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No / A new approach for implementing QO-STBC and DHSTBC over OFDM for four, eight and sixteen transmitter antennas is presented, which eliminates interference from the detection matrix and improves performance by increasing the diversity order on the transmitter side. The proposed code promotes diversity gain in comparison with the STBC scheme, and also reduces Inter Symbol Interference.

No / An investigation into the wavelet packet transform (WPT) modulation scheme for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) band-limited systems is presented. The implementation involves using the WPT as the base multiplexing technology at baseband, instead of the traditional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) common in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. An investigation for a WPT-MIMO multicarrier system, using the Alamouti diversity technique, is presented. Results are consistent with those in the original Alamouti work. The scheme is then implemented for WPT-MIMO and FFTMIMO cases with extended receiver diversity, namely 2 ×Nr MIMO systems, where Nr is the number of receiver elements. It is found that the diversity gain decreases with increasing receiver diversity and that WPT-MIMO systems can be more advantageous than FFT-based MIMO-OFDM systems.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis investigates the simulation performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems utilizing Alamoutibased space-time block coding (STBC) technique. The MIMO communication systems using STBC technique employing both single- carrier modulation and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are simulated in Matlab. The physical layer part of the IEEE 802.16a standard is used in constructing the simulated OFDM schemes. Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models are selected for the wireless channel in the simulation process. The performance results of the simulated MIMO systems are compared to those of conventional single antenna systems. / Lieutenant Junior Grade, Turkish Navy

This work concentrates on the application of diversity techniques and space time block coding for future mobile wireless communications. The initial system analysis employs a space-time coded OFDM transmitter over a multipath Rayleigh channel, and a receiver which uses a selection combining diversity technique. The performance of this combined scenario is characterised in terms of the bit error rate and throughput. A novel four element QOSTBC scheme is introduced, it is created by reforming the detection matrix of the original QOSTBC scheme, for which an orthogonal channel matrix is derived. This results in a computationally less complex linear decoding scheme as compared with the original QOSTBC. Space time coding schemes for three, four and eight transmitters were also derived using a Hadamard matrix. The practical optimization of multi-antenna networks is studied for realistic indoor and mixed propagation scenarios. The starting point is a detailed analysis of the throughput and field strength distributions for a commercial dual band 802.11n MIMO radio operating indoors in a variety of line of sight and non-line of sight scenarios. The physical model of the space is based on architectural schematics, and realistic propagation data for the construction materials. The modelling is then extended and generalized to a multi-storey indoor environment, and a large mixed site for indoor and outdoor channels based on the Bradford University campus. The implications for the physical layer are also explored through the specification of antenna envelope correlation coefficients. Initially this is for an antenna module configuration with two independent antennas in close proximity. An operational method is proposed using the scattering parameters of the system and which incorporates the intrinsic power losses of the radiating elements. The method is extended to estimate the envelope correlation coefficient for any two elements in a general (N,N) MIMO antenna array. Three examples are presented to validate this technique, and very close agreement is shown to exist between this method and the full electromagnetic analysis using the far field antenna radiation patterns.

It is well known that communication systems employing multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas provide high data rates along with increased reliability. It has been shown that coding across both spatial and temporal domains together, called Space-Time Coding (STC), achieves, a diversity order equal to the product of the number of transmit and receive antennas. Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) achieving the maximum diversity is called full-diversity STBCs. An STBC is called information-lossless, if the structure of it is such that the maximum mutual information of the resulting equivalent channel is equal to the capacity of the channel. This thesis deals with high-rate and information-lossless STBCs obtained from certain matrix algebras called Crossed-Product Algebras. First we give constructions of high-rate STBCs using both commutative and non-commutative matrix algebras obtained from appropriate representations of extensions of the field of rational numbers. In the case of commutative algebras, we restrict ourselves to fields and call the STBCs obtained from them as STBCs from field extensions. In the case of non-commutative algebras, we consider only the class of crossed-product algebras. For the case of field extensions, we first construct high-rate; full-diversity STBCs for arbitrary number of transmit antennas, over arbitrary apriori specified signal sets. Then we obtain a closed form expression for the coding gain of these STBCs and give a tight lower bound on the coding gain of some of these STBCs. This lower bound in certain cases indicates that some of the STBCs from field extensions are optimal m the sense of coding gain. We then show that the STBCs from field extensions are information-lossy. However, we also show that the finite-signal-set capacity of the STBCs from field extensions can be improved by increasing the symbol rate of the STBCs. The simulation results presented show that our high-rate STBCs perform better than the rate-1 STBCs in terms of the bit error rate performance. Then we proceed to present a construction of high-rate STBCs from crossed-product algebras. After giving a sufficient condition on the crossed-product algebras under which the resulting STBCs are information-lossless, we identify few classes of crossed-product algebras that satisfy this sufficient condition and also some classes of crossed-product algebras which are division algebras which lead to full-diversity STBCs. We present simulation results to show that the STBCs from crossed-product algebras perform better than the well-known codes m terms of the bit error rate. Finally, we introduce the notion of asymptotic-information-lossless (AILL) designs and give a necessary and sufficient condition under which a linear design is an AILL design. Analogous to the condition that a design has to be a full-rank design to achieve the point corresponding to the maximum diversity of the optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff, we show that a design has to be AILL to achieve the point corresponding to the maximum multiplexing gain of the optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. Using the notion of AILL designs, we give a lower bound on the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff achieved by the STBCs from both field extensions and division algebras. The lower bound for STBCs obtained from division algebras indicates that they achieve the two extreme points, 1 e, zero multiplexing gain and zero diversity gain, of the optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. Also, we show by simulation results that STBCs from division algebras achieves all the points on the optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff for n transmit and n receive antennas, where n = 2, 3, 4.

Η χρήση πολλαπλών κεραιών παίζει πλέον ένα πολύ σημαντικό ρόλο στη βελτίωση των ραδιοτηλεπικοινωνιών. Για το λόγο αυτό, ο τομέας των τηλεπικοινωνιακών συστημάτων πολλαπλών κεραιών μετάδοσης – λήψης (συστήματα ΜΙΜΟ) βρίσκεται στο προσκήνιο της ασύρματης έρευνας. Πρόσφατα, αποτελέσματα ερευνών έδειξαν ότι υπάρχει δυνατότητα αύξησης της χωρητικότητας στα ασύρματα τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα χρησιμοποιώντας τεχνικές διαφοροποίησης μεταξύ πομπού – δέκτη (antenna diversity), δηλαδή δημιουργίας πολλαπλών ανεξάρτητων καναλιών ανάμεσα τους. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετούνται τεχνικές κωδικοποίησης που εκμεταλλεύονται τη χωρική διαφοροποίηση κάνοντας χρήση χωροχρονικών κωδικών (space – time coding). Η μελέτη εστιάζεται στη χρήση χωροχρονικών κωδικών ανά μπλοκ από την πλευρά του πομπού, εξαιτίας της απλότητας υλοποίησης τους καθώς και της ικανότητας υποστήριξης πολλαπλών κεραιών από τη πλευρά του σταθμού βάσης. Η ανάλυσή τους γίνεται με βάση την εφαρμογή τους σε συστήματα που χρησιμοποιούν διαμόρφωση με πολυπλεξία ορθογώνιων φερουσών (OFDM). Η διαμόρφωση αυτή επιλέχθηκε γιατί υποστηρίζει υψηλούς ρυθμούς δεδομένων στα ασύρματα συστήματα και δείχνει άριστη συμπεριφορά σε κανάλια με επιλεκτική παραμόρφωση στη συχνότητα. Στη συνέχεια μελετώνται αλγόριθμοι επαναληπτικής αποκωδικοποίησης, δίνοντας έμφαση σε ένα ευρέως διαδεδομένο αλγόριθμο, τον Μέγιστο εκ των Υστέρων (MAP). Αναλύονται διεξοδικά τα βήματα του, καθώς και διάφορες τροποποιήσεις – βελτιστοποιήσεις του. Οι επαναληπτικοί αλγόριθμοι αποκωδικοποίησης αποτελούν πλέον ένα πολύ ισχυρό εργαλείο για την αποκωδικοποίηση Forward Error Correction κωδικοποιήσεων με χρήση συνελικτικών κωδικών, προσδίδοντας στα συστήματα αποδόσεις κοντά στο όριο του Shannon. Τέλος, πραγματοποιούνται κατάλληλες υλοποιήσεις που προέκυψαν από το συνδυασμό των εν λόγω αλγορίθμων επαναληπτικής αποκωδικοποίησης με τους χωροχρονικούς κώδικες ανά μπλοκ πάνω σε ένα σύστημα κεραιών με χρήση OFDM. Γίνεται σύγκριση της απόδοσης των συστημάτων αυτών με βάση την αντίστοιχη υλοποίηση του εκάστοτε αλγορίθμου επαναληπτικής αποκωδικοποίησης και μελετούνται σε βάθος διάφορες τροποποιήσεις που μπορούν δεχθούν με κριτήριο τη χαμηλή πολυπλοκότητα υλοποίησης. Για την αξιολόγηση της απόδοσης, γίνεται μία περαιτέρω σύγκριση με χρήση αναπαράστασης σταθερής υποδιαστολής και εξάγονται σειρά συμπερασμάτων από τις πειραματικές μετρήσεις που προέκυψαν. / The use of multiple antennas is an essential issue in telecommunications, nowadays. So, multiple input – multiple output systems (MIMO) has attracted a lot of attention in wireless research. Lately, it has been shown that it can be an improvement in the capacity of wireless communication systems by using antenna diversity, that’s different independent channels between transmitter and receiver. In this thesis, we study coding techniques that exploit space diversity by using space – time codes. Particularly, we focus on space – time block coding (STBC) from the transmitter’s point of view, because of the simplicity of its implementation and the ability to support multiple antennas at the base stations. The analysis is based on the systems that use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Systems (OFDM). This technique was chosen because it can support high data rates and it behaves very well in a frequency selective fading channel. Moreover, we study iterative decoding algorithms and we focus on a very well known algorithm, the Maximum A Posteriori (MAP). There, we analyze its steps and its modifications and improvements. The iterative decoding algorithms are a cornerstone on decoding Forward Error Correction codes, such as Convolutional codes, almost reaching the Shannon limit. Finally, there are different kinds of implementations using suitable iterative decoding algorithms in concatenation with space – time block coding with antennas and ODFM. We compare the performance of the corresponding systems and investigate the complexity trying to maintain it in a low level. For a thorough investigation, we also use fixed point arithmetic in these implementations.

Most of the modern wireless communication systems as WiMAX, DVB-NGH, WiFi, HSPA+ and 4G have adopted the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver, called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO). Space time coding for MIMO systems is a promising technology to increase the data rate and enhance the reliability of wireless communications. Space-time block codes (STBCs) are commonly designed according to the rank-determinant criteria suitable at high signal to noise ratios (SNRs). In contrast, wireless communication standards employ MIMO technology with capacity-approaching forward-error correcting (FEC) codes like turbo codes and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, ensuring low error rates even at low SNRs. In this thesis, we investigate the design of STBCs for MIMO systems with capacity-approaching FEC codes. We start by proposing a non-asymptotic STBC design criterion based on the bitwise mutual information (BMI) maximization between transmitted and soft estimated bits at a specific target SNR. According to the BMI criterion, we optimize several conventional STBCs. Their design parameters are shown to be SNR-dependent leading to the proposal of adaptive STBCs. Proposed adaptive STBCs offer identical or better performance than standard WiMAX profiles for all coding rates, without increasing the detection complexity. Among them, the proposed adaptive trace-orthonormal STBC can pass continuously from spatial multiplexing, suitable at low SNRs and therefore at low coding rates, to the Golden code, optimal at high SNRs. Uncorrelated, correlated channels and transmit antenna selection are considered. We design adaptive STBCs for these cases offering identical or better performance than conventional non-adaptive STBCs. In addition, conventional STBCs are designed in a way achieving the asymptotic DMT frontier. Recently, the finite-SNR DMT has been proposed to characterize the DMT at finite SNRs. Our last contribution consists of the derivation of the exact finite-SNR DMT for MIMO channels with dual antennas at the transmitter and/or the receiver. Both uncorrelated and correlated Rayleigh fading channels are considered. It is shown that at realistic SNRs, achievable diversity gains are significantly lower than asymptotic values. This finite-SNR could provide new insights on the design of STBCs at operational SNRs.

Les systèmes MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) ont été proposés par le laboratoire Bell afin d'augmenter le débit des transmissions. Par la suite ces systèmes ont été utilisés pour augmenter la fiabilité de la transmission en utilisant des codes introduisant de la redondance. Cette thèse CIFRE est menée en collaboration entre la société IPSIS-IT Link (Ingénierie Pour Signaux et Systèmes) et l'équipe SCEE de Supélec membre du laboratoire IETR. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des techniques d'estimation, en aveugle, des symboles transmis sur des canaux MIMO. La séparation aveugle de sources, ou BSS pour Blind Source Separation, permet d'estimer de manière aveugle, i.e. sans connaissance du canal de transmission et de symboles pilotes, les symboles transmis. C'est ce type de méthode que nous utiliserons principalement dans cette thèse. Cependant, la BSS estime les sources à une rotation et permutation près. D'autre part, les méthodes de BSS utilisant un gradient stochastique sont lentes à converger, ce qui les rend difficilement utilisables sur des canaux variant rapidement dans le temps. Ainsi, les axes de recherche exploités durant cette thèse sont : - L'exploitation de la redondance introduite par les codes STBC pour lever les ambiguïtés introduites par la BSS. - L'implémentation de certains critères de manière analytique. Les méthodes analytiques implémentées de manière adaptative convergent rapidement dans le temps, permettant ainsi une utilisation sur des canaux qui varient rapidement dans le temps. - L'initiatisation du filtre de Kalman, connu pour ses qualités de poursuite, par la séparation aveugle de sources. Ce type d'association permet de poursuivre des canaux instantanés ou convolutifs variant dans le temps.

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