This thesis outlines the growth of curricula in the seven state teachers colleges in Texas from establishment to the 1939 - 1940 school year.

In an age where the sharing economy has proliferated as a preferred means of travel in the tourism industry, and the accommodation sharing platform Airbnb has risen to the forefront, there is much criticism and discussion about the need for such nascent platforms to operate in alignment with sustainable development. Currently, economic benefits for the host and guest lie at the core of Airbnb’s sustainability appeal, while few concrete steps have been taken to advance environmental and social values. Many have proposed a green rating system and sustainability-oriented search filters as a means to propagate these values and catalyze a necessary paradigm shift within the sharing economy. Through the lens of green architecture and construction, this study analyzes the extent and manner in which sustainability features and amenities are promoted by hosts on Airbnb in the high-desert mountain town of Taos, New Mexico. This case study approach selects and intriguing destination that is not only characterized by a long history of earthen building traditions by the Tiwa people, but was also the birthplace of the world-renowned, off-the-grid Earthship concept. An analysis of all active Airbnb listings was compared with a more targeted analysis of off-the-grid listings to reveal that hosts more often than not frame their sustainability features and amenities in terms of visitor comfort, convenience, and enjoyment. For instance, the valorization of earthen adobe building for its authenticity and cultural appeal in lieu of its energy efficient and natural qualities. This indicated a high level of unexploited potential, wherein hosts could enhance their listing’s sustainability appeal and educational value through reframing these features to potential guests, and off-the-grid listings could benefit from implementing and promoting sustainable practices and emphasizing the local culture. Most importantly, after quantitively analyzing the features that arose, this study assembled the content basis for a theoretical green rating system and sustainability search filters that could be applied to Taos as a localized system, or merely provide insight to other destinations and the Airbnb platform as a whole.

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of computer and communications technologies at four-year public/private college and university career centers that are members of the Southwest Association of Colleges and Employers (SWACE). The findings of this study reveal that (a) all career centers are now using computer and telecommunications technologies for at least one office function; (b) small institutions do not use technologies as much as large institutions because they have fewer financial resources, less technical support from institutions, fewer personnel, and they also need time to learn to use technologies effectively; (c) public career centers are more willing to explore new technologies but private career centers mostly adopt and implement proven technologies; (d) career education does not utilize technologies as much as career counseling or job placement functions; (e) lack of financial resources and lack of technical support are major barriers to a technological infusion; and (f) technologies, including electronic student databases, computerized presentations with the network connection, and OCR scanners, will be needed in the near future.

A History of Unequal Opportunity in the U.S. Segregation of Latino School Children Half a century has passed since the U.S. Supreme Court famously stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. After all this time, separate facilities are still the reality and they are still unequal. This thesis examines the educational experience of Latino children in the United States from the twentieth century up to the present, with the main focus on the area of the American Southwest. The history of Latino school segregation is examined from the legal perspective, focusing on the significant court cases in which Latinos fought against segregation and for equal educational opportunities. A special attention is paid to Mendez v. Westminster federal court case, which has ended de jure segregation of Latinos after the World War II. While the topic of school segregation in relation to Latinos is often overlooked by professional literature and little known to the public, it is very important as Latinos represent one fourth of all public school children in the United States today. This paper concludes that, because of school segregation, the educational history of Latinos in the United States is one of unequal opportunity. Moreover, the educational opportunities of Latino children remain...

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Without regard to the merits of the philosophy and practices of these two schools of educational thought, it is the purpose of this study to observe the progress of each as indicated by an examination of certain college curricula, as shown below.

Dans un contexte international, la prévision d'intensité des cyclones tropicaux connaît encore de graves déficiences tandis que la prévision de trajectoire de ces phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes s'est grandement améliorée ces dernières décennies. Une source d'erreur pour la prévision d'intensité est le manque de connaissance des processus physiques qui régissent l'évolution de la structure et de l'intensité des cyclones. Cette thèse, proposée dans le cadre des responsabilités du Centre Météorologique Régional Spécialisé (CMRS) de la Réunion et des axes de recherche du LACy et du CNRM, a pour but d'améliorer la prévision numérique et la compréhension des mécanismes de changement de structure et d'intensité des cyclones dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien. On observe statistiquement dans le bassin de fréquents déferlements d'ondes de Rossby qui correspondent à une intrusion des talwegs d'altitude depuis les moyennes latitudes vers les régions où évoluent les cyclones. Ces déferlements advectent dans la troposphère tropicale de l'air d'origine stratosphérique à fort tourbillon potentiel (PV). Le cœur d'un cyclone tropical étant caractérisé par un vortex cyclonique de fort PV, il est donc légitime de se demander si de tels talwegs sont capables de « nourrir » un cyclone en déferlant jusqu'à lui, et l'intensifier par superposition de PV. D'un autre côté, l'approche d'un talweg est associée à d'autres facteurs pouvant jouer en défaveur d'une intensification, comme un fort cisaillement vertical de vent. L'étude de processus est réalisée sur le cyclone Dora (2007) avec le modèle opérationnel du CMRS sur le bassin, Aladin-Réunion. Ce modèle hydrostatique à aire limitée bénéficie d'une résolution horizontale de 8 km et de son propre schéma d'assimilation 3Dvar avec bogus de vent. Un tel bogus permet d'affiner la structure du cyclone à l'instant initial en ajoutant des observations de vent déduites d'un profil analytique et des paramètres de structure du cyclone estimés par les images satellites. Des diagnostiques sur les variables thermodynamiques en sortie de modèle montrent que la phase d'intensification rapide de Dora est bien associée à l'advection de tourbillon potentiel (PV) en provenance du talweg. Bien que fortement cisaillé, le système parvient à s'intensifier grâce à la forte inclinaison du talweg qui advecte du PV au cœur du cyclone en 2 temps et à 2 niveaux (haute et moyenne troposphère). Lorsque le talweg est au plus proche du cyclone, il force un processus dynamique interne appelé « cycle de remplacement du mur de l'œil ». On observe une inclinaison et un renforcement des vitesses verticales à l'extérieur du mur de l'œil principal, associé à une accélération de la circulation cyclonique tangentielle par advection de moment angulaire sur toute l'épaisseur de la troposphère dans cette zone annulaire (mis en évidence par les flux d'Eliassen-Palm). Un second maximum de vent relatif apparaît alors et une deuxième phase d'intensification rapide s'ensuit avec la contraction du mur secondaire. Le forçage de processus internes par une influence externe (un talweg) semble donc être le moteur de l'intensification rapide de Dora dans un environnement cisaillé, et potentiellement celui d'autres cyclones dans le bassin qui sont approchés par des talwegs d'altitude. Les prévisionnistes du CMRS sont invités à surveiller les champs de PV de tels systèmes, en attendant que de plus amples diagnostiques soient réalisés avec l'outil d'inversion du tourbillon potentiel développé sur le modèle global Arpège. / Despite significant improvements in Tropical Cyclone (TC) track forecasts over the past few decades, anticipating the sudden intensity changes of TCs remains a major operational issue. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze TC rapid intensification processes in relation with external forcing induced by upper-level troughs originating from the mid-latitudes. The impact of initial storm structure on storm evolution and prediction is also documented. An objective definition for rapid intensification in the southwest Indian Ocean is first proposed. The location and frequency of TC-trough interactions are identified, as well as TC-trough arrangements conducive to TC intensification. An interesting study case, TC Dora (2007), is chosen to run numerical simulations initialized with synthetic TC observations blended in a global analysis. The simulated TC-trough interaction is intricate with potential vorticity (PV) advection from the trough into the TC core at mid and upper levels. Vortex intensification first occurs inside the eyewall and results from PV superposition. Further intensification is associated with a subsequent secondary eyewall formation triggered by external forcing from the trough. The numerical model is able to reproduce the main features associated with outer eyewall spin-up, inner eyewall spin-down, and their effects on vortex intensity changes. Another numerical study examines typhoons in the northwest Pacific and demonstrates the critical role played by initial vortex structure in TC track and intensity prediction. Upgrading the initial specification of a TC inner-core structure in numerical models is recommended for future TC prediction improvements.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:26:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Vonedirce 2011.pdf: 4881714 bytes, checksum: d1c8bbd4c344b9b79c27aa78e3b2d930 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / The alcohol sector has shown a remarkable process of expansion since 2000, towards the central Cerrado, admittedly favored by situation anchored in renewable energy and defense of national sovereignty. The state of Goias is one of the prime targets of this expansion, since 2004, primarily from 2006 to 2007, and has been concentrating a strong sugar industry in southern Goiás / Southwest Microregion of Quirinópolis (MRQ), where he spent about 4 000 ha more than 150 000 ha planted in the period, with great impact on the local socio-economy, according to previous studies, and subsidiaries of this thesis. This micro-region has favorable soil and climatic characteristics and economic importance of high logistics intra-and inter-regional exports, but the changes in land use and environmental impacts related to this process are still poorly studied. This thesis aims to understand the spatial pattern of expansion of sugarcane and the MRQ, with emphasis on soil and its use changes, considered by many authors as the agricultural frontier expansion of the 1970s, but more organized and capitalized technified, aiming prove the hypothesis that there has been setting a new centrality of the sugarcane industry in the Cerrado, focusing on production of ethanol and bio-energy, multi-scale consequences of which affect, among other things, the other pre-existing supply chains, especially food production. We analyzed in more detail the succession of land uses in the period since 2004, before the arrival of the cane in order to identify the substitution patterns of crops and pastures by the new culture and the potential for direct environmental impacts of sugarcane due observation of pressure on water resources for irrigation purposes and on soils associated with the management system of high technological standards, involving inputs and pesticides, and heavy machinery, among others. The research was based mainly on compiling data and maps, and thematic development of multi-scale cartographic documents, including use of satellite imagery and GIS analysis of census data and detailed study of various impacts on soil and water resources, with sampling Field and laboratory analysis. It is concluded that sugarcane has focused initially on the best land of the MRQ, where it has the best infrastructure in regional / state, where it stood, triumphant, with other uses, in particular, grains (soybeans), and secondarily pastures, in which continues with the current expansion. The process as in the past is supported by federal policy, now the PNE - 2030, and receives federal and state subsidies. It's still fast and plays the same model of previous agricultural expansion, occupation of Savannah in the 1970s, differing, however the fastest and well-planned action of large financial groups and the rapid formation of joint ventures and sugar and alcohol agribusiness complexes horizontal extension of those South-East and even multinationals. These groups previously selected areas where expansion triggered the installation of plants inducing a re-zoning, but retained the strategy of producing agricultural commodities. Finally, it was found that the main direct environmental impacts cultivated areas are the loss of soil biodiversity and water resources soil compaction and increase their resistance to penetration, indicating compression, and it is assumed that there is potential for erosion and also the subsequent contamination of their time, because crop management. It was concluded that MRQ experience, paradoxically, both positive and negative social and environmental impacts arising from a rapidly expanding sugarcane which materialized a new centrality of the space sector in the Central Cerrado, similar to that which occurred in the past the state of São Paulo, but this time relying on an industry already established in the south-southeast and which together make up what is called the polygon of the cane and a new center, as part of this arc expansion of sugar cane, as undeniable and great expression of state and national levels, and gradually reference also becoming international. / O setor sucroalcooleiro vem apresentando um processo notável de expansão desde 2000, rumo ao Cerrado central, reconhecidamente favorecido por conjuntura ancorada na defesa da energia renovável e soberania nacional. O estado de Goiás é um dos alvos preferenciais dessa expansão, desde 2004, principalmente 2006-2007, e vem concentrando uma forte agroindústria canavieira na região Sul Goiano/Sudoeste, Microrregião de Quirinópolis (MRQ), onde passou de cerca de 4 mil ha a mais de 150 mil ha plantados no período, com grande impacto na socioeconomia local, segundo estudos anteriores e subsidiários desta tese. Essa microrregião conta com características edafoclimáticas favoráveis e logísticas de grande relevância econômica intra e inter-regional para exportação, porém as mudanças de uso do solo e impactos ambientais relacionados a esse processo ainda são pouco estudados. A presente tese objetiva compreender o padrão espacial de expansão da cana para e na MRQ, com ênfase em solos e suas mudanças de uso, entendidas por vários autores como expansão da Fronteira Agrícola da década de 1970, porém mais organizada, tecnificada e capitalizada, visando comprovar a hipótese de que aí vem se configurando uma nova centralidade do setor sucroenergético no Cerrado, voltado à produção de etanol e bioenergia, cujas consequências multiescalares afetam, dentre outros aspectos, as demais cadeias produtivas pré-existentes, especialmente de produção de alimentos. Analisou-se com mais detalhe a sucessão de usos do solo no período desde 2004, anterior à chegada da cana, de modo a identificar os padrões de substituição de culturas e pastagens pela nova cultura e o potencial de impactos ambientais diretos da cana devida constatação de pressão sobre os recursos hídricos para fins de irrigação e sobre os solos associados ao sistema de manejo de elevado padrão tecnológico, envolvendo insumos e defensivos, além de maquinaria pesada, dentre outros. A pesquisa baseou-se principalmente na compilação de dados e mapas, e elaboração de documentos cartográficos temáticos multiescalares, incluindo uso de imagens de satélite e SIG, análise de dados censitários diversos e estudo detalhado de impactos através de entrevistas dos principais atores, de descrição e coleta de amostras de solos e recursos hídricos e análise laboratorial. Conclui-se que a cana se concentrou inicialmente nas melhores terras da MRQ, onde conta com a melhor infra-estrutura regional/estadual, e vem concorrendo, vitoriosa, com outros usos, em particular, grãos (soja), e secundariamente pastagens, nas quais prossegue com a expansão atual. O processo, como no passado está amparado em política federal, ora o PNE - 2030, e recebe subsídios federais e estaduais. Ainda está acelerado e reproduz o mesmo modelo de expansão da Fronteira Agrícola anterior, de ocupação do Cerrado dos anos de 1970, diferenciando-se, entretanto pela rápida e mais bem planejada atuação de grandes grupos financeiros e formação rápida de joint ventures e complexos agroindustriais sucroalcooleiros horizontais em extensão daqueles do Sul-Sudeste e mesmo multinacionais. Esses grupos selecionaram previamente as áreas de expansão onde desencadearam a instalação das usinas induzindo um novo zoneamento, mas mantiveram a estratégia de produção de commodities agrícolas. Por fim, constatou-se que os principais impactos ambientais diretos nas áreas cultivadas são a perda de biodiversidade dos solos e dos recursos hídricos a compactação dos solos e a aumento de sua resistência à penetração, indicando compactação, e supõe-se que há potencial de erosão subsequente e também de sua contaminação com o tempo, devido manejo da cultura. Conclui-se também que a MRQ vivencia, paradoxalmente, os impactos socioambientais positivos e negativos decorrentes de uma expansão sucroalcooleira que materializou rapidamente uma nova centralidade espacial do setor no Cerrado Central, similar àquela ocorrida no passado no estado de São Paulo, porém desta feita contando com um setor já consolidado no Sul-Sudeste e que juntos se configuram no que se está chamando de polígono da cana e numa nova centralidade, esta como parte do arco de expansão da cana, já de inegável e grande expressão estadual e nacional, e aos poucos se tornando referência também internacional.

[Truncated abstract] The southwest of Western Australia is an intraplate area classified as a stable continental region. It comprises predominantly Archaean and Proterozoic geology and has generally subdued topography. The region currently experiences significant seismicity in the Southwest Seismic Zone (SWSZ), which is one of the most seismically active areas in Australia and is thought to represent the highest seismic hazard of the region. In recent years, numerous scarps, potentially related to large palaeoearthquakes have been recognised not only within the SWSZ, but also in a broader region of the southwest of Australia. Palaeoseismological investigations of two of these scarps, the Dumbleyung and the Lort River scarps, confirm their association with surface-rupturing palaeoearthquakes and indicate events with likely maximum magnitudes of ~Mw 7.0 on faults of low to medium slip rates. Two trenches across the Dumbleyung Fault scarp revealed a thrust fault in alluvial sediments with two associated earthquakes in the last ca 24-60 ka. A possible Holocene age was recognised for the last recorded earthquake event exposed in these trenches. Two trenches across the Lort River Scarp show that this feature results from thrust faulting in the weathered gneissic country rock. These trenches exposed evidence of two events in the last ca 35 ka, with a likely late Pleistocene age for the last earthquake. On both sites, the earthquakes are interpreted as associated with the last phase of fault activity, which was likely been preceded by a long period of quiescence. Assessment of the earthquake hazard associated with large earthquakes at the Dumbleyung and Lort River Faults resulted in calculated peak ground accelerations of up to 2 g in the near-fault fields. Such earthquakes would significantly affect nearby towns such as Dumbleyung, Wagin, Katanning, and Esperance, but they are unlikely to cause any significant damage in Perth. The palaeoseismological investigations show that the earthquake activity in the southwest of Western Australia is not only confined to the SWSZ, as it has been considered in previous assessments of the seismic hazard, but that there is also potential for strong earthquakes across much of the region. The seismicity in the southwest of Western Australia appears to be transient and migratory. This is suggested by the lack of local relief associated with places of current seismicity and fault scarps, the widespread distribution of the fault scarps across the region, the increase in seismicity in the SWSZ following strong recent events, and the apparent long periods of earthquake recurrence at fault sites. Accordingly, the current seismicity in the SWSZ is inferred to be transient and probably associated with stress changes produced by the recent earthquakes. '...' This uplift could be associated with dynamic topography effects resulting from processes along the plate margins. The uplift is probably enhanced by a flexural response of the lithosphere to local differential loads and density contrast along the southern margin, a mechanism that may also help explain the occurrence of some earthquake activity. The results from this study, complemented by additional palaeoseismological studies must be included in future probabilistic assessments of the seismic hazard of the southwest of Western Australia.

The Chatham Islands are located in the SW Pacific Ocean, approximately 850 km to the east of the South Island of New Zealand. This small group of islands is situated near the eastern margin of the Chatham Rise, an elongated section of submerged continental crust that represents part of the Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic Gondwana accretionary margin. The location and much of the geology of the Chatham Islands are attributed to intra-plate basaltic volcanism, initiated during the Late Cretaceous, in association with development of a failed rifting system to the south of the Chatham Rise. Despite the volcanic nature of much of the geology, the majority of the Cenozoic sedimentary stratigraphic record on the islands comprises non-tropical skeletal carbonate deposits whose deposition was often coeval with submarine volcanics and volcaniclastic deposits. This has resulted in complex stratigraphic relationships, with the volcanic geology exerting a strong influence on the geometry and distribution of the carbonate deposits. These limestones, despite some general field descriptions, have been little studied and are especially poorly understood from a petrographic and diagenetic perspective. The carbonate geology in detail comprises eleven discrete limestone units of Late Cretaceous through to Pleistocene age which were studied during two consecutive field expeditions over the summers of 2005 and 2006. These limestone occurrences are best exposed in scattered coastal outcrops where they form prominent rugged bluffs. While many of the younger (Oligocene to Pliocene) outcrops comprise of poorly exposed, thin and eroded limestone remnants (it;5 m thick), older (Late Paleocene to Early Oligocene) exposures can be up to 100 m in thickness. The character of these limestones is highly variable. In outcrop they display a broad range of textures and skeletal compositions, often exhibit cross-bedding, display differing degrees of porosity occlusion by cementation, and may include rare silicified horizons and evidence of hardground formation. Petrographically the limestones are skeletal grainstones and packstones with a typical compositional makeup of about 70% skeletal material, 10% siliciclasts, and 20% cement/matrix. Localised increases in siliciclastics occur where the carbonates are diluted by locally-derived volcaniclastics. The spectrum of skeletal assemblages identified within the Chatham Island limestones is diverse and appears in many cases to be comparable to the bryozoan dominant types common in mainland New Zealand and mid-latitude Australian cool-water carbonates in general. However, some key departures from the expected cool-water carbonate skeletal makeup have been identified in this study. The occurrence of stromatolitic algal mats in Late Cretaceous and Early Eocene carbonate deposits indicates not cool-temperate, but certainly warm-temperate paleoclimatic conditions. A change to cool-temperate conditions is recorded in the limestone flora/fauna from the mid-Late Miocene times following the development and later northward movement of the Subtropical Front. An uncharacteristic mix of shallow-shelf (bryozoans) and deeper water fauna (planktic foraminifera), together with their highly fragmented and abraded nature, is indicative of the likely remobilisation and redistribution of carbonate, primarily during episodic storm events. The Chatham Islands limestones formed within the relative tectonic stability of an oceanic island setting, which was conducive to ongoing carbonate accumulation throughout much of the Cenozoic. This contrasts markedly with other mainland New Zealand shelf carbonates which formed over sporadic and short-lived geological periods, experiencing greater degrees of burial cementation controlled by a relatively more active tectonic setting. As a consequence of the tectonically stable setting, the Chatham Islands limestones have experienced little burial and exhibit a paucity of burial cementation effects. They remain commonly soft and friable. Detailed petrographic investigations have shown the limestones are variably cemented by rare uneven acicular spar fringes, poorly to well-developed syntaxial rim cements about echinoderm fragments, and equant/blocky microsparite. Staining of thin sections and cathodoluminescence petrography show these spar cement generations are non-ferroan and their very dull- to non-luminescent nature supports precipitation from Mn-poor oxygenated waters, likely of an either meteoric or combined marine/shallow burial origin. Micrite is the dominant intra- and inter-particle pore fill and occurs both as a microbioclastic matrix and as precipitated homogenous and/or micropeloidal cement. The rare fringing cements often seen in association with homogenous and/or micropeloidal micrite may be indicative of true early marine (seafloor) cement precipitation and localised hardground development. An interesting feature of the geology of the Chatham Islands is the occurrence of carbonate material within sedimentary dykes. The locations of the dykes are in association with volcanic and volcaniclastic deposits. Similarities between dyke characteristics at Red Bluff on Chatham Island with mainland occurrences from East Coast and Canterbury Basins (North and South Islands, respectively) on mainland New Zealand have been recognised. They show complex structures including sidewall striations, internal flow structures as revealed by grain sorting, and extra-clast inclusions of previous fill lithologies which are characteristic of carbonate injection. This is in contrast to other dykes which are known to be of a passive fill origin. Multiple phases of carbonate sediment injection can be recognised by crosscutting relationships enabling the determination of a parasequence of events. Possible injection mechanisms are most likely associated with sediment overloading or hydrothermal pressurisation associated with emplacement of submarine volcanics. The Chatham Islands provide an exciting example of a geologically unique and complex non-tropical carbonate depositional setting. The production of carbonates is controlled by volcanic and volcaniclastic sediment input with the types of carbonate deposits and water depth variations related to thermal uplift/subsidence in association with global eustatic sealevel and temperature changes associated with development of Southern Ocean water fronts from the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic. Carbonate deposition on the Chatham Islands is considered to relate to a rather variable and small scale oceanic, high energy, cool-water carbonate ramp setting whose geometry was continually evolving/changing as a consequence of periodic volcanic episodes.