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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Solidificação rápida e avaliação de estabilidade de fases de ligas Ti-Si-B / Rapidly solidification and stability evaluation of Ti-Si-B system alloys

Candioto, Katia Cristiane Gandolpho 03 December 2009 (has links)
Materiais com fases intermetálicas têm sido avaliados para aplicações estruturais em altas temperaturas devido à baixa massa específica e interessantes propriedades de resistência mecânica e resistência à oxidação de vários compostos. As ligas de Ti são reconhecidas pela sua excelente combinação de alta-resistência, baixa massa específica e alta resistência à corrosão. Tendo em vista a importância de estudos em temperaturas na faixa de 700 a 1000 oC para futuras aplicações, avaliou-se neste trabalho as relações de fases do sistema Ti-Si-B na região rica em Ti nesta faixa de temperatura. Sabendo-se que a utilização de técnicas de solidificação rápida permite a obtenção de ligas com maior homogeneidade química e microestruturas finas, utilizou-se a técnica \"splat-cooling\" de solidificação rápida para produção das amostras, no sentido de obter microestruturas de equilíbrio em tempos e temperaturas menores nos tratamentos térmicos. As técnicas de microscopia, difração de raios X, análise térmica e dureza foram utilizadas para caracterização dos materiais. O processo de solidificação rápida (\"splat cooling\") promoveu refinamento de microestrutura e formação de fase amorfa em diversas composições de liga com temperaturas de início de cristalização (Tx) na faixa de 524 a 641oC. Foram confirmadas a estabilidade das fases αTi, Ti6Si2B e Ti3Si a 700oC e 1000oC. Os valores de dureza dos discos solidificados rapidamente ficaram na faixa de 434 HV a 1207 HV. / Materials with intermetallic phases have been evaluated for structural applications at high temperatures due to low specific mass and attractive mechanical properties as high-strength and oxidation resistance of various compounds. Ti alloys are recognized for their excellent combination of high-strength, low specific mass and high oxidation resistance. About future applications, studies at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1000 oC are important, we evaluated in this work the phase relationships of the system Ti-Si-B in the Ti-rich region in this temperature range. Knowing that the use of rapid solidification techniques results in alloys with higher chemical homogeneity and fine microstructure, the \"splat-cooling\" technique was used to produce the samples, in order to obtain stable microstructures in lower times and temperatures at the heat treatment. Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and hardness measurement techniques were used for the materials characterization. The rapid solidification - splat cooling promoted the refinement of microstructure and even the formation of amorphous phase in the microstructure of materials with initial temperatures of crystallization (Tx) in the range from 524 to 641oC. We confirmed the stability of the phases αTi, Ti6Si2B and Ti3Si at 700oC and 1000oC. The hardness of the rapidly solidified discs were in the range of 434 HV to 1207 HV.
2

Avaliação e seleção de novas formulações de iscas tóxicas para Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (diptera: tephritidae) em laboratório e em pomares de macieira / Evaluation and selection of new toxic bait formulations for Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) tested in laboratory and apple orchards

Borges, Rafael 30 May 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV11MA082.pdf: 598754 bytes, checksum: 43c782069b53e20aa6e95ab94d5ad243 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-30 / The South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedermann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an important pest in temperate fruit production in Brazil. In apple orchards the insect causes damage to immature fruit, as well as fruits in the final stages of maturation. Control is done through broad spectrum application of phosphate insecticides or with toxic baits; both of which are facing increasing restrictions and limitations in their use. Unfortunately, there are few alternatives to control the South American fruit fly in orchard cultivations. This study compares toxic baits formulations containing a new insecticide, spinosad, to two commercially available baits: Biofruit® + Malathion and Success 0,02 CB®. The experiments were conducted in laboratory with adult A. fraterculus to assess their feeding responses, as well as the durability of each formulation under exposure to radiation and rain. The formulations tested were: a) ANA 01 - (23,0% SPLAT® + 24,2% attractant + 0,1% spinosad), b) ANA 02 - (40,0% SPLAT® + 24,2% attractant + 0,1% spinosad), c) ANA 03 - (49,0% SPLAT® + 24,2% attractant + 0,1% spinosad), d) ANA 04 - (49,0% SPLAT® + 20,2% attractant (less 4% from protein) + 0,1% spinosad), e) ANA 05 - (49,0% SPLAT® + 20,2% attractant (less 4% of sources of carbohydrate) + 0,1% spinosad), f ) Success 0,02 CB® - (attractant + spinosad), g) Malathion 1000 CE (0,15%) + hydrolyzed protein (Biofruit® 3%), and h) control using distilled water only. The efficacy of the formulations containing spinosad (ANA 02 and ANA 03) was equivalent to the commercial standards (Success 0,02 CB® and Biofruit® + Malathion) in terms of feeding responses at 96 hours after delivery of treatments. The ANA 03 and Success 0,02 CB® formulations showed greater resistance to solar radiation compared to the other treatments at 35 days after delivery, resulting in 48% fly mortality. For tests of formulation rain-fastness, all ANA treatments tested were more persistent during 20 mm and 50 mm of rainfall compared to the commercial standard formulations. The ANA 01 and Biofruit® + Malathion® formulations resulted in 50% fly mortality in the shortest amount of time; 6.61 hours and 8.71 hours respectively. The formulations that took the longest to achieve 50% mortality were ANA 03 (15,68 hours) and ANA 04 (15,50 hours). The restriction of protein attractant in the formulations reduced the fly response more so than restricting carbohydrates. The ANA 03 formulation was highly efficient in the control of A. fraterculus, equivalent to Success 0,02 CB® in both feeding responses and resistance to solar radiation, and outperforming all other treatments in terms of rain-fastness. In a second experiment this toxic bait was applied in two organic apple orchards (Gala) in São Joaquim, SC, to evaluate its impact on South American fruit fly populations. The test was conducted during two growing seasons 2009-10 and 2010-11, beginning at the end of thinning when fruits measured 20 mm in diameter, and continued until harvest. The ANA 03 formulation was distributed in the borders on natural vegetation and reapplied every two weeks. Sampling of captured adults was measured weekly in McPhail traps with torula yeast attractant. Damage evaluations were performed at the beginning of the harvest. Application of ANA 03 reduced the South American fruit fly populations by 74,24% and 66,21% in the first and second seasons respectively, when compared with the control fields. Even with a population reduction, the fruit damage did not differ significantly between treatments: ANA 03 (18,31% ±6,72) and control (30,99% ±8,01) in the first season. In the following year, the reduction in fruit damage was significantly different in the treated area (79,67% ±5,83) compared to the control (96,60% ±1,37). The toxic bait formulation ANA 03 has a significant impact on reducing A. fraterculus populations; however, it does not prevent flies from migrating into orchards / A mosca-das-frutas sul-americana Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera:Tephritidae) é uma das pragas de maior importância para a fruticultura de clima temperado no Brasil. Na cultura de macieira o inseto causa danos em frutos imaturos, bem como nos estádios finais de maturação. O controle do inseto é feito através de aplicações inseticidas fosforados em cobertura ou com iscas tóxicas, sendo que poucas alternativas de manejo existem na cultura. Porém o uso de fosforados vem sofrendo restrições progressivas e a busca de novos inseticidas é uma necessidade premente. Este trabalho comparou a eficiência de formulações de iscas tóxicas contendo o inseticida espinosade com dois padrões comerciais Biofrut®+ Malathion e Success 0,02 CB®. As avaliações foram realizadas em laboratório com adultos de A. fraterculus quanto à resposta alimentar dos insetos, resistência dos tratamentos a radiação solar e à chuva. As formulações testadas foram: a) ANA 01 - (SPLAT® 23,00% + atrativo M7 24,20% + espinosade 0,1%); b) ANA 02 (SPLAT® 40,00% + atrativo M7 24,20% + espinosade 0,1%); c) ANA 03 (SPLAT® 49,00% + atrativo M7 24,20% + espinosade 0,1%); d) ANA 04 (SPLAT® 49,00% + atrativo M7 20,20% menos 4% de fontes proteicas + espinosade 0,1%); e) ANA 05 (SPLAT® 49,00% + atrativo M7 20,20% menos 4% de fontes de carboidrato (açúcar) + espinosade 0,1%); f) Success 0,02 CB® - (atrativos + espinosade); g) Malathion 1000 CE (0,15%) + proteína hidrolisada (Biofruit® 3%) e h) Testemunha água destilada. A eficiência das novas formulações contendo espinosade (ANA 02 e ANA 03) foram equivalentes aos padrões comerciais (Success 0,02 CB® e Biofruit®+ Malathion) quanto a resposta alimentar em 96 HAF (horas após o fornecimento dos tratamentos). Para os testes de resistência à irradiação solar as formulações ANA 03 e Success 0,02 CB® foram superiores aos demais tratamentos 35 DAF (dias após o fornecimento). Quanto ao efeito da chuva observou-se que as formulações ANA foram superiores aos demais tratamentos tanto para lâminas de 20 mm, como de 50 mm de chuvas. As iscas tóxicas ANA 01 e Biofruit®+ Malathion apresentaram os menores valores de TL (tempo letal) 50 com 6,61 e 8,71 horas respectivamente. Os maiores valores de TL50 foram registrados para as formulações ANA 03 (15,68 horas) e ANA 04 (15,50 horas). A restrição de atrativos proteicos nas iscas tóxicas reduz a resposta alimentar dos insetos com maior intensidade que a de carboidratos (açúcares). A formulação ANA 03 apresentou alta capacidade no controle de Anastrepha fraterculus sendo equivalente a isca comercial Success 0,02 CB® nos testes de resposta alimentar e resistência a radiação. Nos testes com chuva simulada, o tratamento ANA 03 foi superior aos demais tratamentos. Esta formulação foi utilizada em pomares orgânicos de macieira na região de São Joaquim, SC para avaliação do efeito de aplicações da isca na borda do pomar sobre populações da mosca-das-frutas. As avaliações foram conduzidas durante duas safras (2009/2010 e 2010/2011), com aplicações iniciadas após o fim do raleio - frutos com até 20 mm de diâmetro e conduzidas até a colheita da cultivar Gala. A isca foi distribuída nas plantas espontâneas da periferia dos pomares e reaplicada quinzenalmente. A amostragem de adultos foi feita semanalmente com armadilhas McPhail e atrativo torula. As avaliações de danos em frutos foram feitas em plantas marcadas no início da colheita. As aplicações reduziram as populações de adultos da mosca-das-frutas capturados nas armadilhas em 74,24% e 66,21% na primeira e segunda safra respectivamente, em comparação com a área testemunha. Mesmo com a redução nos níveis populacionais, os danos em frutos não diferenciaram significativamente entre os tratamentos com isca (18,31%±6,72) e testemunha (30,99%±8,01) na primeira safra. No segundo ano a redução de danos foi significativa na área tratada (79,67%±5,83) em comparação com a testemunha (96,60%±1,37). Conclui-se que a isca tóxica ANA 03 tem efeito sobre as populações do inseto, mas não impede o acesso das moscas-das-frutas às áreas de produção resultando em danos significativos nos frutos
3

Solidificação rápida e avaliação de estabilidade de fases de ligas Ti-Si-B / Rapidly solidification and stability evaluation of Ti-Si-B system alloys

Katia Cristiane Gandolpho Candioto 03 December 2009 (has links)
Materiais com fases intermetálicas têm sido avaliados para aplicações estruturais em altas temperaturas devido à baixa massa específica e interessantes propriedades de resistência mecânica e resistência à oxidação de vários compostos. As ligas de Ti são reconhecidas pela sua excelente combinação de alta-resistência, baixa massa específica e alta resistência à corrosão. Tendo em vista a importância de estudos em temperaturas na faixa de 700 a 1000 oC para futuras aplicações, avaliou-se neste trabalho as relações de fases do sistema Ti-Si-B na região rica em Ti nesta faixa de temperatura. Sabendo-se que a utilização de técnicas de solidificação rápida permite a obtenção de ligas com maior homogeneidade química e microestruturas finas, utilizou-se a técnica \"splat-cooling\" de solidificação rápida para produção das amostras, no sentido de obter microestruturas de equilíbrio em tempos e temperaturas menores nos tratamentos térmicos. As técnicas de microscopia, difração de raios X, análise térmica e dureza foram utilizadas para caracterização dos materiais. O processo de solidificação rápida (\"splat cooling\") promoveu refinamento de microestrutura e formação de fase amorfa em diversas composições de liga com temperaturas de início de cristalização (Tx) na faixa de 524 a 641oC. Foram confirmadas a estabilidade das fases αTi, Ti6Si2B e Ti3Si a 700oC e 1000oC. Os valores de dureza dos discos solidificados rapidamente ficaram na faixa de 434 HV a 1207 HV. / Materials with intermetallic phases have been evaluated for structural applications at high temperatures due to low specific mass and attractive mechanical properties as high-strength and oxidation resistance of various compounds. Ti alloys are recognized for their excellent combination of high-strength, low specific mass and high oxidation resistance. About future applications, studies at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1000 oC are important, we evaluated in this work the phase relationships of the system Ti-Si-B in the Ti-rich region in this temperature range. Knowing that the use of rapid solidification techniques results in alloys with higher chemical homogeneity and fine microstructure, the \"splat-cooling\" technique was used to produce the samples, in order to obtain stable microstructures in lower times and temperatures at the heat treatment. Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and hardness measurement techniques were used for the materials characterization. The rapid solidification - splat cooling promoted the refinement of microstructure and even the formation of amorphous phase in the microstructure of materials with initial temperatures of crystallization (Tx) in the range from 524 to 641oC. We confirmed the stability of the phases αTi, Ti6Si2B and Ti3Si at 700oC and 1000oC. The hardness of the rapidly solidified discs were in the range of 434 HV to 1207 HV.
4

Plasma spray deposition of polymer coatings

Bao, Yuqing January 1995 (has links)
This work investigates the feasibility of the use of plasma spray deposition as a method of producing high performance polymer coatings. The work concentrates on the understanding of the processing of the plasma spraying of polymers, the behaviour of polymeric materials during deposition, and the study of process-structure-properties relationships. Processing modelling for the three stages of the evolution of a polymer deposit (droplet-splat-coating) has been carried out using heat transfer theory. A theoretical model is proposed which consists of three parts: the first part predicts the temperature profile of in-flight particles within plasma jet, the second part predicts the cooling of isolated splats impacting on a substrate and the third part, the heat transfer through the coating thickness. The heat transfer analysis predicts that the development of large temperature gradients within the particle is a general characteristics of polymers during plasma spraying. This causes difficulties for polymer particles to be effectively molten within the plasma jet without decomposition. The theoretical calculations have predicted the effect of processing parameters on the temperature, the degree of melting and decomposition of in-flight polymer particles. With the aid of the model, the conditions for the preparation of high integrity thermoplastic deposits have been established by the control of the plasma arc power, plasma spraying distance, feedstock powder injection, torch traverse speed and feedstock particle size. The optimal deposition conditions are designed to produce effective particle melting in the plasma, extensive flow on impact, and minimal thermal degradation. The experimental work on optimizing processing parameters has confirmed the theoretical predictions. Examination of polymer coating structures reveals that the major defects are unmelted particles, cracks and pores. Five major categories of pores have been classified. It also revealed a significant loss in crystallinity and the presence of a minor metastable phase in the plasma deposited polyamide coatings due to rapid solidification. The study has indicated that the molecular weight of a polymer plays an important role on the splat flow and coating structure. Under non-optimal deposition condition, substantial thermal degradation occurred for which a chain scission mechanism is proposed for plasma deposited polyamide coatings. There are difficulties in achieving cross-linking during plasma spray deposition of thermosets. The theoretical calculations predict that adequate cross-linking is unlikely in a coating deposited under normal conditions, but preheating the substrate to above the cross-linking temperature improves the degree of cross-linking of the coatings substantially. In addition, the coating thickness has a major effect on the degree of cross-linking of thermosets. The calculations also predict that lowering the thermal conductivity by applying a thermal barrier undercoat and using a faster curing agent to reduce time required for the cross-linking reaction can improve the degree of cross-linking of thermoset deposits. The experimental results for the degree of cross-linking and wear resistance confirmed these predictions.
5

Influence des conditions d'impact sur l'adhérence de cuivre projeté dynamiquement sur de l'aluminium

Guetta, Serge 02 February 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Lors de la projection dynamique par gaz froid, nommée " cold spray ", les particules sont accélérées aérodynamiquement et maintenues à l'état solide jusqu'au moment de l'impact sur le substrat. L'empilement de ces particules constitue le revêtement dont l'adhérence représente un paramètre déterminant quant à la qualité des pièces industrielles. L'enjeu de cette étude est la compréhension et la quantification de l'adhérence interfaciale par l'analyse de la phase d'accrochage des premières particules dispersées à la surface du substrat, en fonction des conditions d'impact. Vitesse d'impact, température de préchauffage et oxydation des surfaces mises en contact ont, en effet, une influence directe sur les phénomènes survenant à l'interface donc sur l'adhérence. Cette étude propose une méthode permettant de relier les conditions de projection aux conditions d'impact, aux mécanismes survenant entre la particule et le substrat durant l'impact et, enfin, au niveau d'adhérence des particules correspondantes. Pour cela, les conditions d'impact ont été déterminées par l'utilisation conjointe de techniques expérimentales et de modélisations numériques. Les températures locales et les pressions de contact alors induites à l'interface durant l'impact ont été calculées par simulation numérique. Des analyses fines par transmission ont été réalisées afin d'étudier les phénomènes survenant le long de l'interface, en fonction des conditions d'impact. Enfin, les niveaux d'adhérence correspondants ont été obtenus par une utilisation originale de l'essai LASAT (LAser Shock Adhesion Test). Les phénomènes responsables de l'adhésion ont ainsi pu être mis en évidence et leur influence quantifiée.

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