Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1976. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-113).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Consideramos um potencial A α-Hölder e uma função ƒ: S1 ! S1, C2 e de grau 2 tal que a origem é um ponto crítico (ƒ´(0) = 0) e ƒ é uniformemente expansiva a menos de um intervalo [0, α+ε). Neste trabalho mostramos que, para um potencial genérico A, a medida invariante para ƒ que maximiza a ação dada por integral Adμ é única e unicamente ergódica no seu suporte. Estimamos também o comportamento assintótico de integrais que dependem de um parâmetro ξ ε R determinando cotas superiores para o limite lim sup 1/ξ log integral e»ª(x)d¹»(x); onde μξ é o estado de equilíbrio para o potencial ξA e as funções A e Ψ são α-Hölder.

The purpose of this research is to estimate and evaluate the relation of the baseflow parameters and hydrogeological characteristics in an effluent river, with a study in the Gravataí River, state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has been noted that in Brazil there is a few information about the relationship of the baseflow parameters and hydrogeological characteristics. The information of streamflow was collected from Bourscheid (2012) determined from of HidroWeb of National Water Agency (ANA). The parameters of baseflow (Qb) that were evaluated are the baseflow index (BFI) and the recession coefficient (α). Also it were used the physiographic characteristics of sub-basins of Gravataí River as analysis tool to determine the relationship with hydrogeological characteristics, transmissivity (T) and coefficient of storage (S). The method of digital recursive filter of Eckhardt was used to separate baseflow. To calculate the BFImax it was used the methodology of Collischonn e Fan (2013). The results for of data series more representative sub-basin Passo das Canoas were Qmed=26,87m³/s; Qbmed=17,61m³/s, BFI=0,66; BFImax=0,68. To determinate the master recession curve and your coefficient α it was used the software RECESS (Rutledge, 1998), with α=0,0285 days⁻¹ as result for the Passo das Canoas sub-basin. The hydrogeological characteristics were obtained with pumping tests performed by CPRM, CORSAN, SOP, DRH-SEMA and HIDROGEO. The relationship of parameters of baseflow and the physiographic and hydrogeological characteristics were analyzed with the simple linear regression using statistical tools of coefficient of Pearson's correlation (R), the coefficient of determination (R²), probability p and significance (p<0,05) and the coefficient of relationship between the variables. The most important relations obtained were: Qbmed - área, R²=0,87; BFI - área, R²=0,92; α - S(α RECESS), R²=0,78; α - S (α Maillet), R²=0,73. For the determination of coefficient of storage S, the indirect method using α of Maillet and RECESS showed higher correlations and more reliable than the method with the information of pumping test. According to the established hypothesis, has some relationships with significance.

Consideramos um potencial A α-Hölder e uma função ƒ: S1 ! S1, C2 e de grau 2 tal que a origem é um ponto crítico (ƒ´(0) = 0) e ƒ é uniformemente expansiva a menos de um intervalo [0, α+ε). Neste trabalho mostramos que, para um potencial genérico A, a medida invariante para ƒ que maximiza a ação dada por integral Adμ é única e unicamente ergódica no seu suporte. Estimamos também o comportamento assintótico de integrais que dependem de um parâmetro ξ ε R determinando cotas superiores para o limite lim sup 1/ξ log integral e»ª(x)d¹»(x); onde μξ é o estado de equilíbrio para o potencial ξA e as funções A e Ψ são α-Hölder.

The purpose of this research is to estimate and evaluate the relation of the baseflow parameters and hydrogeological characteristics in an effluent river, with a study in the Gravataí River, state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has been noted that in Brazil there is a few information about the relationship of the baseflow parameters and hydrogeological characteristics. The information of streamflow was collected from Bourscheid (2012) determined from of HidroWeb of National Water Agency (ANA). The parameters of baseflow (Qb) that were evaluated are the baseflow index (BFI) and the recession coefficient (α). Also it were used the physiographic characteristics of sub-basins of Gravataí River as analysis tool to determine the relationship with hydrogeological characteristics, transmissivity (T) and coefficient of storage (S). The method of digital recursive filter of Eckhardt was used to separate baseflow. To calculate the BFImax it was used the methodology of Collischonn e Fan (2013). The results for of data series more representative sub-basin Passo das Canoas were Qmed=26,87m³/s; Qbmed=17,61m³/s, BFI=0,66; BFImax=0,68. To determinate the master recession curve and your coefficient α it was used the software RECESS (Rutledge, 1998), with α=0,0285 days⁻¹ as result for the Passo das Canoas sub-basin. The hydrogeological characteristics were obtained with pumping tests performed by CPRM, CORSAN, SOP, DRH-SEMA and HIDROGEO. The relationship of parameters of baseflow and the physiographic and hydrogeological characteristics were analyzed with the simple linear regression using statistical tools of coefficient of Pearson's correlation (R), the coefficient of determination (R²), probability p and significance (p<0,05) and the coefficient of relationship between the variables. The most important relations obtained were: Qbmed - área, R²=0,87; BFI - área, R²=0,92; α - S(α RECESS), R²=0,78; α - S (α Maillet), R²=0,73. For the determination of coefficient of storage S, the indirect method using α of Maillet and RECESS showed higher correlations and more reliable than the method with the information of pumping test. According to the established hypothesis, has some relationships with significance.

Consideramos um potencial A α-Hölder e uma função ƒ: S1 ! S1, C2 e de grau 2 tal que a origem é um ponto crítico (ƒ´(0) = 0) e ƒ é uniformemente expansiva a menos de um intervalo [0, α+ε). Neste trabalho mostramos que, para um potencial genérico A, a medida invariante para ƒ que maximiza a ação dada por integral Adμ é única e unicamente ergódica no seu suporte. Estimamos também o comportamento assintótico de integrais que dependem de um parâmetro ξ ε R determinando cotas superiores para o limite lim sup 1/ξ log integral e»ª(x)d¹»(x); onde μξ é o estado de equilíbrio para o potencial ξA e as funções A e Ψ são α-Hölder.

<p> A fundamental premise of savanna fire ecology is that late dry season fires burn more intensely than early dry season fires. Late dry season fires are considered a major determinant of savanna woody vegetation as they are thought to be more damaging to trees, thus shaping the grass/tree dynamic of savannas. Most savanna fire experiments have adopted the early/late fire convention in their experimental design, based on the pioneering work of Aubr&eacute;ville. Recent research suggests that numerous factors determine fire intensity, and that the widely accepted dichotomous view of fire intensity as driven by early/late seasonal timing greatly oversimplifies a complex phenomenon. In particular, wind direction may be a significant factor in determining fire intensity. </p><p> To determine the factors that influence fire intensity, experimental fires were conducted in the mesic savanna of Mali. Data were collected for fire season, biomass consumed, grass type, scorch height, speed of fire front, fire type, and ambient air conditions for each burn. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the key factors affecting the fire intensity and severity. Results suggest there are fundamental differences in fire behavior and intensity depending on wind direction relative to the fire. Intensity is not explained by any tested variables in head fires. Intensity of back fires is determined primarily by seasonal timing and, to a lesser extent, grass characteristics. </p><p>

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The dissertation examines three military interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa which took place in the mid and late 1990s in Rwanda, the DRC and Lesotho. These interventions took place despite high expectations of international and regional peace on the part of most analysts after the collapse of cold war in 1989. However, interstate and intrastate conflicts re-emerged with more intensity than ever before, and sub-Saharan Africa proved to be no exception.The study sets out to analyse the motives and/or causes of military interventions in Rwanda in 1990, the DRC in 1996-7, and the DRC military rebellion and the Lesotho intervention in 1998. In analysing these interventions, the study borrows extensively from the work of dominant security theorists of international relations, predominantly realists who conceptualise international relations as a struggle for power and survival in the anarchic world. The purpose of this analysis is fourfold; firstly, to determine the reasons for military interventions and the extent to which these interventions were conducted on humanitarian grounds; secondly, to investigate the degree to which or not intervening countries were spurred by their national interests; thirdly, to assess the roles of international organisations like Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and the United Nations, in facilitating these interventions; as well as to evaluate the role of parliaments of intervening countries in authorising or not these military interventions in terms of holding their Executives accountable. In this context, the analysis argues that the intervening countries; Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Chad, Namibia, Rwanda, Sudan, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe appeared to have used intervention as a realist foreign policy tool in the absence of authorisation from the United Nations and its subordinate bodies such as the OAU and SADC. / South Africa

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