This work motivates the study of open dynamical systems corresponding to the doubling map. In particular, the dynamical properties of the attractor of the doubling map when a symmetric, centred open interval is removed are studied. Using the arithmetical properties of the binary expansion of the points on the boundary of the removed interval, we study properties such as topological transitivity, the specification property and intrinsic ergodicity. The properties of the function that associates to each hole $(a,b)$ the topological entropy of the attractor of the considered dynamical system are also shown. For these purposes, a subshift corresponding to an element of the lexicographic world is associated to each attractor and the mentioned properties are studied symbolically.

A transformative decision rule alters the representation of a decisionproblem, either by changing the sets of acts and states taken intoconsideration, or by modifying the probability or value assignments.Examples of decision rules belonging to this class are the principleof insufficient reason, Isaac Levi’s condition of E-admissibility, Luceand Raiffa’s merger of states-rule, and the de minimis principle. Inthis doctoral thesis transformative decision rules are analyzed froma foundational point of view, and applied to two decision theoreticalproblems: (i) How should a rational decision maker model a decisionproblem in a formal representation (‘problem specification’, ‘formaldescription’)? (ii) What role can transformative decision rules play inthe justification of the principle of maximizing expected utility?The thesis consists of a summary and seven papers. In Papers Iand II certain foundational issues concerning transformative decisionrules are investigated, and a number of formal properties of this classof rules are proved: convergence, iterativity, and permutability. InPaper III it is argued that there is in general no unique representationof a decision problem that is strictly better than all alternative representations.In Paper IV it is shown that the principle of maximizingexpected utility can be decomposed into a sequence of transformativedecision rules. A set of axioms is proposed that together justify theprinciple of maximizing expected utility. It is shown that the suggestedaxiomatization provides a resolution of Allais’ paradox that cannot beobtained by Savage-style, nor by von Neumann and Morgenstern-styleaxiomatizations. In Paper V the axiomatization from Paper IV is furtherelaborated, and compared to the axiomatizations proposed byvon Neumann and Morgenstern, and Savage. The main results in PaperVI are two impossibility theorems for catastrophe averse decisionrules, demonstrating that given a few reasonable desiderata for suchrules, there is no rule that can fulfill the proposed desiderata. In PaperVII transformative decision rules are applied to extreme risks, i.e.to a potential outcome of an act for which the probability is low, butwhose (negative) value is high. / <p>QC 20100622</p>

Foi definido que elementos regulatórios da expressão atrial-específica do promotor da SMyHC3 estão contidos em um elemento complexo de resposta a receptores nucleares (ECRRN). Ensaios de transativação celular indicam que alguns receptores nucleares se ligam nesta região. A partir destes ensaios verificamos a ativação do promotor por um receptor nuclear, o COUP-TFII. Ele regula muitos processos biológicos, como angiogênese e o próprio desenvolvimento atrial. Através da deleção do ECRRN observamos que o promotor não era ativado por COUP-TFII, indicando a sua ligação nessa região. Verificamos ainda que somente o domínio de ligação ao ligante do COUP-TFII é capaz de ativar o promotor, sugerindo a necessidade de uma interação com outros RNs para ativar o promotor. Uma análise proteômica indica que a maioria dos interactores de COUP-TFII está relacionada com complexos reguladores da transcrição e com a via de sinalização do receptor de andrógenos (AR). Ensaios de transativação celular mostram que juntos, COUP-TFII e AR, são capazes de aumentar a ativação do promotor. / It was determined that regulatory elements of the atrial-specific expression of the promoter SMyHC3 are contained in a complex nuclear receptor response element (CNRRE). Cellular transactivation assays indicated certain nuclear receptors (NR) can bind in this region. From these trials, was observed the promoter activation by a nuclear receptor, COUP-TFII. It regulates many biological processes such as angiogenesis and atrial development. Deletion of CNRRE resulted in no activation of the promoter by COUP-TFII, indicating their connection in this region. We also verified that only the ligand binding domain of COUP-TFII is able to activate the promoter, suggesting interaction with other NRs to activate it. A proteomic analysis revealed that most of COUP-TFII partners relates to complexes of transcription regulators and the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. Cell transactivation assays showed that together, COUP - TFII and AR, are able to increase promoter activation.

Automating test processes is becoming more and more up-to-date and one of the reasons is that manual tests are time-consuming and complicated. The aim of the study is to identify the manual test process in integration systems to see if there can be a value in automating them and which requirements can then form the basis of an automation. Pros and cons of both manual and automated tests are highlighted in the study in order to make a fair comparison between them. The advantages of the automation that has been highlighted have since, together with collected empirical data at the company Pulsen Integration, been used to produce a requirement list for automation. The study addresses whether it is worth automating all processes or whether some of the test activities work better as manual. By looking at Pulsen Integration's testing processes, one could see that some flexible processes are better as manual, while more general activities can be more easily automated. The study has had a qualitative approach and the chosen respondents from Pulsen Integration contributed with information to be able to produce a relevant list of requirements. We believe that the result presented can be generalized to companies in similar context.

Packaging have become an environmental problem since mishandling causes pollution, and end-of-life treatments contribute to climate change. Even so, packaging is still necessary in our market system as they protect, distribute and prolong the life of various products. Policy-makers, companies, and the scientific community, are therefore working on different ways to combat the negative impacts of packaging, creating frameworks and strategies to facilitate a sustainable development. However, there seems to be a misalignment in the process of developing packaging with sustainable characteristics, since the realization of sustainable packaging is limited. The aim of this study is therefore to explain the limitation of realized sustainable packaging, by exploring the misalignment in the realization process through a single case study. The empirical data was collected from a company with the ambition of realizing sustainable packaging. Primary data was gathered through open-ended interviews with employees, and through internal and public documents. Furthermore, secondary data regarding the context of sustainable packaging and also scientific studies about packaging, sustainability and product development were reviewed and analyzed. The process of realizing sustainable packaging is regarded as a system that is dependent on outputs from different levels: i) its surrounding environment- the context, ii) the system goal- the strategy, and iii) the internal rules- operational aspects. The study results in three propositions that explain how a misalignment of the different levels causes a limitation of realized sustainable packaging. P1) A misalignment between the sustainable packaging context, and the sustainability strategy, results in a strategy that points in the wrong direction, P2) a misalignment between the sustainability strategy and the requirement specification, might result in greenwashed packaging, and P3) qualitatively ill formulated sustainability requirements might result in a missed target. This study argues that in order to increase the capability of the realization process the levels need to be aligned. Also, that creating qualitatively well formulated requirements might be seen as a tool in the process of realizing sustainable packaging.

Software projects with a larger code base can be hard to maintain, and testing could therefore be a necessity. But how would one prioritize tests in their existing software project, if their project never had any tests? The purpose of this study is to find concrete steps of how to prioritize tests in a software project, independent of project type and development language. Said steps were found through two iterations of the Action Learning method. The results were found without any requirements specification, which lead to using intuition, together with code complexity, to prioritize test cases, after breaking down the project into its modules. As the study was conducted on only one specific software project, the result is limited to that specific software project until further research is conducted.

Utilization of waste as fuel for heat and power production is commonplace in Sweden, and the fossil emissions from the incineration of waste is primarily derived from the share of plastics in the fuel. Reducing the share of fossil material in the fuel should therefore lead to diminished local emissions. Alternatively, district heating with waste incineration have potential for implementation of CCS technology, that have the possibility to create negative emissions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of emission reduction and cost efficiency for three different measures that can be applied for waste incineration: sorting of waste, requirement specification and implementation of CCS technology. This was made with the case of Stockholm Exergi, a district heating actor in the Stockholm region with a desire to achieve emission reduction sufficient to offset additional emissions from a new waste incineration facility in development. The measures were compared by constructing distinct scenarios where the emissions and costs of the scenarios could be found in comparison to a reference case where no measures had been applied. For this, modelling of the properties of the waste streams used as fuel was necessary. The results showed that the capacity for sorting is not sufficient to achieve the desired levels of emission reduction on its own, while it is a cost-efficient measure. Requirement specification together with sorting can reduce the emissions to desired levels, but the required reduction of plastics in the fuel is significant. The additional quantities of waste required to produce energy at the same level as before limiting the shares of plastic results in an income from gate fees that mitigate the potential decrease in value of the gate fees brought on by requirement specification. Implementation of CCS technology would create significant negative emissions and yield overall net negative emissions for the studied facilities, but the cost of the technology would create a dependency of external incentives to keep it profitable.

Food is of great importance to daily life. Food stores and supermarkets are the key places to get food for both the urban and rural populations. This study presents the accessibility of urban and rural food stores in Västerbotten County. A GIS-based analysis created service areas around the food stores using the road network in Västerbotten. These service areas were created for two different forms of transport, driving and public transport. The public transport service areas made us of the GTFS tool within ArcGIS pro. The population within and not within these service areas were counted as having access and not having access to the food stores in the time cost model. Compared to the urban population, the rural population has less access to the food stores in both the driving and public transport service areas. For both the urban and rural populations, accessibility with the car is higher than when taking public transport options.

This diploma thesis deals with analysis of the conformity assessment procedure of a torque converter body with its specification. The individual goals were to analyse the part specification, the current procedure for assessing compliance with the specification and to formulate practical recommendations. The first chapter is the introduction. The second chapter deals with the correct dimensioning of part geometry. In the third chapter, the customer's part specification was analysed. In the fourth chapter, the current conformity assessment procedure was analysed. In the last chapter, practical recommendations were presented.

The presenting master`s thesis is concerned with leveraging the CCI system COMES firm COMPAS as OPC client. It was described data transfer architecture based OPC server OPC Client with OPC specifications and standards. Further, it was done the analysis of OPC servers from different manufacturers. The output of the thesis is conception and testing methodology of communication CCI module mode OPC client and OPC servers from different manufacturers.