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Harvested rainwater is an alternative water resource that can be utilized to help meet the world's growing demand for fresh water. Although harvested rainwater is often considered to have adequate physical and chemical qualities, its microbial quality has been found lacking. This study sought to better understand the effect of common treatment processes on the quality of harvested rainwater for potable use by examining two treatment processes: (1) batch chlorination followed by filtration, and (2) filtration followed by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The batch chlorination studies used rainwater harvested from four pilot-scale roofs in Austin, Texas with different roofing materials: concrete tile, green, Galvalume[Trademark] metal, and asphalt-fiberglass shingle. Chlorine tends to react with natural organic matter and produce disinfection byproducts (e.g., trihalomethanes (THMs)) that are harmful to human health. Chlorinating rainwater harvested from the metal and concrete roofs achieved adequate disinfection (total coliforms less than 1 colony forming unit per 100 mL) without forming THMs that exceed the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limit of 80 [mu]g/L for public water systems. Chlorinating rainwater harvested from the shingle roof achieved adequate disinfection but had the potential to form excessive THMs. Chlorinating rainwater harvested from the green roof, which had the highest concentration of dissolved organic carbon, did not achieve adequate disinfection and formed THMs that were four times higher than the USEPA limit. Filtering the chlorinated rainwater from every roofing material with a block activated carbon filter generally resulted in increased bacteria concentrations and decreased THM concentrations. To study the effect of UV irradiation, cistern-stored and treated rainwater were sampled from a full-scale residential system in Austin, Texas, where the owner uses rainwater as his primary potable water supply. UV irradiation at the full-scale system effectively disinfected rainwater when the turbidity and total coliform concentrations were low, but disinfection was compromised as these two parameters increased as the drought progressed in 2011 and the ambient temperature increased. This research suggests that under certain conditions, treatment by either chlorination or UV irradiation can improve the quality of harvested rainwater so that it conforms to drinking water standards for public water systems. / text

Nitrogen oxide in water was a critical factor of eutrophication. The poor tap-water quality in Taiwan was the result of ammonia nitrogen pollution. This research used manganese dioxide as the catalyst to degrade ammonia nitrogen content in water. Controlled factors in our experiment include basic test, optimal reaction condition test, and kinetics. Real water sample was drawn from the Love River for catalysis effect test. Results were then compared with the popularly used titanium dioxide. Significant findings in this research include: 1) when the manganese dioxide content in water was 2%, the ammonia nitrogen removal rates were 31.80% under UV irradiation, and 22.21 % without light interference; 2) under UV irradiation, manganese dioxide would not affect the catalysis effect due to pH changes; 3) silicate in the water had catalysis effect, while sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate had inhibition effect; 4) manganese dioxide had catalysis effect in seawater, yet the removal rate would decrease as the salt content increases; 5) the rise of water temperature would enhance the ammonia nitrogen removal rate; 6) manganese dioxide had catalysis effect on the treatment of the Love River water, and the ammonia nitrogen removal rate reached 89.50 %; 7) in the biological test, manganese dioxide could effectively degrade the ammonia nitrogen content in water, and improve the survival rate of larval shrimp; 8) comparing to titanium dioxide, manganese dioxide had advantages of low cost, with catalysis effect in both seawater and fresh water under no light condition. As a result, manganese dioxide has significant future application potentials. In the future, this research will conduct in-depth study on kinetics of degradability of manganese dioxide catalysis on ammonia nitrogen, and to design suitable catalytic reactor for water treatment. Moreover, it is of value to broadly research manganese dioxide related catalytic products, such as catalytic spray, catalytic paint, fluorescent tube, air filter, and catalytic fan...etc.

Vitamin D regulation is associated with several human disorders and contributes to various cellular mechanisms. Calcitriol (commercially available as Rocaltrol), an active Vitamin D metabolite, is known as a neuro-protective and anti-cancer drug but most importantly helps maintaining the calcium homeostasis inside the human body. The effectiveness of calcitriol to perform as an effective therapeutic agent is counteracted by its calcemic effects. In order to obtain better therapeutic results, synthetic calcitriol analogs without these calcemic effects have been recently developed but they are not yet cost-effective and their production is time-consuming. In order to determine the best active form of calcitriol that could provide higher chemotherapeutic activity without these calcemic effects, calcitriol mode of action was studied using yeast as a model system. In order to achieve this, we analyzed the calcitriol effects on yeast cellular growth based on calcium intake levels. In this work, we also assessed yeast strains with gene deletions of selected calcium transporter genes to understand the calcitriol metabolism. For the aim of understanding hypercalcemic effects of calcitriol, we developed a hypothesis based on calcitriol interactions with oxygen. Interestingly, use of an anaerobic model validated the oxygen interactions with calcitriol that might possibly cause calcemic effects on patients. Anaerobically grown yeast treated with calcitriol showed significantly less intracellular calcium levels when imaged under indo-1 calcium binding fluorescence dye as compared to calcitriol treated yeast grown under aerobic conditions. Finally, we predict that calcitriol might control free radical generation within the yeast system based on experiments with AAPH and UV- irradiation.

Host cell reactivation (HCR) of UV-irradiated (UV'd) herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), capacity of UV'd cells to support HSV-2 plaque formation and UV enhanced reactivation (UVER) of UV'd HSV-2 were examined in human fibroblasts. The cells were derived from four Cockayne's Syndrome (CS) patients, 5 xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients and 5 normal patients. Survival curves for HCR of HSV-2 plaque formation showed 2- components. HCR was not significantly different in the CS strains and an XP variant strain compared to normal, whereas all excision deficient strains showed a significant reduction in HCR. The o37 values for the delayed capacity curves were in the range 8.6-12.4 J/m2 for the normal strains, 3.1-5.1 J/m2 for the CS strains, 6.7 J/m2 for an XP variant strain and between 0.40-1.98 J/m2 for the XP excision deficient strains examined. UVER was also examined for HSV-2 UV-irradiated to survival levels of 10-2 and 10-3 in unirradiated cells. Maximum delayed UVER was observed in normal strains at a UV dose of 15 J/m2 to the virus. Maximum UVER in CS cells was detected at a UV dose of 5 J/m2 to the cells, in XP excision deficient cells maximum UVER occurred at doses ranging from 0.5-2.5 J/m2 to the cells, and in XP variant maximum UVER occurred at 10 J/m2 to the cells. In all cell strains the level of UVER increased with increasing UV dose to the virus. Results are discussed in terms of the repair defects of CS and XP cells and their relationship to possible viral repair functions. In addition, the possible existence of an inducible DNA repair response is discussed in terms of the results of this study. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Les dommages de l’ADN interfèrent avec sa réplication et sa transcription. Ils sont en général éliminés par des mécanismes de réparation, en particulier par la réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER). Ils peuvent également être tolérés grâce à la synthèse translésionnelle (TLS). Au cours de mon travail de thèse, nous avons étudié l’implication de la voie NER et de l’ADN polymérase η (Polη) associée à la TLS dans la réponse aux lésions de l’ADN induites par les rayons ultraviolet (UV) et par une drogue chimiothérapeutique, la doxorubicine. Les principales lésions induites par les rayons UV sont les dimères de pyrimidine cyclobutane (CPDs) et les pyrimidines (6-4) pyrimidones (6-4PPs) qui sont éliminées par la NER. Les données obtenues sur la formation de régions d’ADN simple brin et celles du cycle cellulaire suggèrent que les lésions 6-4PPs sont tolérées par un mécanisme de réparation post-réplicative dans des cellules XP-C déficientes en NER (xeroderma pigmentosum du groupe C). Dans un second temps, mon objectif a été de déterminer la contribution de Polη dans la prise en charge des lésions induites par les rayons UV dans les cellules XP-C. En effet, il est connu que Polη est responsable de la réplication des CPDs, mais l’absence de Polη dans des cellules proficientes en NER ne les rend pas hypersensibles aux rayons UV. De plus, il a été suggéré que Polη soit impliquée dans la TLS des 6-4PPs. En réprimant par shARN l’expression du gène codant Polη dans les cellules XP-C, j’ai réussi à établir la première lignée stable de fibroblastes humains déficients à la fois en NER et en Polη (XP-C/PolηKD). Cette réduction fonctionnelle de l’expression de Polη dans les cellules XP-C irradiées à faible dose d’UV a entraîné un arrêt irréversible du cycle cellulaire, la génération de cassures simple- et double-brin de l’ADN et une mortalité cellulaire significative. Ces résultats montrent un rôle crucial de Polη dans la survie des cellules déficientes en NER après irradiation UV et suggèrent que Polη puisse participer aussi à la TLS des 6-4PPs.Par ailleurs, nous avons montré que les cellules déficientes en NER ou en Polη ont été sensibilisées par un traitement à la doxorubicine indiquant que la NER et Polη participent également de la prise en charge des lésions induites par cet agent. Donc au cours de mon travail de thèse, j’ai mis en évidence des interconnexions complexes entre Polη et la voie NER en réponses à différents agents génotoxiques. / DNA damages interfere with replication and transcription. They are normally eliminated by repair mechanisms, such as nucleotide excision repair (NER). They can also be tolerated by translesion DNA synthesis (TLS). During my PhD work, we studied the involvement of NER pathway and DNA polymerase η (Polη) associated with TLS in response to DNA damages induced by ultraviolet (UV) and a chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin.The main lesions induced by UV irradiation are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidones (6-4PPs) which are removed by NER. Data on the formation of single-stranded DNA regions and those of the cell cycle suggest that 6-4PPs lesions are tolerated by a post-replication repair mechanism in XP-C cells (xeroderma pigmentosum group C, deficient in NER). In a second time, my goal was to determine the contribution of Polη in the tolerance of lesions induced by UV in XP-C cells. Indeed, it is known that Polη is responsible for the replication of CPDs, but in the absence of Polη, NER-proficient cells are not hypersensitive to UV rays. In addition, it was suggested that Polη is also involved in the TLS of 6-4PPs. By knocking down (KD) the expression of the gene encoding Polη in XP-C cells with a shRNA, we established the first stable line of human fibroblasts deficient in both NER and Polη (XP-C/PolηKD). This functional reduction in the expression of Polη in XP-C cells irradiated with low UVC dose resulted in an irreversible cell cycle arrest, the generation of single- and double-strand DNA breaks and significant cell death. These data demonstrate a crucial role for Polη in the survival of NER-deficient cells after UV irradiation and suggest that Polη can also participate in the TLS of 6-4PPs.In addition, we showed that cells deficient in NER or Polη are sensitized by treatment with doxorubicin indicating that NER and Polη also participate in the response of DNA damages induced by this agent.In conclusion, during my PhD work, we highlighted the complex interconnections between Polη and NER pathway in response to different genotoxic agents. / Os danos do DNA interferem com a sua replicação e transcrição. Eles são normalmente removidos por mecanismos de reparo, como o reparo por excisão de nucleotídeos (NER). Lesões não removidas também podem ser toleradas por processos específicos de síntese de translesão (TLS). Durante este trabalho de tese, estudamos a implicação da via NER e da DNA polimerase η (Polη), associada à TLS, na resposta aos danos no DNA provocados pela irradiação ultravioleta (UV) e por um agente quimioterápico, a doxorrubicina.As principais lesões provocadas pela luz UV são os dímeros de pirimidina ciclobutano (CPDs) e as pirimidinas (6-4) pirimidonas (6-4PPs) que são removidas pelo NER. Os resultados obtidos sobre a formação de regiões de DNA simples fita e os dados de ciclo celular indicam que as lesões 6-4PPs são toleradas por un mecanismo de reparo pós-replicativo em células XP-C deficientes em NER (xeroderma pigmentosum do grupo C). Em seguida, buscamos determinar a contribuição da Polη na tolerância de lesões UV em células XP-C. De fato, é conhecido que a Polη é responsável pela replicação dos CPDs, porém a ausência dessa em células proficientes em NER não as torna hypersensíveis à irradiação UV. Além disso, foi sugerido que Polη poderia estar envolvida na TLS dos 6-4PPs. A expressão do gene POLH, que codifica Polη, foi silenciada através de shRNA em células XP-C, sendo assim estabelecida a primeira linhagem estável de fibroblastos humanos deficientes em ambas proteínas XPC e Polη. Essa redução funcional da expressão de Polη em células XP-C provocou, em células irradiadas com doses baixas de luz UV, uma parada irreversível no ciclo celular, a formação de quebras no DNA (incluindo quebras simples e dupla fita) e morte celular. Esses resultados revelam um papel crucial da Polη na sobrevida das células deficientes em NER após irradiação UV e sugerem que Polη possa também participar da TLS de lesões tipo 6-4PP.Por outro lado, participei de trabalho no qual demonstramos que células deficientes em NER ou em Polη são sensibilizadas pelo tratamento com doxorrubicina, o que indica que o NER e a Polη participam da resposta aos danos induzidos por esse agente.Em conclusão, ao longo do meu trabalho de tese, eu coloquei em evidência interconexões complexas entre a Polη e o NER em resposta a diferentes agentes genotóxicos.

Two factors which affect leaf ontogeny and ultimate leaf size: (1) the rate and duration of cell expansion, and (2) the rate and duration of cell division, were examined for their role in the slowed early growth rate and smaller ultimate leaf size when plants are exposed to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Rumex patientia L. was grown in controlled environment chambers under enhanced UV-B radiation (equivalent to daily solar UV-B irradiation at 40°N latitude in mid-May with an atmospheric ozone concentration of 0.20 atm-cm) and control treatments. The pattern of growth as expressed in changes of mean cell size of two distinct cell types, tissue cell density, and length of the entire blade are consistent with the hypothesis that the radiation primarily affects cell division rather than cell expansion. Furthermore, it appears that the radiation probably alters the rate rather than the duration of cell division. An understanding of the mechanism of radiation damage should facilitate prediction of how this stress may interact with other stresses to which plants are normally subjected.

Due to increasingly stringent regulations, concerns about disinfection byproduct formation, and the need for improved control of distribution system water quality, there has been a shift towards the use of alternative disinfectants and oxidants in the production of drinking water. Technologies that modify water chemistry, such as hydrogen peroxide, UV irradiation, chlorine and/or chloramines may result in the generation of mineral and organic precipitates. Turbidity provides an indirect measure of the presence of particles by evaluating the light scattering properties of water. Turbidity levels are currently not monitored or regulated in treated groundwater. An important water quality parameter that influences groundwater quality is hydrogen sulfide. The control of sulfides in groundwater is of importance because its presence can cause odor and taste complaints, corrosion of pipes and other plumbing fixtures, and black-water problems in distribution systems (Levine et. al, 2004). In addition, sulfides can impose a significant oxidant demand and possibly interfere with disinfection treatments. Characteristics of particles from untreated and treated groundwater were tested as part of a field study to evaluate alternative wellhead treatment approaches for controlling hydrogen sulfide. A 1 gallon per minute (gpm) pilot-plant was used to test several groundwater treatment scenarios. The chemicals tested included chlorine, monochloramine, and hydrogen peroxide either alone or in tandem. Photochemical oxidation was evaluated using UV and advanced oxidation was evaluated using hydrogen peroxide coupled with UV. Testing was conducted either on water pumped directly from the well at ambient (7.0-7.5), or pretreated with caustic soda to evaluate the impact of elevated pH (8.2) conditions. The formation of particles was quantified using turbidity, solids (total, dissolved and suspended), and particle counts before and after oxidation. The particulate matter was characterized using a particle size analyzer in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Treatment systems that rely on in-line treatment lack mechanisms for particle removal, therefore particles generated through treatment are introduced into the distribution system. It is evident from this project that treatment systems should be optimized to prevent particle formation.

Polyacrylamides (PAMs) are a class of polymers formed from acrylamide alone or copolymerized with other monomers. PAMs have been used in drinking water treatment as flocculants or coagulants in the highest volume among all the polymer types. In potable water treatment processes, polyacrylamides are often exposed to oxidants (e.g. chlorine and permanganate) and UV irradiation from sunlight or artificial sources. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possible degradation of PAMs caused by chemical oxidation and/or UV irradiation. Three types of PAM products (nonionic, cationic and anionic) were studied under free chlorine and permanganate oxidation, UV irradiation, and their combined effects. It has been found that the cationic PAM was the most unstable polymer among the three types of polymer sample studies, however, only partial degradation was observed. Acrylamide residual in the cationic PAM C-3280 was higher than the U.S. guideline value, and exposure to either chlorine or permanganate resulted in decline of acrylamide level to some extent. UV irradiation did not cause reduction of total polymer contents and acrylamide residuals, but did accelerate chemically induced degradation. Exposure to chlorine or permanganate for one hour resulted in about 20-35% loss in flocculation performance for each polymer sample. Short time exposure (5 minutes) did not result in loss of flocculation performance for the nonionic and anionic PAMs. However, for the cationic PAM, even short time exposure to chlorine led to loss of flocculation performance of 25-35 %, which indicated that the cationic PAM was more susceptible to oxidation.

The photoviscosity effect in aqueous solutions of novel poly(4-methacryloyloxyazobenzene-co-N,N-dimethyl acrylamide) (MOAB-DMA) was demonstrated. The observed significant reduction in the zero-shear viscosity upon UV-irradiation of MOAB-DMA aqueous solutions was due to the dissociation of the interchain azobenzene aggregates. Such phenomena can be advantageously used in photoswitchable fluidic devices and in protein separation. Introduction of enzymatically degradable azo cross-links into Pluronic-PAA microgels allowed for control of swelling due to degradation of the cross-links by azoreductases from the rat intestinal cecum. Dynamic changes in the cross-link density of stimuli-responsive microgels enable novel opportunities for the control of gel swelling, of importance for drug delivery and microgel sensoric applications. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)