Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 992783 bytes, checksum: 865bebc902b66a9a2f40688ff9d50a96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Brazil is the second world soybean producer. Currently, the main limiting factor in this crop production is the Asian soybean rust (ASR) whose etiologic agent is the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi. The rust fungi are obligate parasites that during their interaction with the plant, they secrete effector proteins that manipulate host metabolism and interfere with their defense responses. Some of these effector proteins, called Avr proteins, are recognized by encoded proteins by resistant R genes, which usually trigger a hypersensitivity response (HR) and resistance phenotype. At least, there are five described R genes (Rpp1 to Rpp5) that confer resistance to ASR and several genes that encode secreted proteins by this fungus were recently identified. However, the effector proteins (Avr) recognized by encoded proteins by Rpp genes were not identified yet. Since there is not a transformation assay protocol for P. pachyrhizi, a strategy to identify this fungus Avr proteins is the transient expression of R proteins in resistant varieties cytoplasm and the observation of a possible HR response. Thus, the specific objectives of this work were: to try to establish a methodology for transient expression in soybean by agroinfiltration using the gene GUSPlus as reporter gene; to establish a protocol for translocation of effector proteins by the type III secretion system (SST3) of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea race 4 (Psg4), and also to evaluate the effector activity of candidate genes in soybean resistant genotypes to the isolate PPUFV02 of P. pachyrhizi. There was no expression of the gene GUSPlus in Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 infiltrated soybean leaves, while using the same inoculum preparation and concentration of bacterial cells, there was a consistent expression of the gene GUSPlus in tobacco. This result derailed the use of agroinfiltration in the functional study of candidate genes in soybean effectors. All soybean genotypes evaluated were susceptible to Psg4, demonstrating that the viability to use this bacterial on functional analysis of candidate effector proteins mediated by SST3. Better symptoms reproducibility was observed with inoculation by vacuum infiltration of Psg4 in a bacterial concentration of OD600 = 0,01, for allowing a gradually symptoms analysis. The encoded protein by avrB gene is recognized by the RPG1 gene product, which is present in some genotypes of soybean. The construction pVSP61-avrB was able to induce HR in the genotype Williams 82, that contains the corresponding gene RPG1 and to induce it in the genotypes Conquista and PI 459025. This result allowed the use of this construction as a positive control for functional analysis of P. pachyrhizi putative effector proteins. Because of this, 12 sequences were cloned into vector pEDV6. This vector allows the expression of proteins of interest fused to secretion signal sequences by SST3, aiming its subsequent translocation into the cytosol. Nine from the constructions with pEDV6-PHPA_RSP transformed into Psg4 were submitted to functional analysis. The inoculated plants varied in severity of observed symptoms and no HR phenotype was observed. Instead, it was observed reduction, increase or absence of a significant change in the symptoms evolution of genotype-dependent manner in treated plants. These studies allowed a first screening of P. pachyrhizi effector candidates, selecting the candidates PHPA_RSP_71 and PHPA_RSP_78 as the most promising candidates for further detailed analysis. / O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor mundial de soja. Atualmente, o principal fator limitante na produção desta cultura é a ferrugem asiática da soja (FAS), cujo agente etiológico é o fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Os fungos causadores das ferrugens são parasitas obrigatórios que durante sua interação com a planta secretam proteínas efetoras que manipulam o metabolismo do hospedeiro e interferem com suas respostas de defesa. Algumas dessas proteínas efetoras, denominadas proteínas Avr, são reconhecidas pelas proteínas codificadas por genes de resistência R, o que desencadeia a resposta de hipersensibilidade (HR) e fenótipo de resistência. Já foram descritos pelo menos cinco genes R (Rpp1 a Rpp5) que conferem resistência a FAS e vários genes que codificam proteínas secretadas por esse fungo foram recentemente identificados. Todavia, ainda não foram identificadas as proteínas efetoras (Avr) reconhecidas pelas proteínas codificadas pelos genes Rpp. Como não existe ainda um sistema de transformação para P. pachyrhizi, uma estratégia para identificar as proteínas Avr desse fungo é a expressão transiente das proteínas efetoras candidatas no citoplasma de variedades resistentes e a observação do possível desencadeamento de resposta de HR. Desta forma, os objetivos específicos deste trabalho foram tentar estabelecer uma metodologia de expressão transiente em soja via agroinfiltração utilizando como gene repórter o gene GUSPlus; estabelecer um protocolo de translocação de proteínas efetoras via sistema de secreção tipo III (SST3) de Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea raça 4 (Psg4), e também avaliar a atividade efetora de genes candidatos em genótipos de soja resistentes ao isolado monopustular PPUFV02 de P. pachyrhizi. Não se observou a expressão do gene GUSPlus em folhas de soja agroinfiltradas com Agrobacterium tumefaciens estirpe EHA105, enquanto que utilizando do mesmo preparo de inóculo e concentração de células bacterianas, observou-se a expressão consistente do gene GUSPlus em tabaco. Este resultado invibializou o uso de agroinfiltração no estudo funcional de genes efetores candidatos na soja. Todos os genótipos de soja avaliados foram suscetíveis a Psg4, demonstrando a vialibilidade do uso desta bactéria na análise funcional de proteínas candidatas a efetores mediada por SST3. Melhor reprodutibilidade de sintomas foi observada com a inoculação por infiltração a vácuo de Psg4 numa concentração bacteriana de OD600=0,01, por permitir uma análise dos sintomas de forma gradual. O produto do gene avrB é reconhecido pela produto do gene RPG1, presente em alguns genótipos de soja. A construção pVSP61-avrB, foi capaz de induzir HR no genótipo Williams 82, que contêm o gene RPG1 correspondente, e nos genótipos Conquista e PI 459025. Este resultado permitiu o uso desta construção como controle positivo para a análise funcional de proteínas efetoras putativas de P. pachyrhizi. Assim, 12 sequências foram clonadas no vetor pEDV6. Este vetor permite a expressão de proteínas de interesse fusionadas a sequências-sinais de secreção via SST3, visando a sua posterior translocação para o citosol. Nove das construções com pEDV6-PHPA_RSP transformadas em Psg4 foram submetidas à análise funcional. As plantas inoculadas variaram quanto à severidade dos sintomas observados e não foi constatado fenótipo de HR. Ao invés disso, nos tratamentos foi observado redução, aumento ou ausência de alteração significativa na evolução dos sintomas, de maneira genótipo-dependente. Esses estudos permitiram uma primeira triagem de candidatos a efetores de P. pachyrhizi, selecionando os candidatos PHPA_RSP_71 e PHPA_RSP_78 como os mais promissores para estudos futuros mais detalhados.

Les bactéries entéropathogènes du genre Salmonella et Shigella sont transmises par les aliments ou l’eau et sont responsables de nombreuses infections entériques chez les animaux et les humains. Ces maladies infectieuses restent une cause importante de morbidité et de mortalité dans les pays en voie de développement. L’existence de multiples sérotypes de Salmonella et de Shigella ainsi que l’émergence de souches résistantes aux antibiotiques, nécessite le développement de vaccins efficaces et large spectre. Ces bactéries utilisent un système d’injection de leurs protéines effectrices, appelé injectisome ou encore Système de Sécrétion de Type III (SST3), nécessaire à leur pathogénicité. Alors que les protéines effectrices injectées au moyen de cet injectisome sont variées et dépendent essentiellement du type cellulaire cible et donc de la spécificité du pathogène, certaines des protéines structurales composant l’injectisome sont relativement bien conservées parmi les différentes bactéries pathogènes, notamment les protéines de l’aiguille : PrgI et MxiH, et celles de la coiffe de l’aiguille : SipD et IpaD, respectivement de Salmonella et Shigella. Ces protéines, fortement impliquées dans la virulence des bactéries, semblent donc être des cibles de choix pour lutter contre des infections opportunistes impliquant ces bactéries pathogènes.Le premier objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer l’immunogénicité et l’effet protecteur des protéines structurales de l’injectisome citées précédemment contre les infections à Salmonella et Shigella. Les protéines recombinantes préparées et produites au laboratoire ont été utilisées de façon séparée ou en combinaison pour immuniser des souris par différentes routes. Ensuite, les réponses immunitaires des souris ainsi immunisées ont été analysées par des tests immunométriques. Enfin, le potentiel immunogène et vaccinant de ces protéines structurales a été évalué en infectant les souris immunisées avec 100 DL50 de Salmonella par voie orale ou de Shigella par voie intranasale. Le meilleur résultat a été obtenu en utilisant la voie intra-gastrique pour les immunisations avec environ 70% de protection. Cette stratégie a permis également d’évaluer la pertinence de cette approche vaccinale dans un modèle murin de protection croisée (entre 25 et 60%). Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer le pouvoir protecteur d’anticorps monoclonaux murins reconnaissant les régions conservées des protéines SipD et IpaD. Les anticorps obtenus ont été caractérisés et leur pouvoir neutralisant a été évalué in vivo dans un modèle murin d’infection avec Salmonella ou Shigella (jusqu’à 60% de protection).L’ensemble de ces travaux montre que l’utilisation de certaines protéines structurales conservées de l’injectisome de bactéries entéropathogènes présente un intérêt vaccinal et immunothérapeutique pour aider au traitement de certaines salmonelloses et shigelloses. / Salmonella and Shigella species are food and water borne pathogens that are responsible for enteric infections in both humans and animals. These infectious diseases are still the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the emerging countries. The existence of multiple Salmonella and Shigella serotypes as well as the emergence of antibio- resistant strains, require the development of protective and broad-spectrum vaccines. All these bacteria utilize a system for injection of their effectors, called injectisome or Type III Secretion System (T3SS), necessary for their pathogenicity. While effector proteins are varied and depend essentially on the cellular target and thus on the specificity of the pathogen, the structural proteins that form the injectisome are common to all virulent Salmonella and Shigella spp., particularly the needle proteins PrgI and MxiH and the needle-tip proteins SipD and IpaD of Salmonella and Shigella respectively. These proteins, strongly involved in the virulence of the bacteria, appear to be ideal candidate antigens for a subunit-based, broad spectrum vaccine.The first aim of my PhD was to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of structural proteins of the above-mentioned injectisome against Salmonella and Shigella infections. The recombinant proteins were prepared and produced in the laboratory and were used alone or in combination to immunize mice using different routes. The immune responses of immunized mice were then analyzed by immunometric assays. Finally, the protective efficacy was evaluated in a mouse model of intestinal (Salmonella) or pulmonary (Shigella) challenge. The best result was obtained by orogastric immunization with 70% of protection. This strategy also allowed to estimate the relevance of this approach in a mouse model of crossed protection (from 25 to 60%). The second objective of my PhD was to evaluate the protective efficacy of murine monoclonal antibodies recognizing conserved regions of SipD and IpaD proteins. The obtained antibodies were characterized and their therapeutic effect was evaluated in vivo with a Salmonella and Shigella infection murine model (up to 60% of protection).To conclude, this work showed that some conserved structural proteins composing the injectisome of enteropathogenic bacteria is of interest for treatment of enteric diseases caused by Salmonella and Shigella.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Yersinia pestis sont responsables d'infections graves chez les individus immunodéprimés et de la peste, respectivement. Leur pathogénicité repose sur de nombreux facteurs de virulence dont le système de sécrétion de type III (SST3) qui a une action prépondérante lors d'infections aiguës. Le SST3 est composé d'une base ancrée dans la double membrane bactérienne, d'une aiguille creuse érigée à la surface et d'un pore de translocation inséré dans la membrane de la cellule hôte permettant à la bactérie d'y injecter des toxines. L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude de l'interactome de l'antigène protecteur V, PcrV chez P. aeruginosa et LcrV chez Y. pestis. Celui-ci est situé au sommet de l'aiguille et est nécessaire au processus de translocation des toxines. L'étude des propriétés biochimiques de la protéine in vitro nous a permis de mettre en évidence sa capacité à former des oligomères présentant une structure en forme d'anneaux. Les multimères ont été observés par chromatographie d'exclusion de taille, gel natif, spectrométrie de masse native et MET. Leur formation est dépendante de la présence de l'hélice α12 C terminale de PcrV et de l'intégrité de ses résidus hydrophobes. Le processus d'assemblage de la protéine est nécessaire à sa fonction in vivo : des mutants qui sont incapables d'oligomériser perdent leur cytotoxicité envers les cellules eucaryotes. <br />Puis, l'interaction directe entre PcrV et la sous unité formant l'aiguille, PscF, a été mise en évidence in vitro par co-purification. De plus, deux mutants ponctuels de PscF dont le phénotype présente un défaut de translocation se sont montrés défectueux pour la liaison avec PcrV. Enfin, l'hélice C terminale de PscF est échangeable avec l'hélice α12 C terminale de PcrV comme l'atteste la capacité de polymérisation d'un hybride créé entre ces deux protéines, suggérant un rôle de celle-ci dans la formation du complexe F-V. L'ensemble de ces études montre que l'assemblage multimérique des antigènes V ainsi que leur position au sommet de l'aiguille sont des éléments essentiels à leur fonction, avec un rôle prépondérant de l'hélice α12 C terminale de PcrV. Ces conclusions pourraient permettre de mieux cibler les développements futurs de nouveaux vaccins ou agents antimicrobiens.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa est un bacille gram négatif, ubiquiste de l'environnement. Ce pathogène opportuniste humain provoque sous sa forme planctonique des infections aiguës dont le facteur de virulence clé est le SST3. P. aeruginosa peut aussi se développer sous forme de biofilm où elle exprime entre autre le SST6-1 et induire des infections chroniques. L'expression ciblée des différents facteurs de virulence est liée à l'intégration de nombreux stimuli environnementaux transduits au moyen de systèmes à deux composants ou encore de messagers secondaires, comme le di-GMPc et l'AMPc, et conduisant à une régulation très fine, conférant une grande capacité d'adaptation à la bactérie. La nature, de même que les mécanismes impliqués dans la transduction du signal, n'ont pas encore été tous identifiés à ce jour. Le but de cette thèse était de décrypter ces mécanismes moléculaires de détection et de transduction du signal gouvernant la réponse adaptative de ce pathogène à son environnement au moyen de différentes approches : chémogénomique, mutagénèse aléatoire et d'étude d'isolat clinique. Lors de cette thèse, nous avons criblé deux chimiothèques commerciales à la recherche de molécules activatrices du SST3 et du SST6-1 et nous avons pu établir un test de criblage à haut débit robuste pour les criblages de plus larges banques de composés. En utilisant une souche avec deux rapporteurs, nous avons réalisé une banque de mutants par transposons et nous avons trouvé des mutants affectés dans leur expression du SST3, candidats intéressants pour identifier de nouveaux régulateurs du système. Enfin, grâce à l'analyse de l'isolat clinique CHA (issu d'un patient atteint de mucoviscidose), nous avons découvert qu'une délétion dans le gène codant pour le régulateur majeur GacS définissait le phénotype agressif de cette souche. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative bacillum present in several places. This opportunistic pathogen has the capacity to infect a wide range of hosts: plants, animals, humans. This bacterium, that shows an impressive adaptability relying on a multifactorial virulence, possesses two lifestyles. These lifestyles are associated with specific virulence patterns of expression. Under its planktonic form, P. aeruginosa can provoke acute infections thanks to the activation of T2 and T3SS or induces chronic infections in cystic fibrosis patients' lungs where it establishes a biofilm (communautary life). The expression of virulence factors is linked to the integration of several environmental cues that are transduced through two-component systems and secondary messengers like c-di-GMP and that lead to a fine tuned regulation. The nature and the mechanisms involved in this signal transduction remain largely unknown. The goal of this thesis was to decipher molecular mechanisms of signal detection and transduction that govern the adaptive pathogen response to host environment using the combination of a chemogenomics, random mutagenesis and study of clinical isolate. During this work, we screened two commercial libraries and set up a robust high throughput screening test to analyse huge molecules libraries. By setting up a double reporter-gene strain, we realized a transposon mutagenesis bank and identified interesting candidates with a down-regulated T3SS. Finally, the study of the particular clinical isolate CHA (from a cystic fibrosis patient), leads to the discovery that a deletion in the gene encoding for the important regulator GacS shapes the aggressive phenotype of this strain.

Submitted by JULIE ANNE ESPÍNDOLA AMORIM (julie__anne@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-05T18:33:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_23-03-18-final_corrigida_05-06-2018_Juliecorrigidapdf.pdf: 3073465 bytes, checksum: 1673cd431dca7fe8472ab9ce8185182f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-06-05T18:59:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amorim_jae_dr_jabo.pdf: 3073465 bytes, checksum: 1673cd431dca7fe8472ab9ce8185182f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T18:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amorim_jae_dr_jabo.pdf: 3073465 bytes, checksum: 1673cd431dca7fe8472ab9ce8185182f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O cancro cítrico tipo A, causado pela bactéria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XccA), é uma das doenças de citros mais importantes, afetando todas as cultivares comerciais, para a qual não existem ainda estratégias de controle eficientes. Os genes ntrB e ntrC codificam, respectivamente, a histidina quinase (HK) e o regulador de respostas (RR), pertencentes a um sistema de dois componentes (TCSs), que atuam no sistema regulador de nitrogênio (NTR). Porém, o possível papel desses genes na virulência da XccA e de outros fitopatógenos ainda não foi elucidado. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos dos genes ntrB e ntrC no desenvolvimento do cancro cítrico em limão-cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck), bem como a possível relação desses genes com a regulação da expressão de genes do sistema de secreção tipo 3 (SST3), considerado um dos principais fatores de virulência da XccA. Os mutantes ΔntrB e ΔntrC foram obtidos pela técnica de mutagênese sítio-dirigida por reação em cadeia da polimerase de extensão por sobreposição. A mutação dos genes causou redução na sintomatologia do cancro cítrico e diminuição da população bacteriana no espaço intercelular do tecido foliar da planta. A análise das curvas de crescimento in vitro revelou que a ausência do gene ntrB não alterou a viabilidade da bactéria, enquanto a mutação do gene ntrC afetou o “fitness” bacteriano em meio de cultura NB. Análises in vitro indicaram que o mutante ΔntrC formou duas vezes mais biofilme e produziu cinco vezes mais goma xantana do que a XccA 306 in vitro. A expressão dos genes (hpa1, hrpG, hrpX, hrpE, hrpW e hrpD6) do SST3 avaliados foi significativamente maior (p < 0,05) no mutante ΔntrC do que na XccA 306 e no ΔntrB, indicando que ntrC possa atuar na regulação do SST3. Porém, o nível de expressão desses genes no mutante ΔntrB não apresentou diferença significativa (p > 0,05) em relação à XccA 306. A modelagem molecular revelou semelhança estrutural entre as regiões receptoras de NtrC e HrpG, sugerindo que a fosforilação de HrpG por NtrB possa ocorrer in vivo. Em síntese, os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que a mutação dos genes ntrB e ntrC afeta o desenvolvimento do cancro cítrico em limão-cravo e que o gene ntrC pode atuar na regulação dos mecanismos de formação de biofilme, produção de goma xantana e expressão de genes do SST3 e/ou que a ausência desse gene ocasione um desequilíbrio celular na XccA 306, resultando na alteração desses mecanismos, enquanto NtrB pode apresentar papel na regulação de genes do SST3 por meio da fosforilação de HrpG. / The citrus canker type A, provoked by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XccA), is one of themost important citrus diseases, affecting all the commercial cultivars, for which there are no effective control strategies. The ntrB and ntrC genes encode a histidine kinase (HK) and the response regulator (RR), respectively, belong to a two-component system (TCSs), related to the nitrogen regulatory system (NTR). However, the possible role of ntrB and ntrC genes in the virulence of XccA and other phytopathogens has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the ntrB and ntrC genes on the development of citrus canker in rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck), as well as the possible relation of ntrB and ntrC genes with the regulation of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) gene expression, which is considered one of the main virulence factors of XccA. The ΔntrB and ΔntrC were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis through overlap extension polymerase chain reaction. The mutation of the ntrB and ntrC genes caused a reduction of the citrus canker symptoms, and decrease of the bacterial population in the intracellular space of the foliar tissue of the plant. In vitro growth curves analysis revealed that the ΔntrB did not affect the viability of the bacterium, whereas the ΔntrC affected the bacterial fitness in NB culture medium. In vitro analysis indicated that the ΔntrC formed 2x more biofilm, and produced 5x xanthan gum compared to the XccA 306. The T3SS related genes (hpa1, hrpG, hrpX, hrpE, hrpW and hrpD6) expression was significantly higher (p <0.05) in the ΔntrC than in the XccA 306 and the ΔntrB, indicating that ntrC can modulate the regulation of T3SS. However, the level of expression of these genes in the ΔntrB did not differ (p> 0.05) in relation to the XccA 306. Molecular modeling revealed structural similarity between NtrC and HrpG receptors motifs, suggesting that phosphorylation of HrpG by NtrB may occur in vivo. Overall, the results obtained in this study strongly suggest that the mutation of the ntrB and ntrC genes affect the development of rangpur lime citrus canker and that ntrC gene may play an important role in the regulation of the mechanisms of biofilm formation, xanthan gum production and T3SS gene expression and/or that the absence of this gene causes a cellular imbalance in XccA 306 resulting in the alteration of these mechanism, whereas the NtrB may have a role with the regulation of T3SS genes by phosphorylation of HrpG. / 3385/2013

Les bactéries du genre Shigella sont responsables de la shigellose, une maladie diarrhéique invasive du colon. L’entrée et la dissémination de Shigella à travers l’épithélium colique sont médiées par un système de sécrétion de type III (SST3) codé par un plasmide de virulence. Au sein de ce plasmide se trouve une région de 30-kb comportant les gènes impliqués dans l’entrée de la bactérie dans les cellules hôtes. Ces gènes sont regroupés en deux loci :le locus ipa-ipg qui code pour les protéines sécrétées et leurs chaperons ainsi que le locus mxi-spa codant pour les composants de l’appareil de sécrétion de type III (AST3), constitué d’un bulbe cytoplasmique, d’un corps basal transmembranaire et d’une aiguille se projetant au niveau extracellulaire. Ce système permet la sécrétion ordonnée et hiérarchique de différentes classes de protéines et la translocation de certaines d’entre elles (appelées effecteurs) dans le cytoplasme de la cellule hôte où elles interfèrent avec les voies de signalisation cellulaires. Avant le contact avec la cellule hôte, l’AST3 est inactif et verrouillé par les protéines IpaB et IpaD formant le complexe d’extrémité.<p>Chez Shigella, le gatekeeper MxiC séquestre les effecteurs au niveau du cytoplasme bactérien avant la transmission par l’aiguille du signal d’activation de la sécrétion mais les composants intermédiaires liant l’aiguille à MxiC restaient inconnus. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons montré que MxiC forme un complexe avec la sous-unité de la tige interne, MxiI, afin de bloquer l’entrée du canal de sécrétion et que cette interaction est conservée chez Yersinia et Salmonella. Nous démontrons que, suite au contact cellulaire, la dissociation de ce complexe facilite le switch de sécrétion des translocateurs aux effecteurs. Nos résultats révèlent également que MxiC est capable de s’associer au chaperon IpgC afin de réguler la sécrétion des translocateurs. De plus, nous avons identifié les domaines de MxiC engagés dans la régulation du SST3 et rapporté un nouveau rôle de MxiC dans l’échappement aux macrophage impliquant une possible inhibition de la voie apoptotique classique afin de promouvoir une pyroptose. Chez Shigella, IpaD gouverne la composition du complexe d’extrémité et est impliqué dans la régulation de la sécrétion. Nous avons développé une étude phénotypique de ses régions coiled-coil et centrale et montré que la composition du complexe d’extrémité permet de définir à la fois l’état d’inductibilité de l’AST3 et la sécrétion des effecteurs tardifs. Par ailleurs, notre étude fonctionnelle des domaines de MxiC et IpaD suggère que les capacités de Shigella à échapper au macrophage et à insérer un pore de translocation ne sont pas strictement couplées. <p>La dernière partie de ce travail s’est focalisée sur la caractérisation de la protéine Spa13 de Shigella. Nous avons découvert que le défaut de sécrétion du mutant spa13 est dû à l’instabilité de la sous-unité MxiH de l’aiguille et que Spa13 n’est pas sécrété par le SST3. Nos résultats indiquent également un rôle de Spa13 dans l’escorte de chaperons et l’activation de l’appareil d’exportation afin de promouvoir la sécrétion des substrats./Shigella is the causative agent of shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery, an invasive disease of the human colonic epithelium. During infection, Shigella uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to penetrate enterocytes and to disseminate into the colonic epithelium, leading to destruction of the mucosal lining and shigellosis symptoms. Most of the virulence factors of Shigella are encoded by a large plasmid harboring a 30-kb region that is sufficient to promote bacterial entry into host cells. This entry region is organized in two loci, one corresponding to the the ipa-ipg genes encoding the secreted proteins and their cognate chaperones while the other encodes Mxi-Spa proteins that form the type III secretion apparatus (T3SA), consisting of a cytoplasmic bulb, a basal body spanning the bacterial envelope and a hollow needle. The T3SS allows the ordered and hierarchical secretion of effectors by inserting a translocation pore in the host cell membrane through which effector proteins are injected into the cytosol. Before host cell contact, the T3SA is inactive and plugged by the tip complex proteins IpaB and IpaD. <p>In Shigella, the gatekeeper MxiC is known to sequester effectors within the cytoplasm prior to receiving the activation signal from the needle but the molecules involved in linking the needle and MxiC are unknown. We demonstrated that MxiC and the predicted inner-rod component MxiI form a complex plugging the T3SA entry gate and showed that this interaction is conserved in Yersinia and Salmonella. Dissociation of this complex seems to facilitate the switch in secretion from translocators to effectors upon host cell contact. Our results also revealed that MxiC binds to the chaperone IpgC to regulate translocators secretion. Moreover, we identified the domains of MxiC involved in the T3S regulation and reported a new role in macrophage escape by potential inhibition of the classical apoptosis to promote pro-inflammatory pyroptosis. <p>In Shigella, IpaD rules the composition of the tip complex and is involved in secretion control and translocon insertion. We therefore undertook a phenotypic analysis of its coiled-coil and central regions and showed that the composition of the tip complex defines both the T3SA inducibility state and late effectors secretion. Besides, our functional study on MxiC and IpaD domains suggests that Shigella abilities to escape macrophage vacuole and to insert the translocation pore are uncoupled.<p>The last part of this work is related to the characterization of the Spa13 protein of Shigella. We found that the secretion defect of the spa13 mutant is due to the instability of the needle component MxiH and that Spa13 is not a secreted substrat. Our results also support a dual role of Spa13 as a chaperone escort and as an export gate-activator switch to promote substrates secretion. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished