology, the influence of the volume of lactic acid, mass of inoculum and fermentation time on characteristic expansion of cassava starch produced experimentally, and compare the results with parameters diagnosed from fermented cassava produced by craftsmen. From the analysis, swelling index, acidity, pH, folder property, chemical composition, microbiological and scanning electron microscopy, comparisons were established between the cassava starch, and experimental craft. The rate of expansion achieved with experimental flour was superior to that achieved with the cassava starch and cassava with the greatest expansion of artisanal, detected at diagnosis. The experimental production of cassava starch from cassava starch using the method of rapid fermentation and acidification (the region of maximum expansion) showed higher of acidity than those permitted by law, in relation to pH values found for the fermented cassava are experimental coincident with the literature. The paste viscosity of cassava starch was lower than the experimental craft flour, not compromising the expansion, and this was not directly related to viscosity. The fermented cassava sour experimental attended the microbial standards for the total count of mesophilic yeasts and molds. Also attended the limits specified in legislation for moisture and ash. The fermented cassava starch, experimental and traditional forms showed mostly spherical, and kidney shaped perforations, when the observation by scanning electron microscopy. Industrial productivity can be increased by reducing the average time used for fermentation (45 d) for the proposed (48h) using acidification and addition of inoculum. / O amido de mandioca fermentado (polvilho azedo) pode ser considerado um amido modificado química e enzimaticamente com propriedade de expansão, que forma estrutura alveolar e leve em produtos tradicionais em panificação, sem a utilização de fermento químico ou biológico. É um produto livre de glúten, produzido em pequenas indústrias, onde não existe um sistema interno de controle de qualidade dos processos e produtos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo: diagnosticar a qualidade do polvilho azedo produzido artesanalmente em municípios produtores de Goiás; avaliar experimentalmente, através da metodologia de superfície de resposta, a influência do volume do ácido lático, massa de inóculo e do tempo de fermentação sobre a característica de expansão do polvilho azedo produzido experimentalmente, e, comparar os resultados alcançados com parâmetros diagnosticados dos polvilhos produzidos artesanalmente. A partir de análises de: índice de expansão, acidez, pH, propriedade de pasta, composição centesimal, microbiológicas e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foram estabelecidas comparações entre a fécula de mandioca, polvilhos experimentais e artesanais. O índice de expansão alcançado com o polvilho experimental foi superior ao alcançado com a fécula de mandioca e com o polvilho artesanal de maior expansão, detectado no diagnóstico. A produção de polvilho azedo experimental a partir de fécula de mandioca, utilizando o método de fermentação rápida e acidificação (da região de máxima expansão) apresentou valor de acidez superior ao permitido pela legislação, em relação ao pH os valores encontrados para os polvilhos experimentais são coincidentes com a literatura. A viscosidade de pasta do polvilho azedo experimental foi inferior a do polvilho artesanal, não comprometendo a expansão, sendo que essa não esteve diretamente relacionada com a viscosidade. Os polvilhos azedos experimentais atenderam os padrões microbiológicos vigentes para a contagem total de mesófilos e bolores e leveduras. Atenderam também os limites previstos na legislação para umidade e cinzas. Os polvilhos azedos, experimental e artesanal apresentaram predominantemente formas esféricas, reniformes e perfurações, quando da observação pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A produtividade industrial pode ser incrementada pela redução do tempo médio de fermentação utilizado (45 dias) para o proposto de (48h) utilizando a acidificação e a adição de inóculo.