Salmonella typhimurium (ST) infection not only causes salmonellosis in humans, but also can result in great economic losses in the typically narrow-margin, high-volume broiler business due to reduced growth rates and mortalities. Over the last decade, the use of antibiotics and attenuated vaccines to restrain or prevent bacterial infections in domestic animals has been criticised because of the possible development of antibiotic resistance and the potential dangers of residual antibiotics and vaccines in animal-derived food products for human consumption. For these reasons, many countries have begun phasing out growth promoting antibiotics in broiler diets. It is therefore essential for the poultry production industry to develop feed additives and processing techniques as alternatives for sub-therapeutic dietary supplementation of antibiotics. However, innovative research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of new and existing alternative products. The general aim of this trial was to determine the effects of Salmonella typhimurium colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicks on gastrointestinal health and production performance. The effect of Zinc-Bacitracin (Zn-BC), a commonly used antibiotic growth promoter in the poultry industry, on Salmonella colonisation was also measured. A pilot trial was first conducted to determine the level of Salmonella typhimurium required to infect broiler chicks, and the necessity of administering an immunosuppressive agent in order to obtain infection. The main trial followed to determine the effects of Salmonella typhimurium on gastrointestinal health and function. The ultimate aim of the study was to obtain baseline values of various parameters that could be used in future trials for the evaluation of antibiotic alternative products. The results obtained from the pilot trial showed that it was not necessary to administer cyclophosphamide as the Salmonella typhimurium proved to be highly virulent. The cloacal swabs taken in the second trial showed that the use of Zn-BC as an antibiotic did not inhibit Salmonella colonisation in the challenged birds. The inclusion of Zn-BC in this trial inhibited the growth of the gut microflora allowing the Salmonella to proliferate in the body of the chicken, which lead to the conclusion that the routine inclusion of Zn-BC at sub-clinical levels as a growth promoter may be detrimental when the bird gets exposed to Gram(-) bacteria, such as Salmonella. In both of the trials, Salmonella challenge resulted in enlargement of the organs with a consequent increase in the organ weights. In the pilot trial there was a significant difference (P<0.0033) of the control weights for the duodenum, ileum, caeca and liver and those of the Salmonella infected birds. Control birds that did not receive CY had duodenum weights of 1.00 (±0.236) while the birds infected with 1 x 108 CFU/mL had weights of 1.99 (±0.310), while the control birds that did receive CY had duodenum weights of 0.98 (±0.244) with the Salmonella infected birds having weights of between 1.79 (±0.299) and 2.13 (±0.006). Significant results (P<0.016) in the main trial were found to occur predominantly at 7 days of age for the duodenum, jejenum, ileum and caeca weights. Control birds in the group that did receive antibiotics had 7 day duodenum weights of 1.80 (±0.301) compared to the Salmonella infected bird which had weights of between 2.33 (±0.376) and 2.51 (±0.424). In general Salmonella did not affect the growth and performance of the challenged birds. Birds challenged with Salmonella showed a tendency to have enlarged livers, possibly due to hepatic damage. In the main trial there was a significant difference (P<0.016) in liver weights at 28 days of age between the control and Salmonella infected groups regardless of whether the birds received antibiotics or not. The control birds that received antibiotics had liver weights of 3.24 (±0.234) while the birds infected with the higher level of Salmonella had weights of 3.86 (±0.542). This finding, together with the noticeable, although mainly insignificant, trend of decreased serum albumin levels and increased serum globulin and total serum protein levels noted in infected birds can be used in conjunction to measure the effect of ST on liver damage. Salmonella colonisation resulted in an increase in the severity of lesions seen in the gastrointestinal tract (P<0.0016). Histopathology results proved to be inconsistent and did not provide any conclusive evidence on the effect of Salmonella on the organs. Villi measurements taken in the second trial showed that Salmonella significantly (P<0.016) shortened the length of the villi in the duodenum and jejenum of challenged birds when measured at 28 days of age. Control birds had duodenum villi length of 662.5 (±56.79) while those birds infected with Salmonella had lengths of between 558.9 (±77.74) and 537.0 (±51.66). There was a significant difference in the duodenum villi length regardless of antibiotic inclusion into the diet. In the birds that did receive antibiotics, there was a significant difference (P<0.016) in the jejenum villi length with the control birds having the longest villi 725.7 (±90.92) while the birds infected with the higher level of Salmonella having the shortest villi 557.2 (±124.5). It would appear that using all of the information and results obtained for liver weights, broiler performance, serum biochemical level, lesion scoring, histopathology and villous morphological measurements should be used in conjunction with one another to measure the effect of Salmonella on the broiler chicken. The results obtained in this trial clearly show just how significant a problem Salmonella infection can be in the poultry industry due to seemingly healthy adult birds displaying little or no systemic disease being non-symptomatic carriers. Many of the Para-typhoid salmonellae do not always produce clinical signs in chicks, and their presence in the poultry industry may go unrecognised for this reason. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

The aim of my work is the church of St. Nicholas in Benesov in terms of one of the monuments, which is the cycle of St. Clement Baroque painter Ignaz Raab. At the beginning shortly focus on the period of the formation and history of the church. Church on this site can be dated back to the 11th century already. It is very interesting to observe how the church was created in connection with the founding of the city. In the next part, I will study the cult of St. Clement and his association with the Czech environment. In the next chapter I will deal with the author cycle Ignaz Raab. I will be interested in what the creative period of a cycle of St. Clement, which Czech and foreign influences acting upon it, and how this inspiration reflected in his work. The last part will include individual images of the cycle, which will discuss the iconography and by comparison.

This master thesis deals with Saints of Arpád dynasty and their place on panel paintings of 15th and beginning of 16th century in Eastern Slovakia. At first part of this master thesis except legends dedicated to Saints of Arpád dynasty, deals with their patrocinium and artistic situation of 15. century in Eastern Slovakia. Second part is dedicated to pictorial legends of Saints of Arpád dynasty on panel paintings in Eastern Slovakia. Except pictorial cycles of their life contains this thesis descriptions of single panel paintings, which represent personality of St. Stephen, St. Emmerich, St. Ladislaus and St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Simultaneously master thesis suggests donators of various altars. Keywords Saints of Arpád dynasty, St. Stephen, St. Emmerich, St. Ladislaus, St. Elizabeth of Hungary, Eastern Slovakia, panel paintings

<p> The purpose of this study will be to completely trace and elucidate the evolution of St. Catherines, Ontario. In addition to historical developments, the present functions of the city, the part played by internal units, and the role of the city in the eastern Niagara peninsula will be considered. </p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The American's battle of St. Mihiel in September 1918 has long been a marginalized battle in an almost forgotten war. In the historiography of American World War I involvement, the battle is relegated to a side-show that was little more than a distraction from the Meuse-Argonne. This stance needs to be re-evaluated as St. Mihiel proved an essential training ground for the US Army. The army rapidly expanded and participated in a major offensive, completed the complicated planning process, undertook a significant deception and intelligence-gathering campaign, and led coalition forces to reduce a salient that existed for years, in only a few short months. While not a perfect operation, the Americans overcame several obstacles to form the US First Army and achieve victory. St. Mihiel is a turning point in military training and doctrine as students studied the tactics after the war into the modern day. The memory of the battle was affixed in the minds of those who fought it and those on the home front who eagerly read the news stories coming from the Western Front. Modern audiences should also recognize the significance of the Battle of St. Mihiel.

St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] is a widely used lawn grass in the southeastern United States. St. Augustinegrass is typically vegetatively established from plugs or sod. Establishment of St. Augustinegrass sod can be slowed due to weed competition. Weed-infested sod may not be harvestable and is less desirable by end users. Preemergence herbicides are used to prevent weed infestation; however, preemergence herbicides often negatively affect sod grow-in. Current research evaluated the effects of contemporary preemergence herbicides on St. Augustinegrass grow-in from plugs. Grow-in was evaluated using visual estimates of percentage St. Augustinegrass cover, as well as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI), and Chlorophyll Index-Red Edge (CI-RE) collected by handheld and aerial multispectral sensors. A sharable workflow was created in ArcGIS Pro to extract vegetation indices from aerial imagery. Trends of increased time to grow-in due to herbicide treatment were detected by visual and multispectral assessments.

This study sought to understand the perspectives of young Black males toward post-secondary education. A qualitative case study research design was selected because it allowed the researcher to examine in a holistic fashion the complexities of how the issues of school, home, community, and peers function in the life of a young Black male in St. Thomas, USVI; and how these issues in his life yield a perspective on and a decision about participating in higher education. A case study using taped interviews and observations of one high school Black male and his mother was conducted. Data were analyzed using Ethnograph and a coding matrix based on the tenets of grounded theory. The findings showed that the young man was ambivalent about the educational process and about his plans concerning his preparation for the future. In high school he saw three options: enlisting in the military, engaging in full-time employment, or pursuing a college education at the University of the Virgin Islands as long as he could achieve success. He viewed all three paths as equal. His family's influence had a profound impact on his decision to participate in advanced education despite his lack of commitment and his underachieving high school career. The educational issues in the territory signal the need for territorial policy makers to initiate educational improvements in the public schools and to mandate, at the university level, an information and recruitment program for young males to improve the demographics of post-secondary education in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Recommendations for further research are offered. / Ph. D.

A consideration of the challenges that make airports such a difficult building type to design, use and visit; and a new airport that proposes to use unconventional layout, expansive windows and open sightlines to provide a more welcoming building to users, employees and visitors. / Master of Architecture

This thesis documents the five principal areas of architectural development in St Andrews from 1810 to c1894. The Overview examines the factors for change and pattern of expansion, and identifies education, recreation and retirement as the three main pillars of the expanding economy. Part One comprises a detailed examination of the circumstances surrounding the rebuilding of the United College, and extension to the University Library from 1810 to 1854. Part Two examines in equal detail the establishment and erection of the Madras College during the 1830s. Parts Three and Four are concerned with the development of two completely new areas of middle class housing; the 'new town' to the west, and 'Queen's Park' to the south. The stylistic shift from classicism to romanticism implicit in these schemes is highlighted by the new baronial Town Hall. The development of the Scores on the town's northern boundary constitutes Part Five. This is divided on a thematic and chronological basis into four sections, identifying issues relevant to changes of style and building type. The final section re-examines the reasons for the town's expansion and redevelopment, and concludes with observations on the relationship between (a), local and non-local architectural practices; (b), developments within the building community; and (c), the sometimes contradictory attitudes inherent in the creation of nineteenth century St Andrews, particularly in relation to surviving mediaeval remains.